Biologist graduated from the Autonomous Metropolitan University . Graduate mastery of Biotic Resources and Ph.D. in Biodiversity and Conservation by the Center for Biological Research of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. My line of research focuses on the study of diversity , ecology , distribution and conservation of amphibians and reptiles in temperate and tropical state of Guanajuato, Mexico environments. With emphasis on anthropic and preserved environments. I am a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI-I). Supervisors: Research professor
La generación de conocimiento y productos académicos es el reflejo de la calidad de los investiga... more La generación de conocimiento y productos académicos es el reflejo de la calidad de los investigadores e instituciones. Sin embargo, debido al alto número de doctores egresados de los programas de doctorado y, a la limitada disponibilidad de plazas académicas en instituciones públicas y privadas, además de la falta de condiciones adecuadas para la jubilación de investigadores, el crecimiento de las líneas de generación y aplicación del conocimiento (LGAC), es limitado y, por lo tanto, la producción científica baja. En este escrito se hace una reflexión sobre la formación y la importancia de generar grupos académicos, llamados Cuerpos Académicos (CAs) de trabajo sólidos con metas comunes para plantear y resolver problemas enfocados a las LGAC del grupo. Cualquier resultado en la dinámica de los CAs, se implementa con la incorporación en estos a jóvenes investigadores a las instituciones, los que enriquecen y promueven nuevas LGAC, formación de recursos humanos y, por lo tanto, prod...
In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a... more In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a seasonal tropical environment in the Natural Protected Area (NPA) Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico, using morphological and biochemical protocols. Our three main objectives were to: i) identify the species of microorganisms present in the frog community, ii) determine microorganism prevalence and how it changes throughout the year, and iii) detect diseases and injuries caused by pathogens (bacteria and fungi). Across 150 anurans analyzed, seven species of anurans especies (Anaxyrus compactilis, Incilius occidentalis, Dryophytes arenicolor, D. eximius, Hypopachus variolosus, Lithobates neovolcanicus y Spea multiplicata) hosted at least four genera of pathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus y Batrachochytrium) and two genera of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.). We found the prevalence of positive cases was higher in autumn (0.51) than in summer (0.1...
Pathogens in anurans from a seasonal tropical environment in Guanajuato, Mexico. In the present s... more Pathogens in anurans from a seasonal tropical environment in Guanajuato, Mexico. In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a seasonal tropical environment in the Natural Protected Area (NPA) Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico, using morphological and biochemical protocols. Our three main objectives were to: i) identify the species of microorganisms present in the frog community, ii) determine microorganism prevalence and how it changes throughout the year, and iii) detect diseases and injuries caused by pathogens (bacteria and fungi). Across 150 anurans analyzed, seven species of anurans especies (Anaxyrus compactilis, Incilius occidentalis, Dryophytes arenicolor, D. eximius, Hypopachus variolosus, Lithobates neovolcanicus y Spea multiplicata) hosted at least four genera of pathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus y Batrachochytrium) and two genera of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.). We found the prevalence of positive cases was higher in autumn (0.51) than in summer (0.125). Lesions such as peeling of the skin on the belly and swelling of the extremities (red leg) were observed in four of the seven species. This study confirms the presence of bacterial and fungal pathogenic agents in this frog community, and serves as a precedent for future work on monitoring the state of amphibian population health in Guanajuato. It also provides support for the implementation of conservation strategies for this group of vertebrates.
The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salam... more The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salamanders, 71 squamates, and three turtles, for a total of 101 species. The members of the herpetofauna are categorized among the three recognized physiographic regions of the Central Plateau, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The total number of species in each of these regions ranges from 60 in the Central Plateau to 75 in the Sierra Madre Oriental. The numbers of species shared among these three regions range from 44 between the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental to 56 between the Central Plateau and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. A similarity dendrogram based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) demonstrates that of the three physiographic regions, the Central Plateau (CP) and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) cluster at the 0.84 level, and that the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) clusters with the other two regions at the 0.65 level. This pattern was expected given that both the CP and TVB are relatively large areas of similar size in the state that lie adjacent to one another; in contrast, the SMO is the smallest region in the state and it is adjoined only to the CP region. The level of herpetofaunal endemism in Guanajuato is relatively high, with 56 of the 101 species categorized as country endemics. The distributional categorization of the entire herpetofauna includes 56 country endemics, 40 non-endemics, and five non-natives. The 40 non-endemic species are placed into the following distributional categories: MXUS (26), USCA (six), MXCA (four), MXSA (three), and USSA (one). The principal environmental threats to the herpetofauna of Guanajuato are agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle production, and mining. We assessed the conservation status of each native species by using the SEMARNAT, IUCN, and EVS systems, of which the EVS system proved to be the most useful. We applied the Relative Herpetofaunal Priority method to determine the rank order of the three regions, which indicates that the Transmexican Volcanic Belt is the region of greatest conservation importance. Twenty-four natural protected areas have been designated in Guanajuato. Fourteen of these areas lie within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, which is fortunate from a conservation perspective. All but four native species have been documented in these 24 areas. Finally, we provide a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the future protection of the Guanajuato herpetofauna.
The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salam... more The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salamanders, 71 squamates, and three turtles, for a total of 101 species. The members of the herpetofauna are categorized among the three recognized physiographic regions of the Central Plateau, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The total number of species in each of these regions ranges from 60 in the Central Plateau to 75 in the Sierra Madre Oriental. The numbers of species shared among these three regions range from 44 between the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental to 56 between the Central Plateau and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. A similarity dendrogram based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) demonstrates that of the three physiographic regions, the Central Plateau (CP) and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) cluster at the 0.84 level, and that the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) clusters with the other two regions at the 0.65 level. This pattern was expected given that both the CP and TVB are relatively large areas of similar size in the state that lie adjacent to one another; in contrast, the SMO is the smallest region in the state and it is adjoined only to the CP region. The level of herpetofaunal endemism in Guanajuato is relatively high, with 56 of the 101 species categorized as country endemics. The distributional categorization of the entire herpetofauna includes 56 country endemics, 40 non-endemics, and five non-natives. The 40 non-endemic species are placed into the following distributional categories: MXUS (26), USCA (six), MXCA (four), MXSA (three), and USSA (one). The principal environmental threats to the herpetofauna of Guanajuato are agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle production, and mining. We assessed the conservation status of each native species by using the SEMARNAT, IUCN, and EVS systems, of which the EVS system proved to be the most useful. We applied the Relative Herpetofaunal Priority method to determine the rank order of the three regions, which indicates that the Transmexican Volcanic Belt is the region of greatest conservation importance. Twenty-four natural protected areas have been designated in Guanajuato. Fourteen of these areas lie within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, which is fortunate from a conservation perspective. All but four native species have been documented in these 24 areas. Finally, we provide a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the future protection of the Guanajuato herpetofauna.
Mexico is one of the richest countries in amphibian species (420 spp.), with a high level of ende... more Mexico is one of the richest countries in amphibian species (420 spp.), with a high level of endemism (69%). The order Anura represents the most diverse and widespread of the three extant amphibian orders (257 spp.). The anurofauna of Mexico’s tropical dry forest ecosystem host a high proportion of the species and endemism registered in the country. In terms of conservation, both dry forests and amphibians are at risk due to climate change because it is expected that as the temperature becomes higher and precipitation decreases, this vegetation type may experience water stress. We applied the MaxEnt algorithm to estimate the potential current and future (year 2070) geographic distribution patterns of 95 endemic Mexican anuran species inhabiting the country’s tropical dry forests by considering two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5/RCP8.5) and analyzed the potential distributional pattern changes. The results indicated that overall, species would experience enough of a significant warming effect to cause a reduction in the original distribution area, with 44% of species losing an average of 50% of their original range (9 spp. in threatened category); additionally, 22% of the species in the dry forest ecosystem will experience an average increase of almost 50% in their original area, two species will lose more than 80% of their range, and one will disappear.
International Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 2022
We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a se... more We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a seasonal tropical environment. We identified ecological aspects of the microhabitat use and composition of nine species of anurans found in three types of vegetation, in both the dry and rainy seasons. We characterized five types of habitats (saxicolous, arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic and riparian). The tropical deciduous forest and subtropical scrubland had higher species representation than oak forest. A significant change was observed, both by species and season, and in the use of microhabitats between the rainy and dry seasons. Niche overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
International Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 2022
We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a se... more We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a seasonal tropical environment. We identified ecological aspects of the microhabitat use and composition of nine species of anurans found in three types of vegetation, in both the dry and rainy seasons. We characterized five types of habitats (saxicolous, arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic and riparian). The tropical deciduous forest and subtropical scrubland had higher species representation than oak forest. A significant change was observed, both by species and season, and in the use of microhabitats between the rainy and dry seasons. Niche overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
Tradicionalmente, se considera que la mayor diversidad de especies ocurre en sitios conservado. S... more Tradicionalmente, se considera que la mayor diversidad de especies ocurre en sitios conservado. Sin embargo, los ambientes modificados como los agroecosistemas pueden contener una parte importante de la diversidad original. En este trabajo, comparamos la herpetofauna de cuatro agroecosistemas en dos localidades del estado de Guanajuato. Janicho y Urireo, con un sistema de producción de temporal, y El Copal y San Nicolás de los Agustinos, con sistema de riego. Así mismo, comparamos la herpetofauna de estos sitios (no conservados) con la de sitios semiconservados y conservados del estado de Guanajuato. Encontramos que la localidad de El Copal, presento el mayor número de especies, lo que sugiere que, al ser un sistema de producción de riego, aporta a los anfibios y reptiles que se encuentran en él, refugio y alimento constante, a diferencia de las localidades de Urireo y Janicho, con sistemas de producción temporal, y que dependen de las lluvias para retener una mayor cantidad de espe...
La herpetofauna de Guanajuato se conforma por 56 especies (13 de anfibios y 43 de reptiles). De l... more La herpetofauna de Guanajuato se conforma por 56 especies (13 de anfibios y 43 de reptiles). De los reptiles el grupo mas representativo es el de las serpientes con 30 especies. En el caso del municipio de Irapuato, se desconoce el numero de especies de ofidios, ello a pesar de su importancia ecologica, socio-cultural y economica. En el presente estudio se presentan resultados de los registros obtenidos de septiembre de 2011 a mayo de 2017 en 10 localidades del municipio de Irapuato. La ofidiofuana de Irapuato esta representada por siete familias, 19 generos y 23 especies; el 76 % del total para el estado. La familia que mas especies presento fue Colubridae (11), seguida de Natricidae (3), Dipsadidae y Viperidae (2), en tanto para Elapidae, Leptotyphlopidae y Typhlopidae, solo una. De las 23 especies, registradas, 16 se encuentran bajo alguna categoria de la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados de este estudio, proporcionan una idea sobre los valores de diversidad y riqueza de las ...
Eight samplings were carried out in three-grain crops; corn, wheat, and barley, in El Capulín, Sa... more Eight samplings were carried out in three-grain crops; corn, wheat, and barley, in El Capulín, Salvatierra, Gto., collecting 6,596 specimens of insects, from August to November 2018 and from February to May 2019. The entomofauna is made up of 11 orders and 59 families, of which, 53 are in corn, 25 in wheat, and 24 in barley. The entomofaunal community is grouped into two functional groups according to their ecological role, and their diet: 1) EFG ́s (ecological functional groups), it includes herbivores, predators, parasitoids, pollinators, vectors, decomposers, and generalists; 2) TFG ́s (trophic functional guilds) comprise phytophagous, insectivores, decomposers, polyphages, Necrophagist, hematophagous, carnivores, nectarivorous, and mycophagy. The principal component analysis for the EFG ́s indicated a close relationship and dominance of herbivores and predators in corn, unlike wheat and barley, while for the phytophagic and insectivorous TFG ́s presented the same relationship. A...
El municipio de Salvatierra presenta una intensa actividad agricola, sin embargo y a pesar de su ... more El municipio de Salvatierra presenta una intensa actividad agricola, sin embargo y a pesar de su importancia, se carece de informacion acerca de su entomofauna. El objetivo de estudio fue conocer y comparar la diversidad y riqueza de insectos en seis cultivos agricolas (sorgo, maiz, alfalfa, frijol, tomate y jitomate) en la localidad de Urireo, Salvatierra. Se llevaron a cabo tres periodos de muestreo, de octubre a diciembre de 2015, enero a marzo de 2016, y agosto a noviembre de 2016, colectandose un total de 1911 organismos. Para este trabajo se tuvo una diversidad de 10 ordenes, siendo en presencia y abundancia los mas representativos: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hermoptera, Orthoptera y Odonata. La mayor riqueza de especies (en este caso a nivel de ordenes), conforme al indice de Shannon-Wiener fue para alfalfa (2.7), seguido de tomate (2.6), jitomate (2.5), maiz (2.4) sorgo (2.3) y finalmente, frijol, con el 2.2, por lo que s...
Mexican temperate forests are plant communities with high biodiversity. However, they are suscept... more Mexican temperate forests are plant communities with high biodiversity. However, they are susceptible to human activity changes such as deforestation. This study aimed to evaluate and compare changes in vegetation diversity in three temperate forest communities with different tree composition: 1) natural tree composition dominated by Quercus spp. (CF), 2) mixed composition, mainly Quercus spp.-Cupressus lindleyi (MF), and 3) completely reforested habitat, exclusively by C. lindleyi (RF). 90 quadrats were sampled in the dry season and 135 in the rainy season. To compare the reforestation effect on plant communities, multivariate and diversity analyses were undertaken. RF had the greatest species richness (S=31) and diversity (H’=1.3). In contrast, CF had lowest values (S=13, H’=0.9). The Discriminant Analysis (DA) showed a significant difference in plant community composition. RF had more species associated with disturbed habitats, while species typical of conserved forest were abundant in CF and MF. Although RF had the greatest diversity, the results suggest an ecological impoverishment due to the occurrence of synanthropic species – mainly weeds and grasses. The lowest diversity in CF was associated with the native species. The recognition of native species and species related to conserved habitats is important to reforestation planning, especially where there is no other effective strategy of forest management left. The knowledge of local species associated with conserved habitats and related to specific canopy tree species is important for designing reforestation plans adjusted to the local scale.
Amphibians and reptiles are two groups of vertebrates that are sensitive to changes in their envi... more Amphibians and reptiles are two groups of vertebrates that are sensitive to changes in their environment. These changes are mostly caused by human activities, which affect the abundance, composition, and distribution of these vertebrates. In this study, we compare the richness and taxonomic diversity of herpetofauna between undisturbed environments (tropical deciduous forest = TDF) and disturbed environments (corn fields = CF) near the towns of Urireo (URI) and San Nicolas de los Agustinos (SNA) in Salvatierra, Guanajuato. We recorded a total of 19 species in the two locations (4 amphibian and 15 reptile species). At the URI locality, 12 species were recorded in CF and 10 in TDF. At the SNA locality, eight species were recorded in CF and seven species in TDF. In addition, we found that overall taxonomic distinctness was greater at URI than SNA across both types of vegetation, with the highest diversity found in TDF of URI. Seven of the 19 species recorded are current allocated to so...
... A. Leyte-Manrique, U. Hernández-Salinas, E. Chávez-Calzada, MC Sánchez, J. Marshall y A. Ramí... more ... A. Leyte-Manrique, U. Hernández-Salinas, E. Chávez-Calzada, MC Sánchez, J. Marshall y A. Ramírez-Bautista 21 Page 5. ... Western North American Naturalist 64:175-183. Ramírez-Bautista, A., Maciel-Mata, CA y M. A. Martínez-Morales. 2005. ...
La generación de conocimiento y productos académicos es el reflejo de la calidad de los investiga... more La generación de conocimiento y productos académicos es el reflejo de la calidad de los investigadores e instituciones. Sin embargo, debido al alto número de doctores egresados de los programas de doctorado y, a la limitada disponibilidad de plazas académicas en instituciones públicas y privadas, además de la falta de condiciones adecuadas para la jubilación de investigadores, el crecimiento de las líneas de generación y aplicación del conocimiento (LGAC), es limitado y, por lo tanto, la producción científica baja. En este escrito se hace una reflexión sobre la formación y la importancia de generar grupos académicos, llamados Cuerpos Académicos (CAs) de trabajo sólidos con metas comunes para plantear y resolver problemas enfocados a las LGAC del grupo. Cualquier resultado en la dinámica de los CAs, se implementa con la incorporación en estos a jóvenes investigadores a las instituciones, los que enriquecen y promueven nuevas LGAC, formación de recursos humanos y, por lo tanto, prod...
In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a... more In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a seasonal tropical environment in the Natural Protected Area (NPA) Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico, using morphological and biochemical protocols. Our three main objectives were to: i) identify the species of microorganisms present in the frog community, ii) determine microorganism prevalence and how it changes throughout the year, and iii) detect diseases and injuries caused by pathogens (bacteria and fungi). Across 150 anurans analyzed, seven species of anurans especies (Anaxyrus compactilis, Incilius occidentalis, Dryophytes arenicolor, D. eximius, Hypopachus variolosus, Lithobates neovolcanicus y Spea multiplicata) hosted at least four genera of pathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus y Batrachochytrium) and two genera of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.). We found the prevalence of positive cases was higher in autumn (0.51) than in summer (0.1...
Pathogens in anurans from a seasonal tropical environment in Guanajuato, Mexico. In the present s... more Pathogens in anurans from a seasonal tropical environment in Guanajuato, Mexico. In the present study, we characterized species of bacteria and fungi across a frog community in a seasonal tropical environment in the Natural Protected Area (NPA) Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico, using morphological and biochemical protocols. Our three main objectives were to: i) identify the species of microorganisms present in the frog community, ii) determine microorganism prevalence and how it changes throughout the year, and iii) detect diseases and injuries caused by pathogens (bacteria and fungi). Across 150 anurans analyzed, seven species of anurans especies (Anaxyrus compactilis, Incilius occidentalis, Dryophytes arenicolor, D. eximius, Hypopachus variolosus, Lithobates neovolcanicus y Spea multiplicata) hosted at least four genera of pathogenic fungi (Penicillium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus y Batrachochytrium) and two genera of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp.). We found the prevalence of positive cases was higher in autumn (0.51) than in summer (0.125). Lesions such as peeling of the skin on the belly and swelling of the extremities (red leg) were observed in four of the seven species. This study confirms the presence of bacterial and fungal pathogenic agents in this frog community, and serves as a precedent for future work on monitoring the state of amphibian population health in Guanajuato. It also provides support for the implementation of conservation strategies for this group of vertebrates.
The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salam... more The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salamanders, 71 squamates, and three turtles, for a total of 101 species. The members of the herpetofauna are categorized among the three recognized physiographic regions of the Central Plateau, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The total number of species in each of these regions ranges from 60 in the Central Plateau to 75 in the Sierra Madre Oriental. The numbers of species shared among these three regions range from 44 between the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental to 56 between the Central Plateau and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. A similarity dendrogram based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) demonstrates that of the three physiographic regions, the Central Plateau (CP) and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) cluster at the 0.84 level, and that the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) clusters with the other two regions at the 0.65 level. This pattern was expected given that both the CP and TVB are relatively large areas of similar size in the state that lie adjacent to one another; in contrast, the SMO is the smallest region in the state and it is adjoined only to the CP region. The level of herpetofaunal endemism in Guanajuato is relatively high, with 56 of the 101 species categorized as country endemics. The distributional categorization of the entire herpetofauna includes 56 country endemics, 40 non-endemics, and five non-natives. The 40 non-endemic species are placed into the following distributional categories: MXUS (26), USCA (six), MXCA (four), MXSA (three), and USSA (one). The principal environmental threats to the herpetofauna of Guanajuato are agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle production, and mining. We assessed the conservation status of each native species by using the SEMARNAT, IUCN, and EVS systems, of which the EVS system proved to be the most useful. We applied the Relative Herpetofaunal Priority method to determine the rank order of the three regions, which indicates that the Transmexican Volcanic Belt is the region of greatest conservation importance. Twenty-four natural protected areas have been designated in Guanajuato. Fourteen of these areas lie within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, which is fortunate from a conservation perspective. All but four native species have been documented in these 24 areas. Finally, we provide a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the future protection of the Guanajuato herpetofauna.
The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salam... more The herpetofauna of the Mexican state of Guanajuato currently consists of 24 anurans, three salamanders, 71 squamates, and three turtles, for a total of 101 species. The members of the herpetofauna are categorized among the three recognized physiographic regions of the Central Plateau, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, and the Sierra Madre Oriental. The total number of species in each of these regions ranges from 60 in the Central Plateau to 75 in the Sierra Madre Oriental. The numbers of species shared among these three regions range from 44 between the Central Plateau and the Sierra Madre Oriental to 56 between the Central Plateau and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt. A similarity dendrogram based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages (UPGMA) demonstrates that of the three physiographic regions, the Central Plateau (CP) and the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) cluster at the 0.84 level, and that the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO) clusters with the other two regions at the 0.65 level. This pattern was expected given that both the CP and TVB are relatively large areas of similar size in the state that lie adjacent to one another; in contrast, the SMO is the smallest region in the state and it is adjoined only to the CP region. The level of herpetofaunal endemism in Guanajuato is relatively high, with 56 of the 101 species categorized as country endemics. The distributional categorization of the entire herpetofauna includes 56 country endemics, 40 non-endemics, and five non-natives. The 40 non-endemic species are placed into the following distributional categories: MXUS (26), USCA (six), MXCA (four), MXSA (three), and USSA (one). The principal environmental threats to the herpetofauna of Guanajuato are agriculture, industry, forestry, cattle production, and mining. We assessed the conservation status of each native species by using the SEMARNAT, IUCN, and EVS systems, of which the EVS system proved to be the most useful. We applied the Relative Herpetofaunal Priority method to determine the rank order of the three regions, which indicates that the Transmexican Volcanic Belt is the region of greatest conservation importance. Twenty-four natural protected areas have been designated in Guanajuato. Fourteen of these areas lie within the Transmexican Volcanic Belt, which is fortunate from a conservation perspective. All but four native species have been documented in these 24 areas. Finally, we provide a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the future protection of the Guanajuato herpetofauna.
Mexico is one of the richest countries in amphibian species (420 spp.), with a high level of ende... more Mexico is one of the richest countries in amphibian species (420 spp.), with a high level of endemism (69%). The order Anura represents the most diverse and widespread of the three extant amphibian orders (257 spp.). The anurofauna of Mexico’s tropical dry forest ecosystem host a high proportion of the species and endemism registered in the country. In terms of conservation, both dry forests and amphibians are at risk due to climate change because it is expected that as the temperature becomes higher and precipitation decreases, this vegetation type may experience water stress. We applied the MaxEnt algorithm to estimate the potential current and future (year 2070) geographic distribution patterns of 95 endemic Mexican anuran species inhabiting the country’s tropical dry forests by considering two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5/RCP8.5) and analyzed the potential distributional pattern changes. The results indicated that overall, species would experience enough of a significant warming effect to cause a reduction in the original distribution area, with 44% of species losing an average of 50% of their original range (9 spp. in threatened category); additionally, 22% of the species in the dry forest ecosystem will experience an average increase of almost 50% in their original area, two species will lose more than 80% of their range, and one will disappear.
International Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 2022
We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a se... more We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a seasonal tropical environment. We identified ecological aspects of the microhabitat use and composition of nine species of anurans found in three types of vegetation, in both the dry and rainy seasons. We characterized five types of habitats (saxicolous, arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic and riparian). The tropical deciduous forest and subtropical scrubland had higher species representation than oak forest. A significant change was observed, both by species and season, and in the use of microhabitats between the rainy and dry seasons. Niche overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
International Journal of Biological and Natural Sciences, 2022
We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a se... more We carried out this study in the lower basin of the Temascatio River, Guanajuato, Mexico, in a seasonal tropical environment. We identified ecological aspects of the microhabitat use and composition of nine species of anurans found in three types of vegetation, in both the dry and rainy seasons. We characterized five types of habitats (saxicolous, arboreal, terrestrial, aquatic and riparian). The tropical deciduous forest and subtropical scrubland had higher species representation than oak forest. A significant change was observed, both by species and season, and in the use of microhabitats between the rainy and dry seasons. Niche overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
Tradicionalmente, se considera que la mayor diversidad de especies ocurre en sitios conservado. S... more Tradicionalmente, se considera que la mayor diversidad de especies ocurre en sitios conservado. Sin embargo, los ambientes modificados como los agroecosistemas pueden contener una parte importante de la diversidad original. En este trabajo, comparamos la herpetofauna de cuatro agroecosistemas en dos localidades del estado de Guanajuato. Janicho y Urireo, con un sistema de producción de temporal, y El Copal y San Nicolás de los Agustinos, con sistema de riego. Así mismo, comparamos la herpetofauna de estos sitios (no conservados) con la de sitios semiconservados y conservados del estado de Guanajuato. Encontramos que la localidad de El Copal, presento el mayor número de especies, lo que sugiere que, al ser un sistema de producción de riego, aporta a los anfibios y reptiles que se encuentran en él, refugio y alimento constante, a diferencia de las localidades de Urireo y Janicho, con sistemas de producción temporal, y que dependen de las lluvias para retener una mayor cantidad de espe...
La herpetofauna de Guanajuato se conforma por 56 especies (13 de anfibios y 43 de reptiles). De l... more La herpetofauna de Guanajuato se conforma por 56 especies (13 de anfibios y 43 de reptiles). De los reptiles el grupo mas representativo es el de las serpientes con 30 especies. En el caso del municipio de Irapuato, se desconoce el numero de especies de ofidios, ello a pesar de su importancia ecologica, socio-cultural y economica. En el presente estudio se presentan resultados de los registros obtenidos de septiembre de 2011 a mayo de 2017 en 10 localidades del municipio de Irapuato. La ofidiofuana de Irapuato esta representada por siete familias, 19 generos y 23 especies; el 76 % del total para el estado. La familia que mas especies presento fue Colubridae (11), seguida de Natricidae (3), Dipsadidae y Viperidae (2), en tanto para Elapidae, Leptotyphlopidae y Typhlopidae, solo una. De las 23 especies, registradas, 16 se encuentran bajo alguna categoria de la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los resultados de este estudio, proporcionan una idea sobre los valores de diversidad y riqueza de las ...
Eight samplings were carried out in three-grain crops; corn, wheat, and barley, in El Capulín, Sa... more Eight samplings were carried out in three-grain crops; corn, wheat, and barley, in El Capulín, Salvatierra, Gto., collecting 6,596 specimens of insects, from August to November 2018 and from February to May 2019. The entomofauna is made up of 11 orders and 59 families, of which, 53 are in corn, 25 in wheat, and 24 in barley. The entomofaunal community is grouped into two functional groups according to their ecological role, and their diet: 1) EFG ́s (ecological functional groups), it includes herbivores, predators, parasitoids, pollinators, vectors, decomposers, and generalists; 2) TFG ́s (trophic functional guilds) comprise phytophagous, insectivores, decomposers, polyphages, Necrophagist, hematophagous, carnivores, nectarivorous, and mycophagy. The principal component analysis for the EFG ́s indicated a close relationship and dominance of herbivores and predators in corn, unlike wheat and barley, while for the phytophagic and insectivorous TFG ́s presented the same relationship. A...
El municipio de Salvatierra presenta una intensa actividad agricola, sin embargo y a pesar de su ... more El municipio de Salvatierra presenta una intensa actividad agricola, sin embargo y a pesar de su importancia, se carece de informacion acerca de su entomofauna. El objetivo de estudio fue conocer y comparar la diversidad y riqueza de insectos en seis cultivos agricolas (sorgo, maiz, alfalfa, frijol, tomate y jitomate) en la localidad de Urireo, Salvatierra. Se llevaron a cabo tres periodos de muestreo, de octubre a diciembre de 2015, enero a marzo de 2016, y agosto a noviembre de 2016, colectandose un total de 1911 organismos. Para este trabajo se tuvo una diversidad de 10 ordenes, siendo en presencia y abundancia los mas representativos: Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Hermoptera, Orthoptera y Odonata. La mayor riqueza de especies (en este caso a nivel de ordenes), conforme al indice de Shannon-Wiener fue para alfalfa (2.7), seguido de tomate (2.6), jitomate (2.5), maiz (2.4) sorgo (2.3) y finalmente, frijol, con el 2.2, por lo que s...
Mexican temperate forests are plant communities with high biodiversity. However, they are suscept... more Mexican temperate forests are plant communities with high biodiversity. However, they are susceptible to human activity changes such as deforestation. This study aimed to evaluate and compare changes in vegetation diversity in three temperate forest communities with different tree composition: 1) natural tree composition dominated by Quercus spp. (CF), 2) mixed composition, mainly Quercus spp.-Cupressus lindleyi (MF), and 3) completely reforested habitat, exclusively by C. lindleyi (RF). 90 quadrats were sampled in the dry season and 135 in the rainy season. To compare the reforestation effect on plant communities, multivariate and diversity analyses were undertaken. RF had the greatest species richness (S=31) and diversity (H’=1.3). In contrast, CF had lowest values (S=13, H’=0.9). The Discriminant Analysis (DA) showed a significant difference in plant community composition. RF had more species associated with disturbed habitats, while species typical of conserved forest were abundant in CF and MF. Although RF had the greatest diversity, the results suggest an ecological impoverishment due to the occurrence of synanthropic species – mainly weeds and grasses. The lowest diversity in CF was associated with the native species. The recognition of native species and species related to conserved habitats is important to reforestation planning, especially where there is no other effective strategy of forest management left. The knowledge of local species associated with conserved habitats and related to specific canopy tree species is important for designing reforestation plans adjusted to the local scale.
Amphibians and reptiles are two groups of vertebrates that are sensitive to changes in their envi... more Amphibians and reptiles are two groups of vertebrates that are sensitive to changes in their environment. These changes are mostly caused by human activities, which affect the abundance, composition, and distribution of these vertebrates. In this study, we compare the richness and taxonomic diversity of herpetofauna between undisturbed environments (tropical deciduous forest = TDF) and disturbed environments (corn fields = CF) near the towns of Urireo (URI) and San Nicolas de los Agustinos (SNA) in Salvatierra, Guanajuato. We recorded a total of 19 species in the two locations (4 amphibian and 15 reptile species). At the URI locality, 12 species were recorded in CF and 10 in TDF. At the SNA locality, eight species were recorded in CF and seven species in TDF. In addition, we found that overall taxonomic distinctness was greater at URI than SNA across both types of vegetation, with the highest diversity found in TDF of URI. Seven of the 19 species recorded are current allocated to so...
... A. Leyte-Manrique, U. Hernández-Salinas, E. Chávez-Calzada, MC Sánchez, J. Marshall y A. Ramí... more ... A. Leyte-Manrique, U. Hernández-Salinas, E. Chávez-Calzada, MC Sánchez, J. Marshall y A. Ramírez-Bautista 21 Page 5. ... Western North American Naturalist 64:175-183. Ramírez-Bautista, A., Maciel-Mata, CA y M. A. Martínez-Morales. 2005. ...
Se presenta una lista total de 1,393 especies de anfibios y reptiles para
México, que representa ... more Se presenta una lista total de 1,393 especies de anfibios y reptiles para México, que representa aproximadamente el 11% de la herpetofauna mundial, conteniendo 876 herpetoformas endémicas (62.9%). De éstas, 423 (30.3%) son anfibios con 294 (69.5%) especies endémicas y 970 que son reptiles (69.6%) con 582 (60%) especies endémicas. Las cifras comparadas mundialmente indican que México es el país más rico en salamandras (Ambystomatidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae y Sirenidae) de Mesoamérica con un total de 159 especies. Así mismo, es el país más rico del mundo en serpientes (Serpentes), con un total de 436 especies que representan el 11% del orbe y con un alto nivel de endemismos que incluye 242 especies (55%). Llama la atención que, de la biodiversidad nacional, 88 son serpientes venenosas (20.1%), es decir, el país más biodiverso en este grupo en América, donde a su vez 51 de ellas son endémicas (57.9%). No siendo suficiente, las 45 especies de serpientes de cascabel (Crotalus y Sistrurus) presentes en territorio mexicano, ponen a la nación en la primera posición global con esta fauna. En cuanto a lagartijas se refiere, parece ser que ninguna nación diferente a México tiene tantas especies de lagartijas espinosas (Phrynosomatidae), acumulando de momento 148 (86.5%) de las aproximadamente 171 citadas, mientras que de las lagartijas dragoncitos o escorpiones (Anguidae), el país cuenta con 53 (60.9%) de las 87 registradas a nivel global, y de lagartijas de grietas (Xenosauridae) todas son de México con 14 especies. En el caso de las lagartijas venenosas como los lagartos enchaquirados y monstruo de Gila (Helodermatidae), en México se distribuyen la mayoría con 4 (80%) de las 5 especies reconocidas en el planeta. Finalmente, de las 31 tortugas de agua dulce casquito o de fango (Kinosternidae) conocidas en el mundo, poco más de la mitad, 16 especies (51.6%), tienen distribución nacional; mientras que de las 7 especies de tortugas marinas descritas (Dermochelydae y Cheloniidae), 6 (85.7%) se presentan en lascostas mexicanas. México es un centro de origen, especiación y biodiversificación inigualable de estos valiosos organismos. Los datos son un llamado a gobernantes, funcionarios y a la ciudadanía para incrementar las acciones de conservación de estos importantes organismos, ya que tienen valiosos servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano y por dar identidad al pueblo de México.
Herein, we provide information on 30 species of amphibians and reptiles (10 and 20, respectively... more Herein, we provide information on 30 species of amphibians and reptiles (10 and 20, respectively) that live in the rivers, ponds, reservoirs, pastureland, crops, and gallery forests of Las Musas. These are the results of nine years working in this area. One of the benefits of this field guide is that it is easy to understand, because it also has identification keys, and species accounts. Our main goal is that researchers, nature lovers, and any person interested in the subject, be able to use this field guide. This way, we hope that this book will be enjoyable and stimulate its users to know more about the amphibians and reptiles of PNA Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Herein, we provide information on 30 species of amphibians and reptiles (10 and 20, respectively... more Herein, we provide information on 30 species of amphibians and reptiles (10 and 20, respectively) that live in the rivers, ponds, reservoirs, pastureland, crops, and gallery forests of Las Musas. These are the results of nine years working in this area. One of the benefits of this field guide is that it is easy to understand, because it also has identification keys, and species accounts. Our main goal is that researchers, nature lovers, and any person interested in the subject, be able to use this field guide. This way, we hope that this book will be enjoyable and stimulate its users to know more about the amphibians and reptiles of PNA Las Musas, Guanajuato, Mexico.
Universidad Autónoma Agraria “Antonio Narro” (UAAAN)., 2021
Mexico is a country with an extraordinary biocultural richness mainly clustered in the peasant an... more Mexico is a country with an extraordinary biocultural richness mainly clustered in the peasant and indigenous regions. There are two biological groups very closely to agricultural systems: insects and weeds. Both considered as competitors, pest and harmful host that have negative repercussions on yield. However, the strategies of control, especially chemistry, have not had an important effect on the decrease on the population’s decrease of those antagonistic species, but they have made more risky several environmental problems. This chapter explores some methodological suggestions for monitoring and measuring of weed and insect diversity, emphasizing the ecological importance that those species can have for crops, whether as pest regulators, bioindicators and ecosystem services that are useful for agricultural production, such as pollination, food, health, among others; of course, the cultural scope always must be present in an agroecological context, supported by qualitative approaches that allow obtaining ethnographic information on the wealth of local knowledge of the species associated with the crops. The monitoring in each agroecosystem is incomplete if social factors such as cultural heritage, local knowledge and, the influence of natural richness over buen vivir are not considered, so multi and transdisciplinary approaches are fundamental to guarantee a rural development with an agroecological perspective.
México es un país con una gran biodiversidad, producto de la complejidad de su topografía, lo que... more México es un país con una gran biodiversidad, producto de la complejidad de su topografía, lo que favoreció el establecimiento de diversos tipos de climas, de suelo y de vegetación, lo que sumado favoreció la especiación de su fauna y flora. Charco Azul, Xichú, es un lugar mágico, enclavado al noreste del estado de Guanajuato, en la porción boscosa del municipio de Xichú. El cual, colinda con los estados de San Luis Potosí y Querétaro; y se encuentra inmerso en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda-Guanajuato. La Guía de los Anfibios y Reptiles de Charco Azul, Xichú, Guanajuato de los autores, Dr. Adrian Leyte Manrique y Biol. Matías Domínguez Laso, es un ejemplo del conocimiento que pueden generar los científicos mexicanos y es una pequeña muestra de la riqueza biológica del estado de Guanajuato, del cual, debo añadir se conoce poco sobre la diversidad de los anfibios y reptiles. Esta guía es una ventana abierta al conocimiento de los anfibios y reptiles de Xichú, se encuentra ilustrada con dibujos y fotografías que hacen muy amena su lectura. Las fichas biológicas de las especies es la parte más relevante de la guía, en donde los autores se esforzaron para que cualquier lector entienda a la perfección la narración de las características biológicas de las especies, por lo que será una herramienta valiosa y esto la hará indispensable a todo aquel que visite Charco Azul, Xichú y sus maravillosas cascadas.
En las razas cromosómicas del complejo Sceloporus grammicus los criterios operacionales y concept... more En las razas cromosómicas del complejo Sceloporus grammicus los criterios operacionales y conceptuales para la delimitación de éstas, históricamente han involucrado el uso de datos de tipo genético (cariotipos) y moleculares (aloenzimas y DNA mitocondrial), mediante métodos filogenéticos. Los cuales señalan divergencias entre las razas que podrían ser consecuencia de una serie de procesos (ejemplo, distancia geográfica) involucrados en la separación, divergencia y posible formación de nuevas especies no nombradas aún. En el presente trabajo, bajo criterios morfológicos y ecológicos se analizan divergencias entre las razas, aportándose evidencias que pueden apoyar la hipótesis de que estas se encuentran en especiación. Los resultados de este estudio indican que morfológica y cológicamente las razas presentan divergencias; éstas, se observaron en caracteres morfométricos, merísticos, y de escutelación, así como en su coloración. Al igual que en aspectos relacionados a su ecología, como el tipo de microhábitat utilizado, su actividad, aspectos de su dieta (tipo de presas), y características reproductoras como el tamaño de camada y longitud hocico cloaca de las hembras. El apoyo de los métodos y análisis multivariados (análisis discriminantes, Componentes principales y correlación canónica), así lo confirman. A partir de ello, se puede agrupar y delimitar a las razas cromosómicas en función de sus relaciones ecomorfológicas en siete unidades evolutivas, designadas aquí como ecomorfotipos (EMT): EMTI = FM2, EMTII = F5+6, EMTIII = F6, EMTIV = LS, EMTV = HS, FM3, EMTVI = FM1, y EMTVII = F5. En este sentido, se puede decir que las variaciones observadas entre las razas son un reflejo de los ambientes en los que viven. Es decir, la distribución geográfica de los cariotipos reportados, así como barreras físicas pudieron ocasionar en algunas razas (LS, FM2, F5, F5+6 y F6), la evolución de diferencias genéticas reflejadas en su morfología y ecología. Por lo que a partir de ello, se establece que el modelo de especiación que puede ser considerado para las razas sea del tipo alopátrido por aislamiento periférico y geográfico, relacionado a un modelo de tipo centrífugo, y que de alguna manera es concordante con él modelo alopátrido ya propuesto a partir de datos genéticos.
En este trabajo se aportan nuevos registros de la culebra Lampropeltis polyzona para el estado de... more En este trabajo se aportan nuevos registros de la culebra Lampropeltis polyzona para el estado de Guanajuato.
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overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment
Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
overlap was related to the habits of the species; that is, the arboreal–terrestrial species (Dryophytes eximius, Anaxyrus compactilis, A. punctatus, D. arenicolor and Hipopachus variolosus) and the aquatic species (Lithobates neovolcanicus and L. megapoda) presented the highest overlap values. The principal component analysis showed that the thermal factor and vegetation explain the structure of the anuran community, but not microhabitat use. This work provides information on the ecology of the anurans inhabiting in the LBTR and emits an alert signal for conservation of the species at site, since the EVS (Enviroment
Vulnerability Score) showed that A. punctatus, Spea multiplicata, H. variolosus and L. megapoda presented values of high vulnerability. Finally, when concluding that natural vegetation determines the presence and structure of the anuran community, local governments must prioritize the protection of this ecosystem.
México, que representa aproximadamente el 11% de la herpetofauna mundial, conteniendo 876 herpetoformas endémicas (62.9%). De éstas, 423 (30.3%) son anfibios con 294 (69.5%) especies endémicas y 970
que son reptiles (69.6%) con 582 (60%) especies endémicas. Las cifras comparadas mundialmente indican que México es el país más rico en salamandras (Ambystomatidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae y
Sirenidae) de Mesoamérica con un total de 159 especies. Así mismo, es el país más rico del mundo en serpientes (Serpentes), con un total de 436 especies que representan el 11% del orbe y con un alto nivel de endemismos que incluye 242 especies (55%). Llama la atención que, de
la biodiversidad nacional, 88 son serpientes venenosas (20.1%), es decir, el país más biodiverso en este grupo en América, donde a su vez 51 de ellas son endémicas (57.9%). No siendo suficiente, las 45 especies
de serpientes de cascabel (Crotalus y Sistrurus) presentes en territorio mexicano, ponen a la nación en la primera posición global con esta fauna. En cuanto a lagartijas se refiere, parece ser que ninguna nación diferente a México tiene tantas especies de lagartijas espinosas (Phrynosomatidae), acumulando de momento 148 (86.5%) de las
aproximadamente 171 citadas, mientras que de las lagartijas dragoncitos o escorpiones (Anguidae), el país cuenta con 53 (60.9%) de las 87 registradas a nivel global, y de lagartijas de grietas (Xenosauridae) todas
son de México con 14 especies. En el caso de las lagartijas venenosas como los lagartos enchaquirados y monstruo de Gila (Helodermatidae), en México se distribuyen la mayoría con 4 (80%) de las 5 especies reconocidas en el planeta. Finalmente, de las 31 tortugas de agua dulce casquito o de fango (Kinosternidae) conocidas en el mundo, poco más
de la mitad, 16 especies (51.6%), tienen distribución nacional; mientras que de las 7 especies de tortugas marinas descritas (Dermochelydae y Cheloniidae), 6 (85.7%) se presentan en lascostas mexicanas. México es un centro de origen, especiación y biodiversificación inigualable de estos valiosos organismos. Los datos son un llamado a gobernantes, funcionarios y a la ciudadanía para incrementar las acciones de conservación de estos importantes organismos, ya que tienen valiosos servicios ecosistémicos para el bienestar humano y por dar identidad
al pueblo de México.
control, especially chemistry, have not had an important effect on the decrease on the population’s decrease of those antagonistic species, but they have made more risky several environmental problems. This chapter explores some methodological suggestions for monitoring and measuring of weed and insect diversity, emphasizing the ecological importance that those species can have for crops, whether as pest regulators, bioindicators and ecosystem services that are useful for agricultural production, such as pollination, food, health, among others; of course, the cultural scope always must be present in an agroecological context, supported by qualitative approaches that allow obtaining ethnographic information on the wealth of local knowledge of the species associated with the crops. The monitoring in each agroecosystem is incomplete if social factors such as cultural heritage, local knowledge and, the influence of natural richness over buen vivir are not considered, so multi and transdisciplinary approaches are fundamental to guarantee a rural development with an agroecological perspective.
en la porción boscosa del municipio de Xichú. El cual, colinda con los estados de San Luis Potosí y Querétaro; y se encuentra inmerso en la Reserva de la Biosfera
Sierra Gorda-Guanajuato. La Guía de los Anfibios y Reptiles de Charco Azul, Xichú, Guanajuato de los autores, Dr. Adrian Leyte Manrique y Biol. Matías Domínguez Laso, es un ejemplo del conocimiento que pueden generar los científicos mexicanos y es una pequeña muestra de la riqueza biológica del estado de Guanajuato, del cual, debo añadir se conoce poco sobre la diversidad de los anfibios y reptiles. Esta guía es una ventana abierta al conocimiento de los anfibios y reptiles de Xichú, se encuentra ilustrada con dibujos y fotografías que hacen muy amena su lectura. Las fichas biológicas de las especies es la parte más relevante de la guía, en donde los autores se esforzaron para que cualquier lector entienda a la perfección la narración de las características biológicas de las especies, por lo que será una herramienta valiosa y esto la hará indispensable a todo aquel que visite Charco Azul, Xichú y sus maravillosas cascadas.
distancia geográfica) involucrados en la separación, divergencia y posible formación de nuevas especies no nombradas aún. En el presente trabajo, bajo criterios morfológicos y ecológicos se analizan divergencias entre las razas, aportándose evidencias que pueden
apoyar la hipótesis de que estas se encuentran en especiación.
Los resultados de este estudio indican que morfológica y cológicamente las razas presentan divergencias; éstas, se observaron en caracteres morfométricos, merísticos, y de escutelación, así como en su coloración. Al igual que en aspectos relacionados a su ecología, como el tipo de microhábitat utilizado, su actividad, aspectos de su dieta (tipo de presas), y características reproductoras como el tamaño de camada y longitud hocico cloaca de las hembras. El apoyo de los métodos y análisis multivariados (análisis discriminantes, Componentes principales y correlación canónica), así lo confirman. A partir de ello, se puede agrupar y delimitar a las razas cromosómicas en
función de sus relaciones ecomorfológicas en siete unidades evolutivas, designadas aquí como ecomorfotipos (EMT): EMTI = FM2, EMTII = F5+6, EMTIII = F6, EMTIV = LS, EMTV = HS, FM3, EMTVI = FM1, y EMTVII = F5. En este sentido, se puede decir que las variaciones observadas entre las razas son un reflejo de los ambientes en los que viven. Es decir, la distribución geográfica de los cariotipos reportados, así como barreras físicas pudieron ocasionar en algunas razas (LS, FM2, F5, F5+6 y F6), la evolución de diferencias genéticas reflejadas en su morfología y ecología. Por lo que a partir de ello, se establece que el modelo de especiación que puede ser considerado para las razas sea del tipo alopátrido por aislamiento periférico y geográfico, relacionado a un modelo de tipo centrífugo, y que de alguna manera es concordante con él modelo alopátrido ya propuesto a partir de datos genéticos.