I am an erudite scholar with a research interest in International Relations, International Politics, International Political Economy, International Security, Public International Law, Foreign Policy Analysis, Diplomacy, and Strategic Studies.
I examined the waving of Russian flag in demonstrations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria... more I examined the waving of Russian flag in demonstrations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria within the framework of Moscow's soft power in Africa.
Nnamdi Azikiwe Journal of Political Science 9(2), 86-105, 2024
At the height of the Cold War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in ideological com... more At the height of the Cold War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in ideological competition with the United States of America (USA), made inroads into Africa and gradually held sway over some countries therein. Owing largely to domestic issues, the USSR collapsed in 1991, thus ending the longstanding Cold War. From 1992 to 1999, the Russian Federation as the successor state to the USSR had minimal relations with Africa. However, in the 2000s, Russia rekindled its interest in geo-strategic Africa. This article highlights features of Soviet-African relations that were stopped and those that remain part of Russia's African policy. To achieve this, the historical approach was adopted and data was collected from secondary sources. The article concludes that in the trajectory of Russo-African relations, Soviet support for liberation movements, economic aid, and the promotion of Marxist-Leninist ideology in Africa ended while state scholarships, arms sales, and military training continued.
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2021
Africa, a promising continent with political clout, is a strategic region that has caught the att... more Africa, a promising continent with political clout, is a strategic region that has caught the attention of foreign powers over the years. Notable among these foreign powers is the Russian
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2021
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains one of the complex issues of our time that no one knows ... more The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains one of the complex issues of our time that no one knows how and when it will end. For over 70 years, Israel and the stateless Palestinians have infrequently clashed over the land from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Eastern region. Both the Jewish and Palestinian peoples claim the disputed land, called 'Palestine', to be their homeland. Hence, several erudite scholars, foreign governments and intergovernmental organisations have for decades been searching for a pragmatic and acceptable political solution to the protracted armed conflict that ensued. For long, the traditional two-state solution has been propagated in the international community. But in recent years, a 'realistic' one-state solution is being considered in some quarters as an alternative to what some now see as an 'impractical' twostate solution. This paper, hinged on the triangulated theories-Constructivism and Pacifism, critically examines the one and two-state solutions with a focus on the pros and cons. For the study, the historical approach was adopted, and data were gotten from secondary sources. The paper concludes that the solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is neither the two nor one-state proposal. Evidently, the realities on ground in Palestine have rendered the two-state paradigm an illusion while the one-state model eliminates the core aspiration of the Israelis and Palestinians.
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2021
The Islamic Republic of Iran is a sovereign state strategically sitting astride the Caspian Sea a... more The Islamic Republic of Iran is a sovereign state strategically sitting astride the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the Middle East. In the late 1950s, the United States was of great assistance to Iran in starting its nuclear programme for peaceful purposes. But in the 1990s, Iran secretly began to build nuclear facilities which an exiled opposition group disclosed to the world in 2002. The revelation added to the fear of the United States and some European and Middle Eastern countries that Iran intends to have nuclear weapons or at least the capability to make them. Hence, the United States under President George W. Bush Jnr pursued a foreign policy aimed at reining Iran’s uranium enrichment. This goal, to a large extent, was achieved following the conclusion of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) during President Barack Obama’s administration. Unfortunately his successor, President Donald Trump, pulled the United States out of the said nuclear deal in 2018. This paper examines United States foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme from January 2002 to January 2021. For the study, the historical approach was adopted, and data were collected from secondary sources. The paper concludes that the United States is back to square one vis-à-vis its foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme.
Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 2020
The objective of this paper is to analyze government's borrowings in the purview of time violence... more The objective of this paper is to analyze government's borrowings in the purview of time violence with recourse to the adverse effects that bad debts could have on succeeding generations. Using Nigeria as a case, we argue that there is a nexus between debt, its management, time violence, and sustainable development. If the purpose of debt acquisition is altruistic, and the processes of the utilization of its proceeds are transparent, it is likely to be sustainable and self-servicing. Otherwise, debt would become a menace over time and culminate in time violence to generations who neither incurred nor benefited from the debt. Consequently, debt should be conceived and analyzed as a security threat that is capable of hurting and destabilizing a country through a myriad of ways. While borrowing may be inevitable, debt must be properly securitized to foreclose its attendant violence. This study, thus, offers a security dimension to extant studies and analyses on Nigerian sovereign debt. The study is qualitative with data sourced from primary and secondary sources.
Federalism remains the idea of two or more independent nations forming a union for political, eco... more Federalism remains the idea of two or more independent nations forming a union for political, economic, socio-cultural and security reasons. Beginning from the 17 th to the 19 th century, European philosophers: Johannes Althusius, Immanuel Kant, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alexis de Tocqueville and, John Stuart Mill laid the philosophical foundation of federalism in their respective magnum opus. In the 20 th century, K. C. Wheare, W. S. Livingston, W. H. Riker, C. J. Friedrich and, W. E. Oates propounded the legal-institutional theory, sociological theory, bargaining theory, process theory and the theory of fiscal federalism for the purpose of explaining the idea 'federalism'. This paper examines the philosophy and theories of federalism from the 17 th to the 20 th century. For this study, the qualitative method of secondary data collection was adopted. The paper conclude that the philosophy and theories of federalism are tools that assist analysts and readers with the normative and empirical perspectives of federalism, the conditions and preconditions for adopting federalism, the division of power in a federation and the economic functions of the levels of government in a federal state among other things.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2020
Territorial disputes, occasioned by colonialism in most if not all cases, remain a thorny issue i... more Territorial disputes, occasioned by colonialism in most if not all cases, remain a thorny issue in contemporary international relations. In the East China Sea (ECS), a portion of the Pacific Ocean, is a group of uninhabited islets and barren rocks which the Asian economic powers-China, Japan and Taiwan claim ownership and sovereignty over based on historical records, international legal documents and geographical fact. These islets, which China calls 'Diaoyu Islands' and Japan, 'Senkaku Islands', are close to important shipping lanes, potential hydrocarbon deposits, and good fishing areas. However, irredentism and nationalism in China, and the politics played by staunch nationalists in Japan, have from time to time led to simmering tensions between both countries. Though, China and Japan have a maritime delimitation feud over their overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), this paper solely examines the competing territorial claims of China and Japan to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands in the geostrategic East China Sea. For the study, the historical approach was adopted and data were garnered from secondary sources. The paper concludes that China has a rich history regarding the disputed islands. However, it has insufficient historical evidence to prove that it exercised territorial sovereignty over the islets centuries ago. For Japan, it has good historical evidence to make a case for the island's ownership. Also, it has met the international law requirement of 'effective occupation' of the islets.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2020
For centuries, international law has regulated the actions and international relations of soverei... more For centuries, international law has regulated the actions and international relations of sovereign states. Though, some of these states in the international system have proven themselves to be compliant with international law in certain aspects of their complex relations, they have performed unsatisfactorily in others. The sporadic outburst of xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals in the Republic of South Africa remains an instance of a state’s failure to fulfil its obligation as articulated in the international conventions it acceded to. Since the post-apartheid era began in 1994, there has been an influx of migrants into South Africa. Sadly these migrants, mostly Black Africans, have been discriminated against and occasionally attacked by resentful locals. The objective of the paper is to briefly point out South Africa’s obligation as a state party to several treaties that guard against racial discrimination and, the failure of successive South African governments to fulfil it. The historical approach was adopted for the paper and, the qualitative method of secondary data collection. The paper concluded that henceforth, South Africa as a civilised state in the international community, should perform in good faith its obligation of safeguarding the fundamental human rights of immigrants within its territorial jurisdiction.
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2020
North Korea, a diminutive state geographically located in the North East Asian (NEA) sub-region, ... more North Korea, a diminutive state geographically located in the North East Asian (NEA) sub-region, has for decades been secretly developing its nuclear weapons and missiles programme which began during the Cold War era. Constituting a threat to regional/international peace and stability, the United States over the years has pursued a foreign policy aimed at getting Pyongyang to freeze or dismantle its nuclear and missile programmes. But isolated North Korea, in defiance to international sanctions and pressure, has conducted several nuclear weapon and ballistic missile tests, thus escalating tension on the Korean Peninsula in particular and the NEA sub-region at large.
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2019
In South Africa, the year 1994 marked the end of the apartheid regime and the beginning of consti... more In South Africa, the year 1994 marked the end of the apartheid regime and the beginning of constitutional democracy. This political transition which many black South Africans witnessed, raised their hope of a country devoid of racial segregation and all forms of inequality. But not long after the African National Congress (ANC)-led government got to work vis-à-vis the actualisation of the common hope of its people that the rainbow nation became a destination for migrants. Almost three decades after becoming a constitutional democracy, many of the locals in South Africa's townships are still impoverished and unemployed unlike the foreign nationals. Thus, the aggrieved locals have occasionally attacked mostly African immigrants for allegedly taking away the few available jobs, their women, for drug peddling and other criminal activities in their communities. This paper studies the 2019 xenophobic violence against African immigrants in South Africa and the reactions that ensued in the Nigerian State. For this study, the historical approach was adopted and the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Theoretically, the relative deprivation theory, frustration-aggression theory and, scapegoat theory were knotted to explain the rationale behind xenophobic violence in South Africa, the link between disgruntled locals' frustration and aggressive behaviour and lastly, why African immigrants are occasionally victimised. This paper concluded that the Nigerian people and government reactions to the recent wave of xenophobic violence show that they have had enough of the one too many attacks on Nigerians living in South Africa.
African Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2019
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the strongest and most successful political cum ... more The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the strongest and most successful political cum military alliance the world has ever known to date. Founded in 1949, the transatlantic alliance served as a bulwark for Western Europe countries from the expansion of the Soviet Union, its ideology-communism and, nuclear warheads during the Cold War. In the year 1991, the gigantic Soviet Union collapsed which marked the end of the Cold War. As the Soviet Union no longer posed a threat to NATO members, the Alliance took on new missions from conflict management in the Balkans and Maghreb, counterterrorism operations in South Asia and the Middle East, to anti-piracy missions off the Horn of Africa. At this juncture the question arising is this: is NATO a relic of the Cold War or an indispensable alliance in the 21 st century? This paper recounts the eventful history of NATO from 1949 to 2019. It also answers the question, is NATO an obsolete or relevant alliance in the 21 st century? and most importantly, it discusses at length the accomplishments and problems the Alliance faces in the post-Cold War era. These research objectives were successfully carried out using the historical approach with the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Concerning the findings in this research paper, it was discovered that NATO's achievements are being overshadowed by the plethora of challenges bedeviling it, the biggest of which is defence spending shortfall.
African Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2019
Nigeria and South Africa are two sub-regional powers in Africa that in no small measure have cont... more Nigeria and South Africa are two sub-regional powers in Africa that in no small measure have contributed to the relative peace and security in the region. Geographically located in West and Southern Africa respectively, Nigeria and South Africa, in pursuit of their national interest, have for more than five decades been relating, with their diplomatic, defence, trade and socio-cultural ties having the conflict, cooperation and competition attributes. Since South Africa became a liberal democracy and beacon of human rights in 1994, the influx of documented and undocumented foreigners into the resource-rich country has been a worrisome issue for the indigenes who see them, among other things, as competitors for the few jobs available. Hence, the locals in some of South Africa’s townships have aggressively attacked foreign nationals, mostly African immigrants in 2008, 2015 and 2019 to mention a few. This research paper revisits the anti-foreigner violence in the rainbow nation with the aim of pointing out the impact on Nigeria-South Africa relations. The historical approach was adopted for this paper and the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Theoretically, the frustration-aggression theory and constructivism were combined.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2019
The Bakassi Peninsula is a 1,600 kilometres long peninsula protruding from Calabar into the Gulf ... more The Bakassi Peninsula is a 1,600 kilometres long peninsula protruding from Calabar into the Gulf of Guinea. During the colonial rule of present-day Nigeria, Great Britain ceded the peninsula to Germany with the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913. As a result, the resource-rich Bakassi Peninsula became a disputed territory between Nigeria and her immediate neighbour, Cameroon, in the post-colonial era. In the year 1994, Cameroon instituted legal action against Nigeria at The Hague-based International Court of Justice (ICJ) which ruled in its favour in October 2002. In the month of June 2006, President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria and his counterpart President Paul Biya of Cameroon signed the Green Tree Agreement (GTA) in New York, United States, which eventually led to the ceremonial handover of the peninsula by Nigeria during Yar’Adua’s administration to Cameroon in August 2008. Nigeria had up to 2012 to appeal the ICJ verdict with fresh fact. Sadly, the government of President Jonathan failed to do so. Hence, Nigeria, through the adjudication method of pacific settlement of international disputes, lost Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. Thus far, there has not been any policy statement by the government of Nigeria to regain the peninsula from Cameroon. Should there be in the nearest future, this paper identifies the possible options still available to Nigeria to repossess Bakassi Peninsula. The historical approach was adopted for this study and the qualitative method of secondary data collection.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2019
Since the post-Cold War era began in 1991, several political leaders, government officials, high-... more Since the post-Cold War era began in 1991, several political leaders, government officials, high-ranking military officers, warlords and armed groups have initiated, planned, aided and abetted and, committed grave atrocities during armed conflicts, post-election violence, insurgency etc. In order to put an end to the evil culture of impunity in the new millennium, hold the perpetrators of international crimes accountable for their actions and, get justice for the victims of the crimes, The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC) was founded in 2002. Africa as a region presently has 33 State parties to the Rome Statute of the ICC, thus making it the largest bloc in the Court of 123 State parties. But no sooner had most African State parties supported the establishment and operations of the ICC than they stopped cooperating with it under the umbrella of the African Union (AU). The unabated hostility between the AU and the ICC centres on the indictment and prosecution of sitting African presidents which enjoy immunity based on customary international law and, the disproportionate indictment, prosecution, and conviction of Africans for war crimes and crimes against humanity. This paper critically examines the allegations by most African States parties to the Rome Statute that, the ICC has an African bias and that it pursues 'selective justice'. The research methodology adopted for this study is the historical approach with the qualitative method of secondary data collection.
I examined the waving of Russian flag in demonstrations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria... more I examined the waving of Russian flag in demonstrations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria within the framework of Moscow's soft power in Africa.
Nnamdi Azikiwe Journal of Political Science 9(2), 86-105, 2024
At the height of the Cold War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in ideological com... more At the height of the Cold War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), in ideological competition with the United States of America (USA), made inroads into Africa and gradually held sway over some countries therein. Owing largely to domestic issues, the USSR collapsed in 1991, thus ending the longstanding Cold War. From 1992 to 1999, the Russian Federation as the successor state to the USSR had minimal relations with Africa. However, in the 2000s, Russia rekindled its interest in geo-strategic Africa. This article highlights features of Soviet-African relations that were stopped and those that remain part of Russia's African policy. To achieve this, the historical approach was adopted and data was collected from secondary sources. The article concludes that in the trajectory of Russo-African relations, Soviet support for liberation movements, economic aid, and the promotion of Marxist-Leninist ideology in Africa ended while state scholarships, arms sales, and military training continued.
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2021
Africa, a promising continent with political clout, is a strategic region that has caught the att... more Africa, a promising continent with political clout, is a strategic region that has caught the attention of foreign powers over the years. Notable among these foreign powers is the Russian
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2021
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains one of the complex issues of our time that no one knows ... more The Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains one of the complex issues of our time that no one knows how and when it will end. For over 70 years, Israel and the stateless Palestinians have infrequently clashed over the land from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Eastern region. Both the Jewish and Palestinian peoples claim the disputed land, called 'Palestine', to be their homeland. Hence, several erudite scholars, foreign governments and intergovernmental organisations have for decades been searching for a pragmatic and acceptable political solution to the protracted armed conflict that ensued. For long, the traditional two-state solution has been propagated in the international community. But in recent years, a 'realistic' one-state solution is being considered in some quarters as an alternative to what some now see as an 'impractical' twostate solution. This paper, hinged on the triangulated theories-Constructivism and Pacifism, critically examines the one and two-state solutions with a focus on the pros and cons. For the study, the historical approach was adopted, and data were gotten from secondary sources. The paper concludes that the solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is neither the two nor one-state proposal. Evidently, the realities on ground in Palestine have rendered the two-state paradigm an illusion while the one-state model eliminates the core aspiration of the Israelis and Palestinians.
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2021
The Islamic Republic of Iran is a sovereign state strategically sitting astride the Caspian Sea a... more The Islamic Republic of Iran is a sovereign state strategically sitting astride the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the Middle East. In the late 1950s, the United States was of great assistance to Iran in starting its nuclear programme for peaceful purposes. But in the 1990s, Iran secretly began to build nuclear facilities which an exiled opposition group disclosed to the world in 2002. The revelation added to the fear of the United States and some European and Middle Eastern countries that Iran intends to have nuclear weapons or at least the capability to make them. Hence, the United States under President George W. Bush Jnr pursued a foreign policy aimed at reining Iran’s uranium enrichment. This goal, to a large extent, was achieved following the conclusion of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) during President Barack Obama’s administration. Unfortunately his successor, President Donald Trump, pulled the United States out of the said nuclear deal in 2018. This paper examines United States foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme from January 2002 to January 2021. For the study, the historical approach was adopted, and data were collected from secondary sources. The paper concludes that the United States is back to square one vis-à-vis its foreign policy on Iran’s nuclear programme.
Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 2020
The objective of this paper is to analyze government's borrowings in the purview of time violence... more The objective of this paper is to analyze government's borrowings in the purview of time violence with recourse to the adverse effects that bad debts could have on succeeding generations. Using Nigeria as a case, we argue that there is a nexus between debt, its management, time violence, and sustainable development. If the purpose of debt acquisition is altruistic, and the processes of the utilization of its proceeds are transparent, it is likely to be sustainable and self-servicing. Otherwise, debt would become a menace over time and culminate in time violence to generations who neither incurred nor benefited from the debt. Consequently, debt should be conceived and analyzed as a security threat that is capable of hurting and destabilizing a country through a myriad of ways. While borrowing may be inevitable, debt must be properly securitized to foreclose its attendant violence. This study, thus, offers a security dimension to extant studies and analyses on Nigerian sovereign debt. The study is qualitative with data sourced from primary and secondary sources.
Federalism remains the idea of two or more independent nations forming a union for political, eco... more Federalism remains the idea of two or more independent nations forming a union for political, economic, socio-cultural and security reasons. Beginning from the 17 th to the 19 th century, European philosophers: Johannes Althusius, Immanuel Kant, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Alexis de Tocqueville and, John Stuart Mill laid the philosophical foundation of federalism in their respective magnum opus. In the 20 th century, K. C. Wheare, W. S. Livingston, W. H. Riker, C. J. Friedrich and, W. E. Oates propounded the legal-institutional theory, sociological theory, bargaining theory, process theory and the theory of fiscal federalism for the purpose of explaining the idea 'federalism'. This paper examines the philosophy and theories of federalism from the 17 th to the 20 th century. For this study, the qualitative method of secondary data collection was adopted. The paper conclude that the philosophy and theories of federalism are tools that assist analysts and readers with the normative and empirical perspectives of federalism, the conditions and preconditions for adopting federalism, the division of power in a federation and the economic functions of the levels of government in a federal state among other things.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2020
Territorial disputes, occasioned by colonialism in most if not all cases, remain a thorny issue i... more Territorial disputes, occasioned by colonialism in most if not all cases, remain a thorny issue in contemporary international relations. In the East China Sea (ECS), a portion of the Pacific Ocean, is a group of uninhabited islets and barren rocks which the Asian economic powers-China, Japan and Taiwan claim ownership and sovereignty over based on historical records, international legal documents and geographical fact. These islets, which China calls 'Diaoyu Islands' and Japan, 'Senkaku Islands', are close to important shipping lanes, potential hydrocarbon deposits, and good fishing areas. However, irredentism and nationalism in China, and the politics played by staunch nationalists in Japan, have from time to time led to simmering tensions between both countries. Though, China and Japan have a maritime delimitation feud over their overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), this paper solely examines the competing territorial claims of China and Japan to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands in the geostrategic East China Sea. For the study, the historical approach was adopted and data were garnered from secondary sources. The paper concludes that China has a rich history regarding the disputed islands. However, it has insufficient historical evidence to prove that it exercised territorial sovereignty over the islets centuries ago. For Japan, it has good historical evidence to make a case for the island's ownership. Also, it has met the international law requirement of 'effective occupation' of the islets.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2020
For centuries, international law has regulated the actions and international relations of soverei... more For centuries, international law has regulated the actions and international relations of sovereign states. Though, some of these states in the international system have proven themselves to be compliant with international law in certain aspects of their complex relations, they have performed unsatisfactorily in others. The sporadic outburst of xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals in the Republic of South Africa remains an instance of a state’s failure to fulfil its obligation as articulated in the international conventions it acceded to. Since the post-apartheid era began in 1994, there has been an influx of migrants into South Africa. Sadly these migrants, mostly Black Africans, have been discriminated against and occasionally attacked by resentful locals. The objective of the paper is to briefly point out South Africa’s obligation as a state party to several treaties that guard against racial discrimination and, the failure of successive South African governments to fulfil it. The historical approach was adopted for the paper and, the qualitative method of secondary data collection. The paper concluded that henceforth, South Africa as a civilised state in the international community, should perform in good faith its obligation of safeguarding the fundamental human rights of immigrants within its territorial jurisdiction.
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2020
North Korea, a diminutive state geographically located in the North East Asian (NEA) sub-region, ... more North Korea, a diminutive state geographically located in the North East Asian (NEA) sub-region, has for decades been secretly developing its nuclear weapons and missiles programme which began during the Cold War era. Constituting a threat to regional/international peace and stability, the United States over the years has pursued a foreign policy aimed at getting Pyongyang to freeze or dismantle its nuclear and missile programmes. But isolated North Korea, in defiance to international sanctions and pressure, has conducted several nuclear weapon and ballistic missile tests, thus escalating tension on the Korean Peninsula in particular and the NEA sub-region at large.
Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPIA), 2019
In South Africa, the year 1994 marked the end of the apartheid regime and the beginning of consti... more In South Africa, the year 1994 marked the end of the apartheid regime and the beginning of constitutional democracy. This political transition which many black South Africans witnessed, raised their hope of a country devoid of racial segregation and all forms of inequality. But not long after the African National Congress (ANC)-led government got to work vis-à-vis the actualisation of the common hope of its people that the rainbow nation became a destination for migrants. Almost three decades after becoming a constitutional democracy, many of the locals in South Africa's townships are still impoverished and unemployed unlike the foreign nationals. Thus, the aggrieved locals have occasionally attacked mostly African immigrants for allegedly taking away the few available jobs, their women, for drug peddling and other criminal activities in their communities. This paper studies the 2019 xenophobic violence against African immigrants in South Africa and the reactions that ensued in the Nigerian State. For this study, the historical approach was adopted and the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Theoretically, the relative deprivation theory, frustration-aggression theory and, scapegoat theory were knotted to explain the rationale behind xenophobic violence in South Africa, the link between disgruntled locals' frustration and aggressive behaviour and lastly, why African immigrants are occasionally victimised. This paper concluded that the Nigerian people and government reactions to the recent wave of xenophobic violence show that they have had enough of the one too many attacks on Nigerians living in South Africa.
African Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2019
The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the strongest and most successful political cum ... more The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the strongest and most successful political cum military alliance the world has ever known to date. Founded in 1949, the transatlantic alliance served as a bulwark for Western Europe countries from the expansion of the Soviet Union, its ideology-communism and, nuclear warheads during the Cold War. In the year 1991, the gigantic Soviet Union collapsed which marked the end of the Cold War. As the Soviet Union no longer posed a threat to NATO members, the Alliance took on new missions from conflict management in the Balkans and Maghreb, counterterrorism operations in South Asia and the Middle East, to anti-piracy missions off the Horn of Africa. At this juncture the question arising is this: is NATO a relic of the Cold War or an indispensable alliance in the 21 st century? This paper recounts the eventful history of NATO from 1949 to 2019. It also answers the question, is NATO an obsolete or relevant alliance in the 21 st century? and most importantly, it discusses at length the accomplishments and problems the Alliance faces in the post-Cold War era. These research objectives were successfully carried out using the historical approach with the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Concerning the findings in this research paper, it was discovered that NATO's achievements are being overshadowed by the plethora of challenges bedeviling it, the biggest of which is defence spending shortfall.
African Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (AJSSHR), 2019
Nigeria and South Africa are two sub-regional powers in Africa that in no small measure have cont... more Nigeria and South Africa are two sub-regional powers in Africa that in no small measure have contributed to the relative peace and security in the region. Geographically located in West and Southern Africa respectively, Nigeria and South Africa, in pursuit of their national interest, have for more than five decades been relating, with their diplomatic, defence, trade and socio-cultural ties having the conflict, cooperation and competition attributes. Since South Africa became a liberal democracy and beacon of human rights in 1994, the influx of documented and undocumented foreigners into the resource-rich country has been a worrisome issue for the indigenes who see them, among other things, as competitors for the few jobs available. Hence, the locals in some of South Africa’s townships have aggressively attacked foreign nationals, mostly African immigrants in 2008, 2015 and 2019 to mention a few. This research paper revisits the anti-foreigner violence in the rainbow nation with the aim of pointing out the impact on Nigeria-South Africa relations. The historical approach was adopted for this paper and the qualitative method of secondary data collection. Theoretically, the frustration-aggression theory and constructivism were combined.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2019
The Bakassi Peninsula is a 1,600 kilometres long peninsula protruding from Calabar into the Gulf ... more The Bakassi Peninsula is a 1,600 kilometres long peninsula protruding from Calabar into the Gulf of Guinea. During the colonial rule of present-day Nigeria, Great Britain ceded the peninsula to Germany with the Anglo-German Treaty of 1913. As a result, the resource-rich Bakassi Peninsula became a disputed territory between Nigeria and her immediate neighbour, Cameroon, in the post-colonial era. In the year 1994, Cameroon instituted legal action against Nigeria at The Hague-based International Court of Justice (ICJ) which ruled in its favour in October 2002. In the month of June 2006, President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria and his counterpart President Paul Biya of Cameroon signed the Green Tree Agreement (GTA) in New York, United States, which eventually led to the ceremonial handover of the peninsula by Nigeria during Yar’Adua’s administration to Cameroon in August 2008. Nigeria had up to 2012 to appeal the ICJ verdict with fresh fact. Sadly, the government of President Jonathan failed to do so. Hence, Nigeria, through the adjudication method of pacific settlement of international disputes, lost Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon. Thus far, there has not been any policy statement by the government of Nigeria to regain the peninsula from Cameroon. Should there be in the nearest future, this paper identifies the possible options still available to Nigeria to repossess Bakassi Peninsula. The historical approach was adopted for this study and the qualitative method of secondary data collection.
African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration (AJLPRA), 2019
Since the post-Cold War era began in 1991, several political leaders, government officials, high-... more Since the post-Cold War era began in 1991, several political leaders, government officials, high-ranking military officers, warlords and armed groups have initiated, planned, aided and abetted and, committed grave atrocities during armed conflicts, post-election violence, insurgency etc. In order to put an end to the evil culture of impunity in the new millennium, hold the perpetrators of international crimes accountable for their actions and, get justice for the victims of the crimes, The Hague-based International Criminal Court (ICC) was founded in 2002. Africa as a region presently has 33 State parties to the Rome Statute of the ICC, thus making it the largest bloc in the Court of 123 State parties. But no sooner had most African State parties supported the establishment and operations of the ICC than they stopped cooperating with it under the umbrella of the African Union (AU). The unabated hostility between the AU and the ICC centres on the indictment and prosecution of sitting African presidents which enjoy immunity based on customary international law and, the disproportionate indictment, prosecution, and conviction of Africans for war crimes and crimes against humanity. This paper critically examines the allegations by most African States parties to the Rome Statute that, the ICC has an African bias and that it pursues 'selective justice'. The research methodology adopted for this study is the historical approach with the qualitative method of secondary data collection.
FUDMA Journal of Politics and International Affairs (FUJOPIA), 2020
Philip N. Howard, a trained Sociologist, is a Professor of Internet Studies at Balliol College, t... more Philip N. Howard, a trained Sociologist, is a Professor of Internet Studies at Balliol College, the University of Oxford, United Kingdom. He is also the Director of Oxford Internet Institute (OII) in the aforementioned University. Professor Howard’s research interests lie in the role and impact of digital media in particular and Information Communications Technologies (ICTs) in general, on social movements, democratic and authoritarian regimes. Muzammil M. Hussain is an Assistant Professor of Communication and Media at the University of Michigan, United States. His research interests include digital politics in the Arab world. The book: Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring was published in the year 2013 by Oxford University Press in New York. The 145 pages book has in total five chapters. The purpose of the book is to examine the role of digital media in the Arab Spring. The authors’ genre of writing was expository and their historical and comparative approach to the study as well as the qualitative method of data collection were satisfactory.
Crawford Journal of Business and Social Sciences (CJBASS), 2018
The best seller book in China, “The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State”, was written by t... more The best seller book in China, “The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State”, was written by the well-travelled and patriotic Chinese scholar, Zhang Weiwei, who is a Professor of International Relations at Fudan University, a Visiting Professor at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations and, a Senior Research Fellow at the Chunqiu Institute, China. Presently, Zhang Weiwei has to his credit a few books that touched on his research interests which are China’s development model and, China’s economic and political reform. The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State as one of the books, was originally published for Chinese readers in 2011. But in the year 2012, it was translated to English and published by World Century Publishing Corporation for readers in the international community. The central argument of the book is the rise of China not as an ordinary country, but as a unique civilizational state that is driving an unprecedented wave of change in the global economic and political arena. In the book, the author explicitly wrote on how China found its path to development by selectively learning from the West for its own benefit. He also addressed the new political discourse in China which is at variance with Western democracy, good governance and human rights. The author’s genre of writing the book was expository and his research methodology – the historical and comparative approaches as well as the qualitative method of data collection, were satisfactory. In total, the 177 pages book has six chapters.
In G. L. Adeola (Ed.). Repositioning Nigerian Universities for the Digital Revolution in the 21st Century: A Festschrift in Honour of Professor Isaac Rotimi Ajayi, 2021
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Papers by Adeleke Olumide Ogunnoiki