هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی از جهت پارادایمیک بودن یا ناپارادایمیک بودن آن ... more هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی از جهت پارادایمیک بودن یا ناپارادایمیک بودن آن است. برای تحقق این هدف سعی شد ضمن معرفی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی به عنوان رویکردی جدید در علوم اجتماعی، ارزیابی نظام یافته ای نیز از نقاط ضعف و قوت رویکردهای نظری و عملی به کار گرفته شده در آن، صورت پذیرد. در این راستا از نظریه پارادایم ریتزر به عنوان چارچوب بحث و بررسی استفاده شده است. بدین ترتیب که با مرور ادبیات مطالعات حافظه جمعی در قالب چهار مؤلفه اصلی شکل دهنده پاردایم، یعنی مثالواره، تصور بنیادی از موضوع، تئوریها و روشها، افزون بر سنجش فرضیه ناپارادایمیک بودن این حوزه مطالعاتی که از جانب برخی از محققان آن مطرح گشته، صورتبندی جدیدی از تحولات نظری، استراتژیهای روش شناختی و نیز چالشهایی که این حوزه در مسیر پیشرفت با آن مواجه است ارائه میشود. در پایان مقاله نیز تلاش شده متناسب با این چالشها، پیشنهاداتی برای مواجهه با آنها در جهت افزایش انسجام نظری حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی داده شود.
Objectives: Television watching and soap operas viewing, is one of the most important activities ... more Objectives: Television watching and soap operas viewing, is one of the most important activities of the majority of people, particularly women, all over the world. They have various motives of watching, such as; obtaining serenity and entertainment, filling up the leisure hours, forgetting daily problems, and achieving information. The present study seeks to study the dimensions of sought and obtained gratification in watching T.V soap operas by women, and also to find out some social correlates of sought and obtained gratifications, as well as their probable inter-correlations. Method: Survey method is used for conducting the study, and data has been collected through questionnaire along with interview. Since the Use and Gratification, was theoretical framework of the study, four-dimensional model of McQuail (including; gaining personal identification, achieving information, establishing social interactions, and obtaining serenity and entertainment) applied to measure motives of watching (or sought gratification) and obtained gratification. Motives of watching and obtained gratification were considered as dependent variables and measured by investigator-made scales, on the basis of the McQuail model as well as previous researches. Some social factors (such as level of education, employment status, socio-economic status-SES-, and level of watching) have been treated as independent variables. To measure the validity of the scales, Content Validity is applied and reliability of the scales is also measured by means of Alpha Chronbach. The overall reliability coefficients for motives of watching and used gratification scales were .661 and .911, respectively; indicating strong internal consistency of the scales. The subjects of the study were 383 married women who were residents of Isfahan city and their ages ranged from 20 to 54. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version 16) has been applied. Results: Descriptive findings of the study indicate that slight majority of women had low education and income; while the great majority of them were married and housekeeper who belonged to low SES families. The analytical findings of the study show that the strongest and weakest motives of watching soap opera for women were gaining personal identification and obtaining serenity and entertainment, respectively. On the other hand, the highest and lowest gratifications which women obtained were the establishing social interactions and achieving information, respectively. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between different dimensions of sought and obtained gratifications. Finally, the mean of both motives of watching and obtained gratification decreased in contrast with increasing level of education and SES. Discussion: It seems that the women in this study tend to reinforce their cultural and religious values, to acquire socially accepted values, to recognize and improve their social and familial status, and to explore realities (which have used as criterions to measure gaining personal identification in the study) via watching soap operas. However, the subtle analyses indicate that although the gaining personal identification was the strongest motive of women for watching soap opera, but they reported slight gratification in this regard. It appears that soap operas are mostly amusing and establishing social interactions rather than informing and giving personal identity.
Durkheim's theory of fatalistic suicide, or suicide resul... more Durkheim's theory of fatalistic suicide, or suicide resulting from overregulation of behavior, has been neglected empirically. The authors test this hypothesis in Iran by examining the geographic distribution of female suicide. Employing the province as the unit of analysis, they examine the association between female suicide rates and multiple measures of social control of women, with rates expected to be higher in areas with greater social regulation of the lives of women and stronger traditional tribal cultures. Results show that provinces with lower levels of female education, female labor force participation, and urbanization have higher female suicide rates. Thus, whereas social deregulation is often associated with higher suicide rates in the West, the authors' findings reveal that hyperregulation is associated with higher suicide rates in Iran, at least for women.
The aim of this study was to examine individual-level factors associated with homelessness in Teh... more The aim of this study was to examine individual-level factors associated with homelessness in Tehran. Researchers interviewed 318 homeless adults aged 18–80 years in city shelters. Regression results indicated that self-esteem, family attachment, weak social networks, drug abuse, and childhood criminal victimization were all significantly related to homelessness. There has been no systematic investigation on homelessness in Iran, and thus ours is the first study of its kind. We situate our findings in the empirical literature on homelessness from other nations, and describe the implications of our results for the Iranian homeless.
... this study was to test an integrated theoretical model of drug involvement— based on social c... more ... this study was to test an integrated theoretical model of drug involvement— based on social control, differential association, social learning, and self-esteem theories— among incarcerated men serving time for narcotics crimes in Iran, which along with other Islamic nations has ...
هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی از جهت پارادایمیک بودن یا ناپارادایمیک بودن آن ... more هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی از جهت پارادایمیک بودن یا ناپارادایمیک بودن آن است. برای تحقق این هدف سعی شد ضمن معرفی حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی به عنوان رویکردی جدید در علوم اجتماعی، ارزیابی نظام یافته ای نیز از نقاط ضعف و قوت رویکردهای نظری و عملی به کار گرفته شده در آن، صورت پذیرد. در این راستا از نظریه پارادایم ریتزر به عنوان چارچوب بحث و بررسی استفاده شده است. بدین ترتیب که با مرور ادبیات مطالعات حافظه جمعی در قالب چهار مؤلفه اصلی شکل دهنده پاردایم، یعنی مثالواره، تصور بنیادی از موضوع، تئوریها و روشها، افزون بر سنجش فرضیه ناپارادایمیک بودن این حوزه مطالعاتی که از جانب برخی از محققان آن مطرح گشته، صورتبندی جدیدی از تحولات نظری، استراتژیهای روش شناختی و نیز چالشهایی که این حوزه در مسیر پیشرفت با آن مواجه است ارائه میشود. در پایان مقاله نیز تلاش شده متناسب با این چالشها، پیشنهاداتی برای مواجهه با آنها در جهت افزایش انسجام نظری حوزه مطالعاتی حافظه جمعی داده شود.
Objectives: Television watching and soap operas viewing, is one of the most important activities ... more Objectives: Television watching and soap operas viewing, is one of the most important activities of the majority of people, particularly women, all over the world. They have various motives of watching, such as; obtaining serenity and entertainment, filling up the leisure hours, forgetting daily problems, and achieving information. The present study seeks to study the dimensions of sought and obtained gratification in watching T.V soap operas by women, and also to find out some social correlates of sought and obtained gratifications, as well as their probable inter-correlations. Method: Survey method is used for conducting the study, and data has been collected through questionnaire along with interview. Since the Use and Gratification, was theoretical framework of the study, four-dimensional model of McQuail (including; gaining personal identification, achieving information, establishing social interactions, and obtaining serenity and entertainment) applied to measure motives of watching (or sought gratification) and obtained gratification. Motives of watching and obtained gratification were considered as dependent variables and measured by investigator-made scales, on the basis of the McQuail model as well as previous researches. Some social factors (such as level of education, employment status, socio-economic status-SES-, and level of watching) have been treated as independent variables. To measure the validity of the scales, Content Validity is applied and reliability of the scales is also measured by means of Alpha Chronbach. The overall reliability coefficients for motives of watching and used gratification scales were .661 and .911, respectively; indicating strong internal consistency of the scales. The subjects of the study were 383 married women who were residents of Isfahan city and their ages ranged from 20 to 54. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version 16) has been applied. Results: Descriptive findings of the study indicate that slight majority of women had low education and income; while the great majority of them were married and housekeeper who belonged to low SES families. The analytical findings of the study show that the strongest and weakest motives of watching soap opera for women were gaining personal identification and obtaining serenity and entertainment, respectively. On the other hand, the highest and lowest gratifications which women obtained were the establishing social interactions and achieving information, respectively. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between different dimensions of sought and obtained gratifications. Finally, the mean of both motives of watching and obtained gratification decreased in contrast with increasing level of education and SES. Discussion: It seems that the women in this study tend to reinforce their cultural and religious values, to acquire socially accepted values, to recognize and improve their social and familial status, and to explore realities (which have used as criterions to measure gaining personal identification in the study) via watching soap operas. However, the subtle analyses indicate that although the gaining personal identification was the strongest motive of women for watching soap opera, but they reported slight gratification in this regard. It appears that soap operas are mostly amusing and establishing social interactions rather than informing and giving personal identity.
Durkheim's theory of fatalistic suicide, or suicide resul... more Durkheim's theory of fatalistic suicide, or suicide resulting from overregulation of behavior, has been neglected empirically. The authors test this hypothesis in Iran by examining the geographic distribution of female suicide. Employing the province as the unit of analysis, they examine the association between female suicide rates and multiple measures of social control of women, with rates expected to be higher in areas with greater social regulation of the lives of women and stronger traditional tribal cultures. Results show that provinces with lower levels of female education, female labor force participation, and urbanization have higher female suicide rates. Thus, whereas social deregulation is often associated with higher suicide rates in the West, the authors' findings reveal that hyperregulation is associated with higher suicide rates in Iran, at least for women.
The aim of this study was to examine individual-level factors associated with homelessness in Teh... more The aim of this study was to examine individual-level factors associated with homelessness in Tehran. Researchers interviewed 318 homeless adults aged 18–80 years in city shelters. Regression results indicated that self-esteem, family attachment, weak social networks, drug abuse, and childhood criminal victimization were all significantly related to homelessness. There has been no systematic investigation on homelessness in Iran, and thus ours is the first study of its kind. We situate our findings in the empirical literature on homelessness from other nations, and describe the implications of our results for the Iranian homeless.
... this study was to test an integrated theoretical model of drug involvement— based on social c... more ... this study was to test an integrated theoretical model of drug involvement— based on social control, differential association, social learning, and self-esteem theories— among incarcerated men serving time for narcotics crimes in Iran, which along with other Islamic nations has ...
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Method: Survey method is used for conducting the study, and data has been collected through questionnaire along with interview. Since the Use and Gratification, was theoretical framework of the study, four-dimensional model of McQuail (including; gaining personal identification, achieving information, establishing social interactions, and obtaining serenity and entertainment) applied to measure motives of watching (or sought gratification) and obtained gratification. Motives of watching and obtained gratification were considered as dependent variables and measured by investigator-made scales, on the basis of the McQuail model as well as previous researches. Some social factors (such as level of education, employment status, socio-economic status-SES-, and level of watching) have been treated as independent variables. To measure the validity of the scales, Content Validity is applied and reliability of the scales is also measured by means of Alpha Chronbach. The overall reliability coefficients for motives of watching and used gratification scales were .661 and .911, respectively; indicating strong internal consistency of the scales. The subjects of the study were 383 married women who were residents of Isfahan city and their ages ranged from 20 to 54. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version 16) has been applied.
Results: Descriptive findings of the study indicate that slight majority of women had low education and income; while the great majority of them were married and housekeeper who belonged to low SES families. The analytical findings of the study show that the strongest and weakest motives of watching soap opera for women were gaining personal identification and obtaining serenity and entertainment, respectively. On the other hand, the highest and lowest gratifications which women obtained were the establishing social interactions and achieving information, respectively. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between different dimensions of sought and obtained gratifications. Finally, the mean of both motives of watching and obtained gratification decreased in contrast with increasing level of education and SES.
Discussion: It seems that the women in this study tend to reinforce their cultural and religious values, to acquire socially accepted values, to recognize and improve their social and familial status, and to explore realities (which have used as criterions to measure gaining personal identification in the study) via watching soap operas. However, the subtle analyses indicate that although the gaining personal identification was the strongest motive of women for watching soap opera, but they reported slight gratification in this regard. It appears that soap operas are mostly amusing and establishing social interactions rather than informing and giving personal identity.
Method: Survey method is used for conducting the study, and data has been collected through questionnaire along with interview. Since the Use and Gratification, was theoretical framework of the study, four-dimensional model of McQuail (including; gaining personal identification, achieving information, establishing social interactions, and obtaining serenity and entertainment) applied to measure motives of watching (or sought gratification) and obtained gratification. Motives of watching and obtained gratification were considered as dependent variables and measured by investigator-made scales, on the basis of the McQuail model as well as previous researches. Some social factors (such as level of education, employment status, socio-economic status-SES-, and level of watching) have been treated as independent variables. To measure the validity of the scales, Content Validity is applied and reliability of the scales is also measured by means of Alpha Chronbach. The overall reliability coefficients for motives of watching and used gratification scales were .661 and .911, respectively; indicating strong internal consistency of the scales. The subjects of the study were 383 married women who were residents of Isfahan city and their ages ranged from 20 to 54. To analyze the collected data, SPSS (version 16) has been applied.
Results: Descriptive findings of the study indicate that slight majority of women had low education and income; while the great majority of them were married and housekeeper who belonged to low SES families. The analytical findings of the study show that the strongest and weakest motives of watching soap opera for women were gaining personal identification and obtaining serenity and entertainment, respectively. On the other hand, the highest and lowest gratifications which women obtained were the establishing social interactions and achieving information, respectively. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between different dimensions of sought and obtained gratifications. Finally, the mean of both motives of watching and obtained gratification decreased in contrast with increasing level of education and SES.
Discussion: It seems that the women in this study tend to reinforce their cultural and religious values, to acquire socially accepted values, to recognize and improve their social and familial status, and to explore realities (which have used as criterions to measure gaining personal identification in the study) via watching soap operas. However, the subtle analyses indicate that although the gaining personal identification was the strongest motive of women for watching soap opera, but they reported slight gratification in this regard. It appears that soap operas are mostly amusing and establishing social interactions rather than informing and giving personal identity.