Sweat gland carcinoma emerges as an infrequently discerned, malignant neoplasm which may be chall... more Sweat gland carcinoma emerges as an infrequently discerned, malignant neoplasm which may be challenging to discern. Preliminarily discerned by V. Cornil in 1895, morphological classification of sweat gland carcinoma was achieved by Berg et al in 1968(1,2). Sweat gland carcinoma is categorized into ~low grade neoplasms as microcystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, extra-mammary Paget's disease or mucoepidermoid carcinoma ~intermediate grade neoplasms as ductal adenocarcinoma, aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma or acrospirocarcinoma ~high grade neoplasms as porocarcinoma or clear cell acrospirocarcinoma ~neoplasms of obscure grade as signet ring cell carcinoma or papillary syringadenocarcinoma(3,4). Additionally, neoplasms as malignant eccrine poroma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, malignant acrospiroma, malignant chondroid syringoma or malignant mixed tumour, malignant dermal cylindroma, malignant myoepithelioma, malignant syringoma or syringoid eccrine carcinoma and mucinous syringometaplasia may configure as a category of sweat gland carcinoma. Besides, benign sweat gland tumours may undergo malignant metamorphosis and thereby articulate high grade carcinoma(3,4). Commonly adult subjects are implicated. Neoplasm may be life threatening and delineate disease associated mortality(4,5). Upon microscopy, sweat gland carcinoma may simulate invasive carcinoma breast of no special type(NST), renal cell carcinoma or cutaneous basal cell carcinoma(5,6). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Sweat gland carcinoma of apocrine glands delineating glandular articulations layered by neoplastic epithelial cells impregnated with pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei. Surrounding stroma is desmoplastic with significant fibrosis(10).
Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast is an indolent, expansible, papillary neoplasm commonly i... more Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast is an indolent, expansible, papillary neoplasm commonly implicating postmenopausal female subjects. A 'luminal A' subtype, tumefaction frequently depicts genetic mutations of PIK3CA with losses within chromosome 16q and gains within chromosome 16p or 1q. Neoplasm exhibits a predilection for centric zones and is comprised of delicate papillary fronds layered by cuboidal to columnar epithelium and impregnated with distinct fibrovascular core. The fronds are confined to ducts demonstrating cystic dilatation. Solid cell nests or focal 'cribriform' architecture may appear. Tumefaction appears intensely and diffusely immune reactive to oestrogen receptors(ER) or progesterone receptors. Tumour cells appear immune non reactive to myoepithelial biomarkers as p63, calponin, actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHA), CD10, HER2, chromogranin or synaptophysin. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast requires segregation from neoplasms as papilloma with atypical ductal hyperplasia(ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS), papillary ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS), intra-ductal papilloma, solid papillary carcinoma, invasive papillary carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma with papillary growth pattern as classic invasive lobular carcinoma, atypical lobular neoplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ beyond the capsule. Mammography depicts a lobulated, spherical to elliptical, well circumscribed tumour mass with irregular, angulated or multilobulated neoplastic perimeter whereas ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging expounds a solid, hypoechoic, well defined, heterogeneous tumour mass. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast may optimally managed with singular surgical extermination of the lesion.
Sweat gland carcinoma emerges as an infrequently discerned, malignant neoplasm which may be chall... more Sweat gland carcinoma emerges as an infrequently discerned, malignant neoplasm which may be challenging to discern. Preliminarily discerned by V. Cornil in 1895, morphological classification of sweat gland carcinoma was achieved by Berg et al in 1968(1,2). Sweat gland carcinoma is categorized into ~low grade neoplasms as microcystic carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, extra-mammary Paget's disease or mucoepidermoid carcinoma ~intermediate grade neoplasms as ductal adenocarcinoma, aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma or acrospirocarcinoma ~high grade neoplasms as porocarcinoma or clear cell acrospirocarcinoma ~neoplasms of obscure grade as signet ring cell carcinoma or papillary syringadenocarcinoma(3,4). Additionally, neoplasms as malignant eccrine poroma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, apocrine carcinoma, malignant acrospiroma, malignant chondroid syringoma or malignant mixed tumour, malignant dermal cylindroma, malignant myoepithelioma, malignant syringoma or syringoid eccrine carcinoma and mucinous syringometaplasia may configure as a category of sweat gland carcinoma. Besides, benign sweat gland tumours may undergo malignant metamorphosis and thereby articulate high grade carcinoma(3,4). Commonly adult subjects are implicated. Neoplasm may be life threatening and delineate disease associated mortality(4,5). Upon microscopy, sweat gland carcinoma may simulate invasive carcinoma breast of no special type(NST), renal cell carcinoma or cutaneous basal cell carcinoma(5,6). Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 Sweat gland carcinoma of apocrine glands delineating glandular articulations layered by neoplastic epithelial cells impregnated with pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei. Surrounding stroma is desmoplastic with significant fibrosis(10).
Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast is an indolent, expansible, papillary neoplasm commonly i... more Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast is an indolent, expansible, papillary neoplasm commonly implicating postmenopausal female subjects. A 'luminal A' subtype, tumefaction frequently depicts genetic mutations of PIK3CA with losses within chromosome 16q and gains within chromosome 16p or 1q. Neoplasm exhibits a predilection for centric zones and is comprised of delicate papillary fronds layered by cuboidal to columnar epithelium and impregnated with distinct fibrovascular core. The fronds are confined to ducts demonstrating cystic dilatation. Solid cell nests or focal 'cribriform' architecture may appear. Tumefaction appears intensely and diffusely immune reactive to oestrogen receptors(ER) or progesterone receptors. Tumour cells appear immune non reactive to myoepithelial biomarkers as p63, calponin, actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHA), CD10, HER2, chromogranin or synaptophysin. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast requires segregation from neoplasms as papilloma with atypical ductal hyperplasia(ADH) or ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS), papillary ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS), intra-ductal papilloma, solid papillary carcinoma, invasive papillary carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma with papillary growth pattern as classic invasive lobular carcinoma, atypical lobular neoplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ beyond the capsule. Mammography depicts a lobulated, spherical to elliptical, well circumscribed tumour mass with irregular, angulated or multilobulated neoplastic perimeter whereas ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging expounds a solid, hypoechoic, well defined, heterogeneous tumour mass. Encapsulated papillary carcinoma breast may optimally managed with singular surgical extermination of the lesion.
Endocervical polyp represents as a benign, exophytic lesion constituted of variable admixture of ... more Endocervical polyp represents as a benign, exophytic lesion constituted of variable admixture of proliferating endocervical glandular epithelium and metaplastic squamous epithelium permeated with a fibro-vascular core. The commonly encountered endocervical polyp is frequently accompanied by chronic inflammation, erosion of superficial epithelial surface and reactive alterations of layering epithelium.
Mastitis is an inflammation of breast parenchyma, predominantly occurring in the breastfeeding pe... more Mastitis is an inflammation of breast parenchyma, predominantly occurring in the breastfeeding period, with or without accompanying infection and appears as lactational or puerperal and non-lactational as is associated with duct ectasia. Breast abscess is a focal accumulation of purulent substances within the breast parenchyma emerging as a complication of mastitis and is common in lactating women. Comprehensive incidence of mastitis is around 33% whereas breast abscess arises in approximately 3% to 11% of subjects with mastitis. An estimated two fifths (40%) of breast abscess or certain breast infections are poly-microbial and specific aerobes such as Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas along with anaerobes as with Pepto-streptococcus, Propionibacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Eubacterium, Clostridium, Fusobacterium and Veillonella can engender the disease. Subjects with mastitis enunciate flu-like symptoms with malaise, myalgia, fever, mammary pain, decline in milk egress, local warmth, tenderness, firmness and swelling of breast region and localized erythema. Breast abscess usually delineates mammary pain and/or a breast lump. Lactational breast abscess morphologically recapitulates an acute inflammation whereas nonlactational breast abscess is commonly sub-areolar and appears as a fistula of lacteriferous ducts, eventually emerging as chronically draining sinuses and breast abscess adjacent to the areola. Squamous metaplasia of lacteriferous duct epithelium, duct obstruction, and sub-areolar ductal dilatation or duct ectasia can ensue.
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