Coalescing filters are generally used to increase the size of the small drops for their separatio... more Coalescing filters are generally used to increase the size of the small drops for their separation from gases and liquids. Many studies have been performed on coalescing filter media. The performances become much more complicated for multilayered media having different properties and systematic studies are needed. Wettability, pore size, face velocity are among the important factors controlling performance. In this work, microscopic studies were performed to visually observe coalescence of water droplets on hydrophilic Nylon and hydrophobic Polypropylene woven sheets in a water-in-diesel emulsion at different face velocities and spacings between the sheets. The combination of hydrophobic sheet followed by hydrophilic sheet had the best performance. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the variations of distance between sheets and the face velocity were not significant factors. To better understand the effects of multilayers in filter performance, pilot scale experiments of stacked layers of woven sheet media of different thicknesses and wetting properties were conducted. Thin media had poor performance, but the performance improved and reached a plateau as the thickness increased. Effects of fiber surface wettability and pore size variations in the layers were also evaluated. Similar to microscope results, the coalescence performance was better for dual layer media with different wetting properties of each layer compared to dual layer media having the same wetting properties of each layer. The pore size was a dominant parameter affecting the performance. When pore size was similar to the average drop size of the water in the upstream, the best performance was observed. For dual layer filters having one layer of small pores and the other of large pores, the observed performance was lower than that of dual layer filters having only large pores but higher than the filters having only small pores.
A wide variety of surfactants are available in market therefore one must need to choose suitable ... more A wide variety of surfactants are available in market therefore one must need to choose suitable surfactant to give maximum effect to final product. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) system enables to choose proper surfactant with ease. Therefore, study of HLB system is very important. This paper reviews the importance of HLB system and methods of calculating it. Further, it also provides the distinction of surfactants application based on their HLB values. This paper would be useful to get easy access to calculations of HLB and would act as a time-saving guide to surfactant selection.
Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are con... more Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are considered as toxic and probable carcinogenic solvents. Though the risk to human health and environmental contamination exist while using these organic solvents in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.
Due to stringent environmental norms, a lot of research is going on to reduce exhaust emissions c... more Due to stringent environmental norms, a lot of research is going on to reduce exhaust emissions coming out from diesel engines. Diesel microemulsion is one of those alternate techniques. In fuel microemulsion, microexplosion triggers complete combustion of all the components and thus, high reduction in hazardous gases from diesel engines. The main focus of this research is to formulate and characterize diesel-based reverse micellar microemulsion. In a blend of two non-ionic surfactants, hydrophilic surfactant dominates the effect of lipophilic surfactant. The interfacial composition of fuel microemulsion was also investigated by Schulman’s method of co-surfactant titration. During the investigation of the effect of chain length of co-surfactants, it was found that the efficiency of microemulsion increases with increasing chain length of co-surfactants. The chain structure of surfactant and co-surfactant also plays a paramount role in microemulsion formulation. The fuel properties like viscosity, cloud and pour points also get affected by chain length and structure of cosurfactants.
The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emu... more The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emulsion that gives minimum hazardous exhaust emission. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are found to be very viable oxygenate amongst other four oxygenated components. The oxygenated W/D emulsion is formulated using 20% FAME, 10% water, and 5% blend of Span 80/Tween 80 and diesel. The properties of this oxygenated fuel emulsion are investigated. Though the viscosity of fuel is found to be increased, it is within the standard limit value. There is an improvement in oxygenated fuel emulsion in burning test, evaporation rate test, and calorific value.
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanot... more Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the productio... more Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating le... more The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating lemon oil (as a flavour) without compromising encapsulating efficiency. The three coating materials, namely gum arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD) and modified starch (MS) and their binary and ternary blends were used to encapsulate lemon oil using spray drying technique. Their properties such as viscosity, emulsion stability, surface oil, total oil, encapsulation efficiency, entrapment efficiency, bulk density and particle size have been investigated. The blend of GA: MS in ratio of 50:50 gave highest encapsulation efficiency. As the percentage of maltodextrin in coating material was increased, the properties of encapsulated material were affected. The encapsulated lemon oil showed better results in instant ice tea premix for beverage with a stability of 6 months.
Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are con... more Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are considered as toxic and probable carcinogenic solvents. Though the risk to human health and environmental contamination exist while using these organic solvents in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.
Coalescing filters are generally used to increase the size of the small drops for their separatio... more Coalescing filters are generally used to increase the size of the small drops for their separation from gases and liquids. Many studies have been performed on coalescing filter media. The performances become much more complicated for multilayered media having different properties and systematic studies are needed. Wettability, pore size, face velocity are among the important factors controlling performance. In this work, microscopic studies were performed to visually observe coalescence of water droplets on hydrophilic Nylon and hydrophobic Polypropylene woven sheets in a water-in-diesel emulsion at different face velocities and spacings between the sheets. The combination of hydrophobic sheet followed by hydrophilic sheet had the best performance. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the variations of distance between sheets and the face velocity were not significant factors. To better understand the effects of multilayers in filter performance, pilot scale experiments of stacked layers of woven sheet media of different thicknesses and wetting properties were conducted. Thin media had poor performance, but the performance improved and reached a plateau as the thickness increased. Effects of fiber surface wettability and pore size variations in the layers were also evaluated. Similar to microscope results, the coalescence performance was better for dual layer media with different wetting properties of each layer compared to dual layer media having the same wetting properties of each layer. The pore size was a dominant parameter affecting the performance. When pore size was similar to the average drop size of the water in the upstream, the best performance was observed. For dual layer filters having one layer of small pores and the other of large pores, the observed performance was lower than that of dual layer filters having only large pores but higher than the filters having only small pores.
A wide variety of surfactants are available in market therefore one must need to choose suitable ... more A wide variety of surfactants are available in market therefore one must need to choose suitable surfactant to give maximum effect to final product. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) system enables to choose proper surfactant with ease. Therefore, study of HLB system is very important. This paper reviews the importance of HLB system and methods of calculating it. Further, it also provides the distinction of surfactants application based on their HLB values. This paper would be useful to get easy access to calculations of HLB and would act as a time-saving guide to surfactant selection.
Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are con... more Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are considered as toxic and probable carcinogenic solvents. Though the risk to human health and environmental contamination exist while using these organic solvents in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.
Due to stringent environmental norms, a lot of research is going on to reduce exhaust emissions c... more Due to stringent environmental norms, a lot of research is going on to reduce exhaust emissions coming out from diesel engines. Diesel microemulsion is one of those alternate techniques. In fuel microemulsion, microexplosion triggers complete combustion of all the components and thus, high reduction in hazardous gases from diesel engines. The main focus of this research is to formulate and characterize diesel-based reverse micellar microemulsion. In a blend of two non-ionic surfactants, hydrophilic surfactant dominates the effect of lipophilic surfactant. The interfacial composition of fuel microemulsion was also investigated by Schulman’s method of co-surfactant titration. During the investigation of the effect of chain length of co-surfactants, it was found that the efficiency of microemulsion increases with increasing chain length of co-surfactants. The chain structure of surfactant and co-surfactant also plays a paramount role in microemulsion formulation. The fuel properties like viscosity, cloud and pour points also get affected by chain length and structure of cosurfactants.
The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emu... more The main interest of this research was to formulate highly stable, oxygenated water-in-diesel emulsion that gives minimum hazardous exhaust emission. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are found to be very viable oxygenate amongst other four oxygenated components. The oxygenated W/D emulsion is formulated using 20% FAME, 10% water, and 5% blend of Span 80/Tween 80 and diesel. The properties of this oxygenated fuel emulsion are investigated. Though the viscosity of fuel is found to be increased, it is within the standard limit value. There is an improvement in oxygenated fuel emulsion in burning test, evaporation rate test, and calorific value.
Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanot... more Advent of nanotechnology has introduced us with new generation of adsorbents such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which have aroused widespread attention due to their outstanding ability for the removal of various inorganic and organic pollutants from large volumes of water. This article reviews the practical feasibility of various kinds of raw and surface modified carbon nanotubes for adsorption of heavy metal ions from wastewater. Further, properties of CNTs (adsorption sites), characterization of CNTs (pore volume, BET surface area, surface total acidity, surface total basicity) and solution properties (ionic strength, effect of pH) are explained very well. The adsorption mechanisms are mainly attributable to chemical interactions between metal ions and surface functional groups of the CNTs. The adsorption capacity increases to greater extend after functionalization i.e. surface oxidation of CNTs. Future work on developing cost effective ways of production of CNTs and analyzing its toxicity are recommended.
Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the productio... more Fish oil is the lipid fraction extracted from fish and fish by-products. Currently, the production of fish oil is becoming more demanding as there is a sizeable and growing world market demand for high quality fish oils. The most important constituents of fish oils are the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These fatty acids are precursors of eicosanoids that helps to alleviate inflammation in the body and also have other health benefits. Lipid oxidation products are known to be health hazards because they are associated with aging, membrane damage, heart disease and cancer. However, fortification of foods with these nutraceuticals is confined because of extreme sensitivity of PUFA to oxidation and consequent formation of toxic hydroperoxides during the manufacture and storage. This article reviews the microencapsulation, very useful technology, of PUFA within microcarriers to retard the oxidation by minimizing the access of undesirable factors. Various techniques are being employed to form microcapsules, such as extrusion coating, fluidized-bed coating, spray drying, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion, and rotational suspension separation. Dried microencapsulated fish oil (DMFO) exists in powder form, which can easily be applied to instant powder products. There are many food products in which DMFO can easily and safely be incorporated like bread, biscuits, cakes, diet powder, fruit bars, milk powder etc.
The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating le... more The aim of this research paper is to develop cost effective coating material for encapsulating lemon oil (as a flavour) without compromising encapsulating efficiency. The three coating materials, namely gum arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MD) and modified starch (MS) and their binary and ternary blends were used to encapsulate lemon oil using spray drying technique. Their properties such as viscosity, emulsion stability, surface oil, total oil, encapsulation efficiency, entrapment efficiency, bulk density and particle size have been investigated. The blend of GA: MS in ratio of 50:50 gave highest encapsulation efficiency. As the percentage of maltodextrin in coating material was increased, the properties of encapsulated material were affected. The encapsulated lemon oil showed better results in instant ice tea premix for beverage with a stability of 6 months.
Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are con... more Conventional oil extraction method involves various volatile organic solvents (VOCs) that are considered as toxic and probable carcinogenic solvents. Though the risk to human health and environmental contamination exist while using these organic solvents in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.
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Papers by Ashish Gadhave
in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.
in various processes, they are primarily being used on the back of their easy availability. Additionally, due the absence of any pretreatment, they are considered to be easy to handle. In order to reduce the exposure of these hazardous solvents, researchers are focusing on finding a substitute for the same. This review paper introduces the microemulsion technology as an alternate means of extraction of oils over conventional techniques. Microemulsion provides very efficient approach in oil extraction from oilseed on the back of its subcellular structure, ultralow interfacial tension, high thermal stability and high solubilization. The quality of oils obtained from microemulsion technology is very much comparable or even superior to that of organic solvent extraction method. This article would be helpful in developing more effective microemulsion formulations for extraction of oils.