World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Jun 15, 2017
A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions i... more A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions in Northern Sudan, to study the effect of different levels of irrigation regime and plant density on yield of introduced small seeded (desi type) chickpea cultivar (ILC 482). The experiment was laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial split-plot design with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes designated as follows: I1=irrigation after drainage of 50%, I2=irrigation after drainage of 75% and I3=irrigation after drainage of 100% of available water based on 70%, 60% and 50% of field capacity, assigned as main plots and three plant densities (D1=20, D2=40 and D3=60 plants/ m²), assigned as subplots. The results indicated that the yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight), seed yield per plant, harvest index and yield per unit area were significantly (p 0.05) affected by plant density. Interaction between irrigation regime and plant density also significantly (p<0.05) affected all measured parameters of yield, except for harvest index. It may be concluded that the best irrigation regime was full irrigation (every 10 days) and the optimal plant density was 40 plants/m² for chickpea grown under semi-arid conditions.
A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions i... more A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions in Northern Sudan, to study the effect of different levels of irrigation regime and plant density on yield of introduced small seeded (desi type) chickpea cultivar (ILC 482). The experiment was laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial split-plot design with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes designated as follows: I1=irrigation after drainage of 50%, I2=irrigation after drainage of 75% and I3=irrigation after drainage of 100% of available water based on 70%, 60% and 50% of field capacity, assigned as main plots and three plant densities (D1=20, D2=40 and D3=60 plants/ m²), assigned as subplots. The results indicated that the yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight), seed yield per plant, harvest index and yield per unit area were significantly (p 0.05) affected by plant density. Interaction between irrigation regime and plant density also significantly (p<0.05) affected all measured parameters of yield, except for harvest index. It may be concluded that the best irrigation regime was full irrigation (every 10 days) and the optimal plant density was 40 plants/m² for chickpea grown under semi-arid conditions.
Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exoge... more Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exogenously added sugars on desiccation tolerance of fourand six-day old wheat seedlings was investigated under controlled conditions. Desiccation tolerance was expressed as percentage of survived seedlings following severe dehydration for 96 h. The seedlings of spring wheat germinated in water and dehydrated to about 20% relative water content (RWC) survived almost completely up to the fourth day following imbibition but in the six-day old seedlings, only less than half of seedlings subjected to dehydration survived. Glucose and fructose, at concentration as low as 5 mM, increased considerably the survival of the six-day old seedlings. Growth at similar concentration of mannose or sucrose decreased significantly the survival of either four(by 40% or 23%, respectively) or six-day old seedlings (by 13% or 10%, respectively). In the six-day old seedlings, the total pool of soluble sugars in see...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination a... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination and early seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) under different salinity levels induced by priming seeds in NaCl solutions. Data were recorded for final germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination rate and seedling dry weight. Results revealed that germination characteristics and early seedling growth attributes of cowpea significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by all salinity levels imposed by NaCl and soaking treatments in an oxidant H2O2 solution. Increasing NaCl concentration without soaking in H2O2 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased germination percentage and seedling dry weight and delayed germination. However soaking in H2O2 treatments substantially increased the final germination and accelerated the germination for cowpea seeds which soaked in different NaCl concentrations. This effect is obvious at high concentration of NaCl.
— A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2015 at experimental farm of the Faculty o... more — A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2015 at experimental farm of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadraif in Sudan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sources of fertilizers (i.e. organic and inorganic) on the performance of okra under rainfed conditions of Gadarif State in Sudan. The experiment contained eight treatments, two levels of organic fertilizer; with and without application of chicken manure and four levels of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) donated as 0N (control), 1N (80kgN/fed), 2N (160 kg/fed), 3N (240 kg N/fed). These treatments were allocated in factorial arrangement according to randomized completely block block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed significant differences among the treatments in all growth and yield parameters. The application of organic fertilizer (chicken manure) substaintially increased growth and improved yield of okra comparing with the sole application of the chemical fertilizer (urea). Moreover increasing nitrogen rate significantly increased growth and yield of okra up to 2N (160 kg N/fed) but the highest rate of nitrogen (240 kg N/fed) substantially recorded lower averages of all parameters compared with 2N rate (160 kg N/fed) in sole application of urea and in combination with chicken manure. The combination of 2t/ha chicken manure and 2N rate (160 kg N/fed) significantly increased all growth and yield attributes of okra crop under rainfed conditions of Sudan.
A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination and... more A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination and early seedling establishment and to study the variation among thermal time model parame- ters for two contrasting chickpea cultivars. Seeds were subjected to six constant temperatures from 10˚C to 35˚C. A complete randomized design was used with four replications. Analysis of va- riance showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among all characters studied. The final germina- tion percentage of both cultivars significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing temperature up to 25˚C, and thereafter there was a sharp decrease in final germination at super optimal tempera- tures (30˚C and 35˚C). Desi type cultivar (small seeded) locally called “Jabel Marra” significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited higher final germination percentage and germination rate compared with the smaller seeded kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θT(50)) of the thermal time was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (Shendi) recorded significantly (p < 0.01) higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between the two cultivars on the other parameters of thermal time model. On the other hand, the small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared with the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination a... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination and early seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) under different salinity levels induced by priming seeds in NaCl solutions. Data were recorded for final germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination rate and seedling dry weight. Results revealed that germination characteristics and early seedling growth attributes of cowpea significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by all salinity levels imposed by NaCl and soaking treatments in an oxidant H2O2 solution. Increasing NaCl concentration without soaking in H2O2 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased germination percentage and seedling dry weight and delayed germination. However soaking in H2O2 treatments substantially increased the final germination and accelerated the germination for cowpea seeds which soaked in different NaCl concentrations. This effect is obvious at high concentration of NaCl.
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate various methods for breaking dormancy of Cro... more The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate various methods for breaking dormancy of Crotalaria senegalensis seeds. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments for physical and physiological dormancy breaks: (1) physical scarification which carried out by soaking intact seeds in distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature (25°C) , soaking in hot distilled water (80°C) for 15 and 30 min, immersion in H2SO4 (98%) for 5, 15 and 30 min and mechanical scarification by sand paper. The physiological dormancy break treatments include: (1) soaking scarified seeds in distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature (25°C), (2) immersion in 1%, 2% and 4% KNO3 and (3) soaking in golden leaf purslane extract for 8, 16 and 24 h. All scarification treatments improved the germination capacity of C. senegalensis seeds, the highest being after soaking in golden leaf extract followed by soaking scarified seeds in water for 24 h and immersion in 1% KNO3. The results showed that using mechanical scarification with sand paper and immersion seeds in H2SO4 (98%) for 30 min to break seed physical dormancy of C. senegalensis was the most effective treatments but inefficient because mechanical scarification break small seeds of the crotalaria especially for large quantities lots and it was proven to be a labor intensive process. On the other hand the acid H2SO4 treatment is costly and dangerous in handling. To break physiological dormancy of C. senegalensis seeds, soaking in golden leaf purslane extract for 16 h represent the most recommended treatment.
A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Research and Teaching ... more A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Research and Teaching Farms of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadarif, to evaluate the effect of different rates of chicken manure on the growth and yield of jute mallow. The experiment consisted of four levels of chicken manure viz; 0, 5, 10, and 20 t/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that increasing chicken manure significantly increased all the growth attributes of jute mallow and resulted in an increase in crop yield and yield components in both seasons. The present study revealed that jute mallow has a positive response to chicken manure application which succeeded to compensate the deficiency of minerals in the Gadarif State of Sudan under rain-fed conditions. The study also recommend that the highest chicken manure application rate (20 t/ha) is indispensible for vigorous growth and substantial increase in jute mallow under harsh semi-arid conditions of Sudan.
Effects of different temperatures (10,15, 20, 25 and 35°C) and various water potentials (0, -0.25... more Effects of different temperatures (10,15, 20, 25 and 35°C) and various water potentials (0, -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0, -1.25, -1.5 MPa) on seed germination and early seedling development of two contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars were studied. Different temperatures were applied in an incubator by adjusting the device according to the specific treatments. Water potential treatments were done by using different concentra-tions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) , 8000 (molecular weight). The results showed significant differences between the two cultivars in all characters studied. The cultivar Arman exhibited the higher germination percentage and rate than the cultivar Pirooz. Water stress caused significant reductions in germination parameters at unfavorable temperatures (10, 30, and 35 oC). Seeds of both cultivars, which are subjected to high osmotic potentials, had high recovery percentages at the optimum temperature (25 oC). In conclusion, the cultivar Arman seems to be more tolerant to water stress at suboptimal and super optimal temperatures compared with Pirooz.
Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exoge... more Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exogenously added sugars on desiccation tolerance of four- and six-day old wheat seedlings was investigated under controlled conditions. Desiccation tolerance was expressed as percentage of survived seedlings following severe dehydration for 96 h. The seedlings of spring wheat germinated in water and dehydrated to about 20% relative water content (RWC) survived almost completely up to the fourth day following imbibition but in the six-day old seedlings, only less than half of seedlings subjected to dehydration survived. Glucose and fructose, at concentration as low as 5 mM, increased considerably the survival of the six-day old seedlings. Growth at similar concentration of mannose or sucrose decreased significantly the survival of either four- (by 40% or 23%, respectively) or six-day old seedlings (by 13% or 10%, respectively). In the six-day old seedlings, the total pool of soluble sugars in seed remnants was significantly higher than in four- day old seedlings whereas in shoots and roots it was the same for both seedlings age. Our analysis of soluble sugars evidenced a possible role of raffinose on desiccation tolerance in wheat seedlings.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Jun 15, 2017
A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions i... more A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions in Northern Sudan, to study the effect of different levels of irrigation regime and plant density on yield of introduced small seeded (desi type) chickpea cultivar (ILC 482). The experiment was laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial split-plot design with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes designated as follows: I1=irrigation after drainage of 50%, I2=irrigation after drainage of 75% and I3=irrigation after drainage of 100% of available water based on 70%, 60% and 50% of field capacity, assigned as main plots and three plant densities (D1=20, D2=40 and D3=60 plants/ m²), assigned as subplots. The results indicated that the yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight), seed yield per plant, harvest index and yield per unit area were significantly (p 0.05) affected by plant density. Interaction between irrigation regime and plant density also significantly (p<0.05) affected all measured parameters of yield, except for harvest index. It may be concluded that the best irrigation regime was full irrigation (every 10 days) and the optimal plant density was 40 plants/m² for chickpea grown under semi-arid conditions.
A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions i... more A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive winter seasons at the semi-arid conditions in Northern Sudan, to study the effect of different levels of irrigation regime and plant density on yield of introduced small seeded (desi type) chickpea cultivar (ILC 482). The experiment was laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial split-plot design with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of three irrigation regimes designated as follows: I1=irrigation after drainage of 50%, I2=irrigation after drainage of 75% and I3=irrigation after drainage of 100% of available water based on 70%, 60% and 50% of field capacity, assigned as main plots and three plant densities (D1=20, D2=40 and D3=60 plants/ m²), assigned as subplots. The results indicated that the yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight), seed yield per plant, harvest index and yield per unit area were significantly (p 0.05) affected by plant density. Interaction between irrigation regime and plant density also significantly (p<0.05) affected all measured parameters of yield, except for harvest index. It may be concluded that the best irrigation regime was full irrigation (every 10 days) and the optimal plant density was 40 plants/m² for chickpea grown under semi-arid conditions.
Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exoge... more Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exogenously added sugars on desiccation tolerance of fourand six-day old wheat seedlings was investigated under controlled conditions. Desiccation tolerance was expressed as percentage of survived seedlings following severe dehydration for 96 h. The seedlings of spring wheat germinated in water and dehydrated to about 20% relative water content (RWC) survived almost completely up to the fourth day following imbibition but in the six-day old seedlings, only less than half of seedlings subjected to dehydration survived. Glucose and fructose, at concentration as low as 5 mM, increased considerably the survival of the six-day old seedlings. Growth at similar concentration of mannose or sucrose decreased significantly the survival of either four(by 40% or 23%, respectively) or six-day old seedlings (by 13% or 10%, respectively). In the six-day old seedlings, the total pool of soluble sugars in see...
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination a... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination and early seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) under different salinity levels induced by priming seeds in NaCl solutions. Data were recorded for final germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination rate and seedling dry weight. Results revealed that germination characteristics and early seedling growth attributes of cowpea significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by all salinity levels imposed by NaCl and soaking treatments in an oxidant H2O2 solution. Increasing NaCl concentration without soaking in H2O2 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased germination percentage and seedling dry weight and delayed germination. However soaking in H2O2 treatments substantially increased the final germination and accelerated the germination for cowpea seeds which soaked in different NaCl concentrations. This effect is obvious at high concentration of NaCl.
— A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2015 at experimental farm of the Faculty o... more — A field experiment was conducted during rainy season 2015 at experimental farm of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadraif in Sudan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different sources of fertilizers (i.e. organic and inorganic) on the performance of okra under rainfed conditions of Gadarif State in Sudan. The experiment contained eight treatments, two levels of organic fertilizer; with and without application of chicken manure and four levels of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) donated as 0N (control), 1N (80kgN/fed), 2N (160 kg/fed), 3N (240 kg N/fed). These treatments were allocated in factorial arrangement according to randomized completely block block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results revealed significant differences among the treatments in all growth and yield parameters. The application of organic fertilizer (chicken manure) substaintially increased growth and improved yield of okra comparing with the sole application of the chemical fertilizer (urea). Moreover increasing nitrogen rate significantly increased growth and yield of okra up to 2N (160 kg N/fed) but the highest rate of nitrogen (240 kg N/fed) substantially recorded lower averages of all parameters compared with 2N rate (160 kg N/fed) in sole application of urea and in combination with chicken manure. The combination of 2t/ha chicken manure and 2N rate (160 kg N/fed) significantly increased all growth and yield attributes of okra crop under rainfed conditions of Sudan.
A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination and... more A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination and early seedling establishment and to study the variation among thermal time model parame- ters for two contrasting chickpea cultivars. Seeds were subjected to six constant temperatures from 10˚C to 35˚C. A complete randomized design was used with four replications. Analysis of va- riance showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among all characters studied. The final germina- tion percentage of both cultivars significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing temperature up to 25˚C, and thereafter there was a sharp decrease in final germination at super optimal tempera- tures (30˚C and 35˚C). Desi type cultivar (small seeded) locally called “Jabel Marra” significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited higher final germination percentage and germination rate compared with the smaller seeded kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θT(50)) of the thermal time was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (Shendi) recorded significantly (p < 0.01) higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between the two cultivars on the other parameters of thermal time model. On the other hand, the small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared with the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination a... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide in germination and early seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna uniguiculata (L.) Walp.) under different salinity levels induced by priming seeds in NaCl solutions. Data were recorded for final germination percentage, mean time to germination, germination rate and seedling dry weight. Results revealed that germination characteristics and early seedling growth attributes of cowpea significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affected by all salinity levels imposed by NaCl and soaking treatments in an oxidant H2O2 solution. Increasing NaCl concentration without soaking in H2O2 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased germination percentage and seedling dry weight and delayed germination. However soaking in H2O2 treatments substantially increased the final germination and accelerated the germination for cowpea seeds which soaked in different NaCl concentrations. This effect is obvious at high concentration of NaCl.
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate various methods for breaking dormancy of Cro... more The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate various methods for breaking dormancy of Crotalaria senegalensis seeds. The seeds were subjected to the following treatments for physical and physiological dormancy breaks: (1) physical scarification which carried out by soaking intact seeds in distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature (25°C) , soaking in hot distilled water (80°C) for 15 and 30 min, immersion in H2SO4 (98%) for 5, 15 and 30 min and mechanical scarification by sand paper. The physiological dormancy break treatments include: (1) soaking scarified seeds in distilled water for 24 h at ambient temperature (25°C), (2) immersion in 1%, 2% and 4% KNO3 and (3) soaking in golden leaf purslane extract for 8, 16 and 24 h. All scarification treatments improved the germination capacity of C. senegalensis seeds, the highest being after soaking in golden leaf extract followed by soaking scarified seeds in water for 24 h and immersion in 1% KNO3. The results showed that using mechanical scarification with sand paper and immersion seeds in H2SO4 (98%) for 30 min to break seed physical dormancy of C. senegalensis was the most effective treatments but inefficient because mechanical scarification break small seeds of the crotalaria especially for large quantities lots and it was proven to be a labor intensive process. On the other hand the acid H2SO4 treatment is costly and dangerous in handling. To break physiological dormancy of C. senegalensis seeds, soaking in golden leaf purslane extract for 16 h represent the most recommended treatment.
A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Research and Teaching ... more A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Research and Teaching Farms of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadarif, to evaluate the effect of different rates of chicken manure on the growth and yield of jute mallow. The experiment consisted of four levels of chicken manure viz; 0, 5, 10, and 20 t/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that increasing chicken manure significantly increased all the growth attributes of jute mallow and resulted in an increase in crop yield and yield components in both seasons. The present study revealed that jute mallow has a positive response to chicken manure application which succeeded to compensate the deficiency of minerals in the Gadarif State of Sudan under rain-fed conditions. The study also recommend that the highest chicken manure application rate (20 t/ha) is indispensible for vigorous growth and substantial increase in jute mallow under harsh semi-arid conditions of Sudan.
Effects of different temperatures (10,15, 20, 25 and 35°C) and various water potentials (0, -0.25... more Effects of different temperatures (10,15, 20, 25 and 35°C) and various water potentials (0, -0.25, -0.5, -0.75, -1.0, -1.25, -1.5 MPa) on seed germination and early seedling development of two contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars were studied. Different temperatures were applied in an incubator by adjusting the device according to the specific treatments. Water potential treatments were done by using different concentra-tions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) , 8000 (molecular weight). The results showed significant differences between the two cultivars in all characters studied. The cultivar Arman exhibited the higher germination percentage and rate than the cultivar Pirooz. Water stress caused significant reductions in germination parameters at unfavorable temperatures (10, 30, and 35 oC). Seeds of both cultivars, which are subjected to high osmotic potentials, had high recovery percentages at the optimum temperature (25 oC). In conclusion, the cultivar Arman seems to be more tolerant to water stress at suboptimal and super optimal temperatures compared with Pirooz.
Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exoge... more Mechanisms of desiccation tolerance were evaluated in wheat seedlings. The possible role of exogenously added sugars on desiccation tolerance of four- and six-day old wheat seedlings was investigated under controlled conditions. Desiccation tolerance was expressed as percentage of survived seedlings following severe dehydration for 96 h. The seedlings of spring wheat germinated in water and dehydrated to about 20% relative water content (RWC) survived almost completely up to the fourth day following imbibition but in the six-day old seedlings, only less than half of seedlings subjected to dehydration survived. Glucose and fructose, at concentration as low as 5 mM, increased considerably the survival of the six-day old seedlings. Growth at similar concentration of mannose or sucrose decreased significantly the survival of either four- (by 40% or 23%, respectively) or six-day old seedlings (by 13% or 10%, respectively). In the six-day old seedlings, the total pool of soluble sugars in seed remnants was significantly higher than in four- day old seedlings whereas in shoots and roots it was the same for both seedlings age. Our analysis of soluble sugars evidenced a possible role of raffinose on desiccation tolerance in wheat seedlings.
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< 0.05) exhibited higher final germination percentage and germination rate compared with the smaller seeded kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θT(50)) of the thermal time was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (Shendi) recorded significantly (p < 0.01) higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between the two cultivars on the other parameters of thermal time model. On the other hand, the small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared with the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.
< 0.05) exhibited higher final germination percentage and germination rate compared with the smaller seeded kabui type cultivar “Shendi” at all temperatures. The median (θT(50)) of the thermal time was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (Shendi) recorded significantly (p < 0.01) higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between the two cultivars on the other parameters of thermal time model. On the other hand, the small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared with the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.