We report the use of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a tran... more We report the use of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a transducing material in the fabrication of mechanical-to-electrical conversion devices based on the flexoelectric-like response of this polymer. Devices are made in a cantilever-based three-layer stainless-steel/PEDOT:PSS/top metal electrode configuration to assess the effective transverse flexoelectric coefficient μ 12 ′. We investigated the influence of the nature of the top electrode in the flexoelectric response comparing samples with gold and aluminum top electrodes and demonstrated the huge impact of adding a small fraction of a second dopant such as xylitol to the PEDOT:PSS polymer blend and the benefits of a post-treatment of the polymer film with ethanol and methanol on the flexoelectric coefficient. The combination of xylitol addition and the rinsing of the polymer films with ethanol and methanol, along with the use of gold as a top electrode, led to a significant improvement of μ 12 ′ to ca. 24 μC m−1, which is in the range of those reported for high permittivity oxide materials. These findings support the use of conjugated polymers as an alternative to inorganic materials in flexoelectric-based applications, where large flexibility is required.
2016 Joint IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics, European Conference on Application of Polar Dielectrics, and Piezoelectric Force Microscopy Workshop (ISAF/ECAPD/PFM), 2016
This paper reports a simple, quick and cheap method for transferring Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film ... more This paper reports a simple, quick and cheap method for transferring Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film onto polymer substrate. To achieve a low-cost transfer process, piezoelectric thin film are deposited onto a sacrificial commercial aluminium substrate to target polymer substrate by a wet etching technique. This novel flexible piezoelectric structure was characterized to evaluate its crystal structure and its morphologic properties. This new process should allow to develop novel applications for low frequency vibrations energy harvesting.
2015 Joint IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectric (ISAF), International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF), and Piezoelectric Force Microscopy Workshop (PFM), 2015
With the objective to harvest the airflow energy, flexible PbZrTiO3(PZT) thin films have been dep... more With the objective to harvest the airflow energy, flexible PbZrTiO3(PZT) thin films have been deposited onto ultra thin aluminium (Al) foil (16 μm).The piezoelectric properties of a PZT/aluminium cantilever have been investigated, and the measurements show d31 values around 30 pm/V. Due to use of a very lightweight substrate, a very large deflection (in the millimeter range) of the tip of the beam have been observed, which is very promising for actuators applications. In a next step, PZT/aluminium films have been encapsulated with laminated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in order to increase the flexibility of the device. The obtained structures were subjected to sinusoidal stress at very low frequencies (0.3 to 8 Hz) and the output voltages across a resistive load have been measured and compared to the theory with a good agreement. In addition, an intermediate ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) layer has been used at the PZT/aluminium interface and its influence on the piezoelectric properties and the harvested power has been demonstrated.
A fluorine-oxygen substitution has been realized in a PZT material with a composition Pb0.89(Ba, ... more A fluorine-oxygen substitution has been realized in a PZT material with a composition Pb0.89(Ba, Sr)0.11(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thanks to the introduction of Mg2+ ions in the B-site of the perovskite. Oxygen vacancies may exist in the anionic sublattice if the fluorine rate is lower than the required one for a stoichiometric PZT-type ABO3. The F–O substitution makes the relative amount of rhombohedral
This study deals with the improvement of electric field-induced thickness strain of polyurethane ... more This study deals with the improvement of electric field-induced thickness strain of polyurethane (PU) elastomer films by carbon black (C) nanopowder incorporation in the polymer matrix. Different carbon volume concentrations---0.5, 0.7, 1 and 1.5%---have been tested. Weak-field dielectric and resistivity measurements revealed that a percolative effect is not induced by carbon filling up to 1.5 vol%. Thickness strain measurements showed that both pure PU and C/PU composite films exhibit similar strain variations which are not governed only by electrostatic forces (Maxwell stress) and/or electrostriction forces. The highest strain amplitude value observed was obtained for 1% C composite thin film (Sa = -7.4% at E = 17.8 kV mm-1). In comparison the highest Sa for pure PU thin film was -6.7% at E = 37.5 kV mm-1). In the case of thick samples, the thickness strain was not enhanced by C loading, which strongly suggests interfacial space charge effects in pure PU film, confirmed by the frequency dependence of strain level.
Relaxor-based piezoelectric 0.955Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.045PbTiO3 (PZN-4.5PT) single crystals were gr... more Relaxor-based piezoelectric 0.955Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.045PbTiO3 (PZN-4.5PT) single crystals were grown using the modified Bridgman method. The set of piezoelectric coefficients in the lateral mode has been measured. Samples with size of 10 × 2 × 1 mm3 were poled in the lang0 0 1rang and lang1 1 0rang crystallographic directions, with different vibration directions. Single crystals properties varied with the cut type.
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2013
The study of the electric field–induced thickness strain of ferroelectric polymers is very intere... more The study of the electric field–induced thickness strain of ferroelectric polymers is very interesting because of the high actuating capabilities and various applications of these materials, such as electroactive materials for artificial muscles or as the active materials of membranes, due to their flexibility. This article reports on the effect on the strain properties of uniaxially and biaxially stretched β-form polyvinylidene fluoride when applying a low quasi-static triangular electric field E (100 mHz, E < 16 MV/m). For an applied electrical field at this level, the strain was proportional to the square of the electric field. The strain depended mainly on the electrostriction effect, linked to the induced reversal polarization and to interlaminar charges. The dielectric constant of the biaxially stretched polyvinylidene fluoride at 100 mHz was higher than for its uniaxially stretched counterpart. As a consequence, the induced charges and microscopic polarization for the firs...
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2008
It is important to model ferroelectric behavior of polymers to understand the physical phenomena ... more It is important to model ferroelectric behavior of polymers to understand the physical phenomena exhibited by this kind of material. In this article, a new method based on dry-friction movement is proposed. It is already known that this modeling gives good results for ferroelectric ceramics. However, in the special case of ferroelectric polymers, the resistive current that exists in a low frequency electric field cannot be neglected. In order to adapt the ceramic model to ferroelectric polymers, a new formulation containing a special resistive term is proposed. The viability of the new model has been tested under different amplitudes of low frequency (5 mHz, 10 mHz, 1 Hz) applied electric field. Comparison between simulations and experimental data on polyvinylidene fluoride (β phase) are shown as validation of the model accuracy.
ABSTRACT A magnetoelectric coupling in a low-cost and commercially available piezoelectric unimor... more ABSTRACT A magnetoelectric coupling in a low-cost and commercially available piezoelectric unimorph diaphragm is demonstrated by measuring magnetically induced AC voltage from the sample. Such a magnetoelectric effect could be achieved only because of the combination of magnetic forces within the electrodes and piezoelectric effect, without any magnetic constituent. Harvested magnetic power density across an optimal resistive load is found to be 0.12 mW/Oe.cm3 at the bending mode resonance frequency. The proposed transduction mechanism opens new and simple ways for producing electricity from stray magnetic fields.
ISAF 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 12th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (IEEE Cat. No.00CH37076), 2001
Some acceptor and fluorine co-doped PZT ceramics exhibit a low and non hysteretic dependence of d... more Some acceptor and fluorine co-doped PZT ceramics exhibit a low and non hysteretic dependence of d33 coefficient under uniaxial static stress up to 120 MPa and of N33 coefficient versus temperature between -40°C and +80°C. This behavior could be explained by a strong clamping effect of the domain walls due to the acceptor ion - F dipole, less mobile than
ISAF 1998. Proceedings of the Eleventh IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (Cat. No.98CH36245), 1998
The improvement of piezoactuators relies on the development of new PZT formulations presenting lo... more The improvement of piezoactuators relies on the development of new PZT formulations presenting low dielectric/mechanical losses, high dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients and low conductivity. Hard materials presenting oxygen vacancies are good candidates, but their stability under external solicitations can be improved. In this paper, new formulations based on the introduction of fluorine ions at the anionic sites and at the
We report the use of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a tran... more We report the use of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as a transducing material in the fabrication of mechanical-to-electrical conversion devices based on the flexoelectric-like response of this polymer. Devices are made in a cantilever-based three-layer stainless-steel/PEDOT:PSS/top metal electrode configuration to assess the effective transverse flexoelectric coefficient μ 12 ′. We investigated the influence of the nature of the top electrode in the flexoelectric response comparing samples with gold and aluminum top electrodes and demonstrated the huge impact of adding a small fraction of a second dopant such as xylitol to the PEDOT:PSS polymer blend and the benefits of a post-treatment of the polymer film with ethanol and methanol on the flexoelectric coefficient. The combination of xylitol addition and the rinsing of the polymer films with ethanol and methanol, along with the use of gold as a top electrode, led to a significant improvement of μ 12 ′ to ca. 24 μC m−1, which is in the range of those reported for high permittivity oxide materials. These findings support the use of conjugated polymers as an alternative to inorganic materials in flexoelectric-based applications, where large flexibility is required.
2016 Joint IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics, European Conference on Application of Polar Dielectrics, and Piezoelectric Force Microscopy Workshop (ISAF/ECAPD/PFM), 2016
This paper reports a simple, quick and cheap method for transferring Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film ... more This paper reports a simple, quick and cheap method for transferring Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin film onto polymer substrate. To achieve a low-cost transfer process, piezoelectric thin film are deposited onto a sacrificial commercial aluminium substrate to target polymer substrate by a wet etching technique. This novel flexible piezoelectric structure was characterized to evaluate its crystal structure and its morphologic properties. This new process should allow to develop novel applications for low frequency vibrations energy harvesting.
2015 Joint IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectric (ISAF), International Symposium on Integrated Functionalities (ISIF), and Piezoelectric Force Microscopy Workshop (PFM), 2015
With the objective to harvest the airflow energy, flexible PbZrTiO3(PZT) thin films have been dep... more With the objective to harvest the airflow energy, flexible PbZrTiO3(PZT) thin films have been deposited onto ultra thin aluminium (Al) foil (16 μm).The piezoelectric properties of a PZT/aluminium cantilever have been investigated, and the measurements show d31 values around 30 pm/V. Due to use of a very lightweight substrate, a very large deflection (in the millimeter range) of the tip of the beam have been observed, which is very promising for actuators applications. In a next step, PZT/aluminium films have been encapsulated with laminated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in order to increase the flexibility of the device. The obtained structures were subjected to sinusoidal stress at very low frequencies (0.3 to 8 Hz) and the output voltages across a resistive load have been measured and compared to the theory with a good agreement. In addition, an intermediate ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) layer has been used at the PZT/aluminium interface and its influence on the piezoelectric properties and the harvested power has been demonstrated.
A fluorine-oxygen substitution has been realized in a PZT material with a composition Pb0.89(Ba, ... more A fluorine-oxygen substitution has been realized in a PZT material with a composition Pb0.89(Ba, Sr)0.11(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thanks to the introduction of Mg2+ ions in the B-site of the perovskite. Oxygen vacancies may exist in the anionic sublattice if the fluorine rate is lower than the required one for a stoichiometric PZT-type ABO3. The F–O substitution makes the relative amount of rhombohedral
This study deals with the improvement of electric field-induced thickness strain of polyurethane ... more This study deals with the improvement of electric field-induced thickness strain of polyurethane (PU) elastomer films by carbon black (C) nanopowder incorporation in the polymer matrix. Different carbon volume concentrations---0.5, 0.7, 1 and 1.5%---have been tested. Weak-field dielectric and resistivity measurements revealed that a percolative effect is not induced by carbon filling up to 1.5 vol%. Thickness strain measurements showed that both pure PU and C/PU composite films exhibit similar strain variations which are not governed only by electrostatic forces (Maxwell stress) and/or electrostriction forces. The highest strain amplitude value observed was obtained for 1% C composite thin film (Sa = -7.4% at E = 17.8 kV mm-1). In comparison the highest Sa for pure PU thin film was -6.7% at E = 37.5 kV mm-1). In the case of thick samples, the thickness strain was not enhanced by C loading, which strongly suggests interfacial space charge effects in pure PU film, confirmed by the frequency dependence of strain level.
Relaxor-based piezoelectric 0.955Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.045PbTiO3 (PZN-4.5PT) single crystals were gr... more Relaxor-based piezoelectric 0.955Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.045PbTiO3 (PZN-4.5PT) single crystals were grown using the modified Bridgman method. The set of piezoelectric coefficients in the lateral mode has been measured. Samples with size of 10 × 2 × 1 mm3 were poled in the lang0 0 1rang and lang1 1 0rang crystallographic directions, with different vibration directions. Single crystals properties varied with the cut type.
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2013
The study of the electric field–induced thickness strain of ferroelectric polymers is very intere... more The study of the electric field–induced thickness strain of ferroelectric polymers is very interesting because of the high actuating capabilities and various applications of these materials, such as electroactive materials for artificial muscles or as the active materials of membranes, due to their flexibility. This article reports on the effect on the strain properties of uniaxially and biaxially stretched β-form polyvinylidene fluoride when applying a low quasi-static triangular electric field E (100 mHz, E < 16 MV/m). For an applied electrical field at this level, the strain was proportional to the square of the electric field. The strain depended mainly on the electrostriction effect, linked to the induced reversal polarization and to interlaminar charges. The dielectric constant of the biaxially stretched polyvinylidene fluoride at 100 mHz was higher than for its uniaxially stretched counterpart. As a consequence, the induced charges and microscopic polarization for the firs...
Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2008
It is important to model ferroelectric behavior of polymers to understand the physical phenomena ... more It is important to model ferroelectric behavior of polymers to understand the physical phenomena exhibited by this kind of material. In this article, a new method based on dry-friction movement is proposed. It is already known that this modeling gives good results for ferroelectric ceramics. However, in the special case of ferroelectric polymers, the resistive current that exists in a low frequency electric field cannot be neglected. In order to adapt the ceramic model to ferroelectric polymers, a new formulation containing a special resistive term is proposed. The viability of the new model has been tested under different amplitudes of low frequency (5 mHz, 10 mHz, 1 Hz) applied electric field. Comparison between simulations and experimental data on polyvinylidene fluoride (β phase) are shown as validation of the model accuracy.
ABSTRACT A magnetoelectric coupling in a low-cost and commercially available piezoelectric unimor... more ABSTRACT A magnetoelectric coupling in a low-cost and commercially available piezoelectric unimorph diaphragm is demonstrated by measuring magnetically induced AC voltage from the sample. Such a magnetoelectric effect could be achieved only because of the combination of magnetic forces within the electrodes and piezoelectric effect, without any magnetic constituent. Harvested magnetic power density across an optimal resistive load is found to be 0.12 mW/Oe.cm3 at the bending mode resonance frequency. The proposed transduction mechanism opens new and simple ways for producing electricity from stray magnetic fields.
ISAF 2000. Proceedings of the 2000 12th IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (IEEE Cat. No.00CH37076), 2001
Some acceptor and fluorine co-doped PZT ceramics exhibit a low and non hysteretic dependence of d... more Some acceptor and fluorine co-doped PZT ceramics exhibit a low and non hysteretic dependence of d33 coefficient under uniaxial static stress up to 120 MPa and of N33 coefficient versus temperature between -40°C and +80°C. This behavior could be explained by a strong clamping effect of the domain walls due to the acceptor ion - F dipole, less mobile than
ISAF 1998. Proceedings of the Eleventh IEEE International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (Cat. No.98CH36245), 1998
The improvement of piezoactuators relies on the development of new PZT formulations presenting lo... more The improvement of piezoactuators relies on the development of new PZT formulations presenting low dielectric/mechanical losses, high dielectric and piezoelectric coefficients and low conductivity. Hard materials presenting oxygen vacancies are good candidates, but their stability under external solicitations can be improved. In this paper, new formulations based on the introduction of fluorine ions at the anionic sites and at the
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