Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulat... more Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulating NEFA are mobilised from AT and might act as a minimally invasive surrogate marker of AT FA profile. Agreement between twenty-eight FA in AT and plasma NEFA was assessed using concordance coefficients in 204 male and female participants in a 12-month intervention using supplements to increase the intake of EPA and DHA. Concordance coefficients generally showed very poor agreement between AT FA and plasma NEFA at baseline SFA: 0·07; MUFA: 0·03; n-6 PUFA: 0·28; n-3 PUFA: 0·01). Participants were randomly divided into training (70 %) and validation (30 %) data sets, and models to predict AT and dietary FA were fitted using data from the training set, and their predictive ability was assessed using data from the validation set. AT n-6 PUFA and SFA were predicted from plasma NEFA with moderate accuracy (mean absolute percentage error n-6 PUFA: 11 % and SFA: 8 %), but predicted values were ...
Genetic variation in both patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) (I148M)... more Genetic variation in both patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) (I148M) and the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 protein (TM6SF2) (E167K) influences severity of liver disease, and serum triglyceride concentrations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but whether either genotype influences the responses to treatments is uncertain. 103 patients with NAFLD were randomised to omega-3 fatty acids (DHA+EPA) or placebo for 15-18 months in a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Erythrocyte enrichment with DHA and EPA was measured by gas-chromatography. PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes were measured by PCR technologies. Multivariable linear regression and analysis of covariance were undertaken to test the effect of genotypes on omega-3 fatty acid enrichment, end of study liver fat percentage and serum triglyceride concentrations. All models were adjusted for baseline measurements of each respective outcome. 55 men and 40 women (Genotypes PNPLA3 I148M, 148I...
Animal and human studies have shown that greatly increasing the amounts of flaxseed oil (rich in ... more Animal and human studies have shown that greatly increasing the amounts of flaxseed oil (rich in the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) a-linolenic acid (ALNA)) or fish oil (FO; rich in the long chain (n-3) PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in the diet can decrease mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. The objective of this study was to determine the
Background: Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifest... more Background: Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that might be mediated by cytokines from circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa- hexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces disease activity in patients with CD with raised laboratory markers of inflammation and in healthy sub- jects alters PBMC function. Objective:Weinvestigatedtheeffectoffishoilplusantioxidantson cytokine
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2007
Previous studies suggest that consuming meals containing large amounts of fish oil is associated ... more Previous studies suggest that consuming meals containing large amounts of fish oil is associated with selective postprandial incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). We investigated the effect of consuming meals containing different amounts of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 comparable to dietary habits of western populations on the postprandial incorporation of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2007
A lipid emulsion for use in parenteral nutrition containing a significant proportion of olive oil... more A lipid emulsion for use in parenteral nutrition containing a significant proportion of olive oil in place of soybean oil (ClinOleic; Baxter, Maurepas, France) is now available. The purpose of this review is to provide background information about the rationale for this emulsion, to collate and synthesize the literature about it, and to highlight recent studies in which it has been used. ClinOleic offered significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. ClinOleic was recently used for the first time in malnourished haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and was found to be safe and well tolerated. In burn patients ClinOleic was associated with better liver function. ClinOleic is safe and well tolerated in preterm infants, and in home parenteral nutrition, haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and may offer advantages with regard to liver function, oxidative stress and immune function. ClinOleic may offer significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. More clinical studies of ClinOleic are required and these should include evaluation of oxidative stress markers and immune function as well as of clinical outcomes.
Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are lipid-based pastes widely used in the treatment of acut... more Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are lipid-based pastes widely used in the treatment of acute malnutrition. Current specifications for RUTF permit a high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and low n-3 PUFA, with no stipulated requirements for preformed long-chain n-3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to develop an RUTF with elevated short-chain n-3 PUFA and measure its impact, with and without fish oil supplementation, on children's PUFA status during treatment of severe acute malnutrition. This randomized controlled trial in children with severe acute malnutrition in rural Kenya included 60 children aged 6 to 50 months who were randomized to receive i) RUTF with standard composition; ii) RUTF with elevated short chain n-3 PUFA; or iii) RUTF with elevated short chain n-3 PUFA plus fish oil capsules. Participants were followed-up for 3 months. The primary outcome was erythrocyte PUFA composition. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content declined from bas...
JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, Jan 17, 2015
Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients depend on lipid emulsions as part of their parenteral nu... more Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients depend on lipid emulsions as part of their parenteral nutrition regimen to provide essential fatty acids (EFAs). Mixed-oil sources are used in modern lipid emulsions to decrease the amount of proinflammatory EFAs, mainly linoleic acid, which is present in large amounts in soybean oil. It is unknown whether patients who fully depend on such mixed lipids have adequate EFA supply. We therefore evaluated whether HPN patients who depend on mixed olive oil- and soybean oil-based HPN show clinical or biochemical evidence of EFA deficiency. Fatty acid status was assessed in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients receiving mixed olive oil- and soybean oil-based HPN (>3 months, ≥5 times per week) and 30 healthy controls. Innate immune cell functions were evaluated by assessing expression of surface membrane molecules, and reactive oxygen species, and cytokine production. None of the patients or contro...
Rats were fed on a low fat diet or on high fat diets which included coconut oil, olive oil, saffl... more Rats were fed on a low fat diet or on high fat diets which included coconut oil, olive oil, safflower oil, evening primrose oil or fish oil as the principal fat source. The level of phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate in spleen lymphocytes was unaffected by diet. However, the fish oil diet significantly decreased the concentration of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate in stimulated lymphocytes; this concentration was also reduced following olive oil feeding. Diet did not significantly affect the level of phospholipase C-gamma1 in spleen lymphocytes but the tyrosine phosphorylation state of this enzyme in stimulated lymphocytes, as well as that of a range of other proteins, was decreased following feeding the fish oil and, to a lesser extent, the olive oil diets. It is concluded that fish oil feeding appears to result in inhibition of one or more tyrosine kinases.
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2010
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oily fish and in fish oils and similar pr... more Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oily fish and in fish oils and similar preparations. Substantial evidence from epidemiological and case-control studies indicates that consumption of fish, oily fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of cardiovascular mortality. Secondary prevention studies using long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients post-myocardial infarction have shown a reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality with an especially potent effect on sudden death. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been shown to beneficially modify a range of cardiovascular risk factors, which may result in primary cardiovascular prevention. However, reduced non-fatal and fatal events and a reduction in sudden death probably involve other mechanisms. Reduced thrombosis following long-chain n-3 fatty acids may play a role. A decrease in arrhythmias is a favoured mechanism of action of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and is supported by cell culture and animal studies. Ho...
Increasing intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease markers of ... more Increasing intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease markers of immunity. However, dose- and age-related responses have not been identified. The objective was to determine the effects of different amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on innate immune outcomes in young and older males. In a controlled, double-blind study, healthy young and older men consumed 1 of 4 supplements provided as capsules: placebo (corn oil) or different amounts of an oil providing 1.35, 2.7, or 4.05 g EPA/d for 12 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 12 wk. EPA was incorporated in a linear dose-response fashion into plasma and mononuclear cell (MNC) phospholipids; incorporation was greater in the older men. EPA treatment did not alter neutrophil or monocyte phagocytosis, monocyte respiratory burst, or the production of inflammatory cytokines by MNCs in the young or older men. EPA treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in neutrophil respiratory burst o...
Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on h... more Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health. Ruminant-derived meat, milk and dairy products are the predominant sources of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in the human diet. This study evaluated the processing properties, texture, storage characteristics, and organoleptic properties of UHT milk, Caerphilly cheese, and butter produced from a milk enriched to a level of cis-9,trans-11 CLA that has been shown to have biological effects in humans. Forty-nine early-lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were fed total mixed rations containing 0 (control) or 45 g/kg (on dry matter basis) of a mixture (1:2 wt/wt) of fish oil and sunflower oil during two consecutive 7-d periods to produce a control and CLA-enhanced milk, respectively. Milk produced from cows fed the control and fish and sunflower oil diets contained 0.54 and 4.68 g of total CLA/100 g of fatty acids, respectively. Enrichment of CLA in raw milk from the fish and sunflower ...
Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that ... more Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that might be mediated by cytokines from circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces disease activity in patients with CD with raised laboratory markers of inflammation and in healthy subjects alters PBMC function. We investigated the effect of fish oil plus antioxidants on cytokine production by PBMCs from patients with CD with raised C-reactive protein concentrations (>/=6.9 mg/L) or erythrocyte sedimentation rates (>/=18 mm/h). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fish oil (2.7 g EPA and DHA/d; n = 31) or placebo (olive oil; n = 31) for 24 wk was conducted in patients with CD. The fish-oil group additionally received an antioxidant preparation (vitamins A, C, and E and selenium). Exclusion criteria included corticosteroid use. Fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography...
Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulat... more Adipose tissue (AT) fatty acid (FA) composition partly reflects habitual dietary intake. Circulating NEFA are mobilised from AT and might act as a minimally invasive surrogate marker of AT FA profile. Agreement between twenty-eight FA in AT and plasma NEFA was assessed using concordance coefficients in 204 male and female participants in a 12-month intervention using supplements to increase the intake of EPA and DHA. Concordance coefficients generally showed very poor agreement between AT FA and plasma NEFA at baseline SFA: 0·07; MUFA: 0·03; n-6 PUFA: 0·28; n-3 PUFA: 0·01). Participants were randomly divided into training (70 %) and validation (30 %) data sets, and models to predict AT and dietary FA were fitted using data from the training set, and their predictive ability was assessed using data from the validation set. AT n-6 PUFA and SFA were predicted from plasma NEFA with moderate accuracy (mean absolute percentage error n-6 PUFA: 11 % and SFA: 8 %), but predicted values were ...
Genetic variation in both patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) (I148M)... more Genetic variation in both patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein-3 (PNPLA3) (I148M) and the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 protein (TM6SF2) (E167K) influences severity of liver disease, and serum triglyceride concentrations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but whether either genotype influences the responses to treatments is uncertain. 103 patients with NAFLD were randomised to omega-3 fatty acids (DHA+EPA) or placebo for 15-18 months in a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Erythrocyte enrichment with DHA and EPA was measured by gas-chromatography. PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 genotypes were measured by PCR technologies. Multivariable linear regression and analysis of covariance were undertaken to test the effect of genotypes on omega-3 fatty acid enrichment, end of study liver fat percentage and serum triglyceride concentrations. All models were adjusted for baseline measurements of each respective outcome. 55 men and 40 women (Genotypes PNPLA3 I148M, 148I...
Animal and human studies have shown that greatly increasing the amounts of flaxseed oil (rich in ... more Animal and human studies have shown that greatly increasing the amounts of flaxseed oil (rich in the (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) a-linolenic acid (ALNA)) or fish oil (FO; rich in the long chain (n-3) PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in the diet can decrease mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. The objective of this study was to determine the
Background: Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifest... more Background: Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that might be mediated by cytokines from circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa- hexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces disease activity in patients with CD with raised laboratory markers of inflammation and in healthy sub- jects alters PBMC function. Objective:Weinvestigatedtheeffectoffishoilplusantioxidantson cytokine
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2007
Previous studies suggest that consuming meals containing large amounts of fish oil is associated ... more Previous studies suggest that consuming meals containing large amounts of fish oil is associated with selective postprandial incorporation of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). We investigated the effect of consuming meals containing different amounts of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 comparable to dietary habits of western populations on the postprandial incorporation of 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 into plasma
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2007
A lipid emulsion for use in parenteral nutrition containing a significant proportion of olive oil... more A lipid emulsion for use in parenteral nutrition containing a significant proportion of olive oil in place of soybean oil (ClinOleic; Baxter, Maurepas, France) is now available. The purpose of this review is to provide background information about the rationale for this emulsion, to collate and synthesize the literature about it, and to highlight recent studies in which it has been used. ClinOleic offered significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. ClinOleic was recently used for the first time in malnourished haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and was found to be safe and well tolerated. In burn patients ClinOleic was associated with better liver function. ClinOleic is safe and well tolerated in preterm infants, and in home parenteral nutrition, haemodialysis, trauma and burn patients and may offer advantages with regard to liver function, oxidative stress and immune function. ClinOleic may offer significant advantage over soybean oil-based emulsions in terms of glucose metabolism in preterm infants. More clinical studies of ClinOleic are required and these should include evaluation of oxidative stress markers and immune function as well as of clinical outcomes.
Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are lipid-based pastes widely used in the treatment of acut... more Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are lipid-based pastes widely used in the treatment of acute malnutrition. Current specifications for RUTF permit a high n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and low n-3 PUFA, with no stipulated requirements for preformed long-chain n-3 PUFA. The objective of this study was to develop an RUTF with elevated short-chain n-3 PUFA and measure its impact, with and without fish oil supplementation, on children's PUFA status during treatment of severe acute malnutrition. This randomized controlled trial in children with severe acute malnutrition in rural Kenya included 60 children aged 6 to 50 months who were randomized to receive i) RUTF with standard composition; ii) RUTF with elevated short chain n-3 PUFA; or iii) RUTF with elevated short chain n-3 PUFA plus fish oil capsules. Participants were followed-up for 3 months. The primary outcome was erythrocyte PUFA composition. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content declined from bas...
JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition, Jan 17, 2015
Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients depend on lipid emulsions as part of their parenteral nu... more Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients depend on lipid emulsions as part of their parenteral nutrition regimen to provide essential fatty acids (EFAs). Mixed-oil sources are used in modern lipid emulsions to decrease the amount of proinflammatory EFAs, mainly linoleic acid, which is present in large amounts in soybean oil. It is unknown whether patients who fully depend on such mixed lipids have adequate EFA supply. We therefore evaluated whether HPN patients who depend on mixed olive oil- and soybean oil-based HPN show clinical or biochemical evidence of EFA deficiency. Fatty acid status was assessed in plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 patients receiving mixed olive oil- and soybean oil-based HPN (>3 months, ≥5 times per week) and 30 healthy controls. Innate immune cell functions were evaluated by assessing expression of surface membrane molecules, and reactive oxygen species, and cytokine production. None of the patients or contro...
Rats were fed on a low fat diet or on high fat diets which included coconut oil, olive oil, saffl... more Rats were fed on a low fat diet or on high fat diets which included coconut oil, olive oil, safflower oil, evening primrose oil or fish oil as the principal fat source. The level of phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate in spleen lymphocytes was unaffected by diet. However, the fish oil diet significantly decreased the concentration of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate in stimulated lymphocytes; this concentration was also reduced following olive oil feeding. Diet did not significantly affect the level of phospholipase C-gamma1 in spleen lymphocytes but the tyrosine phosphorylation state of this enzyme in stimulated lymphocytes, as well as that of a range of other proteins, was decreased following feeding the fish oil and, to a lesser extent, the olive oil diets. It is concluded that fish oil feeding appears to result in inhibition of one or more tyrosine kinases.
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 2010
Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oily fish and in fish oils and similar pr... more Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oily fish and in fish oils and similar preparations. Substantial evidence from epidemiological and case-control studies indicates that consumption of fish, oily fish and long-chain n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of cardiovascular mortality. Secondary prevention studies using long-chain n-3 fatty acids in patients post-myocardial infarction have shown a reduction in total and cardiovascular mortality with an especially potent effect on sudden death. Long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been shown to beneficially modify a range of cardiovascular risk factors, which may result in primary cardiovascular prevention. However, reduced non-fatal and fatal events and a reduction in sudden death probably involve other mechanisms. Reduced thrombosis following long-chain n-3 fatty acids may play a role. A decrease in arrhythmias is a favoured mechanism of action of long-chain n-3 fatty acids and is supported by cell culture and animal studies. Ho...
Increasing intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease markers of ... more Increasing intakes of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease markers of immunity. However, dose- and age-related responses have not been identified. The objective was to determine the effects of different amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on innate immune outcomes in young and older males. In a controlled, double-blind study, healthy young and older men consumed 1 of 4 supplements provided as capsules: placebo (corn oil) or different amounts of an oil providing 1.35, 2.7, or 4.05 g EPA/d for 12 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 12 wk. EPA was incorporated in a linear dose-response fashion into plasma and mononuclear cell (MNC) phospholipids; incorporation was greater in the older men. EPA treatment did not alter neutrophil or monocyte phagocytosis, monocyte respiratory burst, or the production of inflammatory cytokines by MNCs in the young or older men. EPA treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in neutrophil respiratory burst o...
Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on h... more Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health. Ruminant-derived meat, milk and dairy products are the predominant sources of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in the human diet. This study evaluated the processing properties, texture, storage characteristics, and organoleptic properties of UHT milk, Caerphilly cheese, and butter produced from a milk enriched to a level of cis-9,trans-11 CLA that has been shown to have biological effects in humans. Forty-nine early-lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were fed total mixed rations containing 0 (control) or 45 g/kg (on dry matter basis) of a mixture (1:2 wt/wt) of fish oil and sunflower oil during two consecutive 7-d periods to produce a control and CLA-enhanced milk, respectively. Milk produced from cows fed the control and fish and sunflower oil diets contained 0.54 and 4.68 g of total CLA/100 g of fatty acids, respectively. Enrichment of CLA in raw milk from the fish and sunflower ...
Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that ... more Crohn disease (CD) is associated with osteoporosis and other extraintestinal manifestations that might be mediated by cytokines from circulating (peripheral blood) mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces disease activity in patients with CD with raised laboratory markers of inflammation and in healthy subjects alters PBMC function. We investigated the effect of fish oil plus antioxidants on cytokine production by PBMCs from patients with CD with raised C-reactive protein concentrations (>/=6.9 mg/L) or erythrocyte sedimentation rates (>/=18 mm/h). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fish oil (2.7 g EPA and DHA/d; n = 31) or placebo (olive oil; n = 31) for 24 wk was conducted in patients with CD. The fish-oil group additionally received an antioxidant preparation (vitamins A, C, and E and selenium). Exclusion criteria included corticosteroid use. Fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography...
Uploads
Papers by Philip Calder