Abstract: This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusse... more Abstract: This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995 ...
Résumé :Les liens entre investissements des fi rmes multinationales et développement de la périph... more Résumé :Les liens entre investissements des fi rmes multinationales et développement de la périphérie ont fait l'objet d'une controverse qui ne saurait être cantonner dans le terrain idéologique. A la thèse dominante, jusqu'au début des années 1980, d'une incidence négative des investissements étrangers sur le développement de la périphérie va se substituer une thèse dite modernisante. Cette dernière, apparue depuis la crise de la dette, associe aux investissements directs étrangers de vertus susceptibles de favoriser le développement économique via les effets sur la croissance et le transfert technologique par exemple. Ce papier a pour objet de présenter, dans un premier temps, de façon plus tranchée les arguments développés par ces deux écoles. Les inégalités de revenus ont été mises en avant comme indicateur clé permettant de juger de l'incidence positive ou négative de ces IDE sur les économies d'accueil. En s'appuyant, ensuite, sur un certain nombre ...
Mouvement des capitaux et Inégalités externes de développement : une remise en cause de la thèse ... more Mouvement des capitaux et Inégalités externes de développement : une remise en cause de la thèse du rattrapage » 1 Mamadou Camara Ricardo, dans une lettre à Malthus en 1820, présente son programme de recherche en ces mots: « L'économie politique est selon vous une enquête sur la nature et les causes de la richesse. J'estime au contraire qu'elle doit être définie comme une enquête au sujet de la répartition du produit de l'industrie entre les classes qui concourent à sa formation. On ne peut rapporter à aucune loi la quantité de richesses produites mais on peut en imaginer une assez satisfaisante à leur répartition. De jour en jour, je suis plus convaincu que la première étude est vaine et décevante et que la seconde constitue l'objet propre de la science ». C'est selon que l'on penche pour l'un ou de l'autre de ces deux auteurs en polémique, qu'il nous revient de traiter la question des inégalités comme soit subordonnée aux lois de l'effic...
Resumen Este articulo estudia la evolución de la violencia en America del Sur. Para esto, analiza... more Resumen Este articulo estudia la evolución de la violencia en America del Sur. Para esto, analiza y discute la influencia de las diferentes variables económicas sobre la tasa de homicidios mediante un estudio econométrico. Muestra que este enfoque económico de ...
[eng] Mamadou Camara — Direct foreign investments and regional integration : the ASEAN and MERCOS... more [eng] Mamadou Camara — Direct foreign investments and regional integration : the ASEAN and MERCOSUR examples. On the basis of the asean and the mercorsur examples, this article attempts to demonstrate the contribution of direct foreign investments to differentiated schémas of régionalisation. Following the leads to integrating processes during the 1990s, the author analyses (what he terms here as) the
This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the infl... more This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences.
This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the infl... more This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2011
Cameroon is one of the few sub-Saharan countries engaged in the implementation of a universal pub... more Cameroon is one of the few sub-Saharan countries engaged in the implementation of a universal public health policy on HIV/AIDS. In May 2007, second-line antiretroviral regimens were made available in the country; thanks to the joint participation of the Cameroonian government and the UNITAID/Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative. This cooperation was achieved by means of a Memorandum of Understanding. The agreement aimed at providing free-of-charge access of 8 antiretroviral formulations. Nevertheless, only 1.9% of the estimated 16% patients that are presently in need of second-line regimens has access to these medicines. The main hindrances to achieving scaled-up access refer to the new institutional arrangements that are necessary for the demand and distribution of these medicines, the limiting conditions for the therapeutic monitoring of second-line treatments, at the national level and the governance of the Memorandum of Understanding itself.
The independent evaluation of the Cameroonian antiretroviral therapy (ART) Programme, which reach... more The independent evaluation of the Cameroonian antiretroviral therapy (ART) Programme, which reached one of the highest coverage in the eligible HIV-infected population (58%) in Sub-Saharan Africa, offered the opportunity to assess ART outcomes in the context of the decentralization of HIV care delivery. A cross-sectional survey (EVAL, ANRS 12-116, 2007) was carried out in a random sample of 3151 HIV-positive patients (response rate 90%) attending 27 treatment centres at the different level of the healthcare delivery (central, provincial and district), as well as in the exhaustive sample of doctors in charge of HIV care in these centres (response rate 92%, n = 97). Multivariate two-level analyses were conducted to assess the impact of the level of healthcare delivery on CD4 cell gains since initiation of treatment and adherence to treatment in the subsample of patients who were ART-treated for 6 months or more (n = 1985). District treatment centres were characterized by more limited technical and human resources but a lower workload. ART-treated patients followed up in these centres had significantly lower socioeconomic status. After adjustment for other explanatory factors, immunological improvement was similar in patients followed up at the central and district level, whereas adherence to ART was better both at provincial and district levels. Success in scaling-up access to ART in Cameroon has been facilitated by decentralization of the healthcare system. Long-term sustainability urgently implies better integration of this HIV-targeted programme in the global healthcare reform of financing mechanisms, management of human resources and drug procurement systems.
Abstract: This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusse... more Abstract: This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995 ...
Résumé :Les liens entre investissements des fi rmes multinationales et développement de la périph... more Résumé :Les liens entre investissements des fi rmes multinationales et développement de la périphérie ont fait l'objet d'une controverse qui ne saurait être cantonner dans le terrain idéologique. A la thèse dominante, jusqu'au début des années 1980, d'une incidence négative des investissements étrangers sur le développement de la périphérie va se substituer une thèse dite modernisante. Cette dernière, apparue depuis la crise de la dette, associe aux investissements directs étrangers de vertus susceptibles de favoriser le développement économique via les effets sur la croissance et le transfert technologique par exemple. Ce papier a pour objet de présenter, dans un premier temps, de façon plus tranchée les arguments développés par ces deux écoles. Les inégalités de revenus ont été mises en avant comme indicateur clé permettant de juger de l'incidence positive ou négative de ces IDE sur les économies d'accueil. En s'appuyant, ensuite, sur un certain nombre ...
Mouvement des capitaux et Inégalités externes de développement : une remise en cause de la thèse ... more Mouvement des capitaux et Inégalités externes de développement : une remise en cause de la thèse du rattrapage » 1 Mamadou Camara Ricardo, dans une lettre à Malthus en 1820, présente son programme de recherche en ces mots: « L'économie politique est selon vous une enquête sur la nature et les causes de la richesse. J'estime au contraire qu'elle doit être définie comme une enquête au sujet de la répartition du produit de l'industrie entre les classes qui concourent à sa formation. On ne peut rapporter à aucune loi la quantité de richesses produites mais on peut en imaginer une assez satisfaisante à leur répartition. De jour en jour, je suis plus convaincu que la première étude est vaine et décevante et que la seconde constitue l'objet propre de la science ». C'est selon que l'on penche pour l'un ou de l'autre de ces deux auteurs en polémique, qu'il nous revient de traiter la question des inégalités comme soit subordonnée aux lois de l'effic...
Resumen Este articulo estudia la evolución de la violencia en America del Sur. Para esto, analiza... more Resumen Este articulo estudia la evolución de la violencia en America del Sur. Para esto, analiza y discute la influencia de las diferentes variables económicas sobre la tasa de homicidios mediante un estudio econométrico. Muestra que este enfoque económico de ...
[eng] Mamadou Camara — Direct foreign investments and regional integration : the ASEAN and MERCOS... more [eng] Mamadou Camara — Direct foreign investments and regional integration : the ASEAN and MERCOSUR examples. On the basis of the asean and the mercorsur examples, this article attempts to demonstrate the contribution of direct foreign investments to differentiated schémas of régionalisation. Following the leads to integrating processes during the 1990s, the author analyses (what he terms here as) the
This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the infl... more This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences.
This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the infl... more This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2011
Cameroon is one of the few sub-Saharan countries engaged in the implementation of a universal pub... more Cameroon is one of the few sub-Saharan countries engaged in the implementation of a universal public health policy on HIV/AIDS. In May 2007, second-line antiretroviral regimens were made available in the country; thanks to the joint participation of the Cameroonian government and the UNITAID/Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative. This cooperation was achieved by means of a Memorandum of Understanding. The agreement aimed at providing free-of-charge access of 8 antiretroviral formulations. Nevertheless, only 1.9% of the estimated 16% patients that are presently in need of second-line regimens has access to these medicines. The main hindrances to achieving scaled-up access refer to the new institutional arrangements that are necessary for the demand and distribution of these medicines, the limiting conditions for the therapeutic monitoring of second-line treatments, at the national level and the governance of the Memorandum of Understanding itself.
The independent evaluation of the Cameroonian antiretroviral therapy (ART) Programme, which reach... more The independent evaluation of the Cameroonian antiretroviral therapy (ART) Programme, which reached one of the highest coverage in the eligible HIV-infected population (58%) in Sub-Saharan Africa, offered the opportunity to assess ART outcomes in the context of the decentralization of HIV care delivery. A cross-sectional survey (EVAL, ANRS 12-116, 2007) was carried out in a random sample of 3151 HIV-positive patients (response rate 90%) attending 27 treatment centres at the different level of the healthcare delivery (central, provincial and district), as well as in the exhaustive sample of doctors in charge of HIV care in these centres (response rate 92%, n = 97). Multivariate two-level analyses were conducted to assess the impact of the level of healthcare delivery on CD4 cell gains since initiation of treatment and adherence to treatment in the subsample of patients who were ART-treated for 6 months or more (n = 1985). District treatment centres were characterized by more limited technical and human resources but a lower workload. ART-treated patients followed up in these centres had significantly lower socioeconomic status. After adjustment for other explanatory factors, immunological improvement was similar in patients followed up at the central and district level, whereas adherence to ART was better both at provincial and district levels. Success in scaling-up access to ART in Cameroon has been facilitated by decentralization of the healthcare system. Long-term sustainability urgently implies better integration of this HIV-targeted programme in the global healthcare reform of financing mechanisms, management of human resources and drug procurement systems.
Uploads
Papers by Camara Mamadou