Global Positioning System geodetic measurements at thirteen locations in Indonesia and four in Au... more Global Positioning System geodetic measurements at thirteen locations in Indonesia and four in Australia reveal that the Australian continent has accreted the Banda island arc to its margin. Small relative velocities of five sites on west Java, south Kalimantan, Bali, and ...
The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitud... more The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitude M(w) > 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of <150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that approximately 30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M(w) = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M(w) = 8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake.
GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of t... more GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of them have high requirements with respect to precision, reliability or fast product delivery, but usually not all at the same time as it is the case for early warning applications. The tasks for the GPS-based components within the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) are to support the determination of sea levels (measured onshore and offshore) and to detect co-seismic land mass displacements with the lowest possible latency (design goal: first reliable results after 5 min). The completed system was designed to fulfil these tasks in near real-time, rather than for scientific research requirements. The obtained data products (movements of GPS antennas) are supporting the warning process in different ways. The measurements from GPS instruments on buoys allow the earliest possible detection or confirmation of tsunami waves on the ocean. Onshore GPS measurements are made collocated with tide gauges or seismological stations and give information about co-seismic land mass movements as recorded, e.g., during the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004 (Subarya et al., 2006). This information is important to separate tsunami-caused sea height movements from apparent sea height changes at tide gauge locations (sensor station movement) and also as additional information about earthquakes' mechanisms, as this is an essential information to predict a tsunami (Sobolev et al., 2007). This article gives an end-to-end overview of the GITEWS GPS-component system, from the GPS sensors (GPS receiver with GPS antenna and auxiliary systems, either onshore or offshore) to the early warning centre displays. We describe how the GPS sensors have been installed, how they are operated and the methods used to collect, transfer and process the GPS data in near real-time. This includes the sensor system design, the communication system layout with real-time data streaming, the data processing strategy and the final products of the GPS-based early warning system components.
Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1992 to 1995 indicate that the left-lateral Pal... more Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1992 to 1995 indicate that the left-lateral Palu fault in central Sulawesi slips at a rate of 38+/-8mm/a with a locking depth between 2 and 8 km. From the measured slip rate and the historic seismicity of the fault, we estimate that the Palu fault currently has stored enough strain to produce a Mw>7
Abstract. Deformation above the Sumatra subduction zone, revealed by Global Positioning System (G... more Abstract. Deformation above the Sumatra subduction zone, revealed by Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic sur- veys, shows nearly complete coupling of the forearc to the subducting plate south of 0.5S and,half as much,to the north. The abrupt change in plate coupling coincides with the boundary,between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1861 (Mw>8) thrust earthquakes. The rupture boundary appears
The Sunda trench plate boundaries along Sumatra have the potential to generate large thrust-type ... more The Sunda trench plate boundaries along Sumatra have the potential to generate large thrust-type earthquakes. While less frequent and smaller events occur along Java where subduction of older seafloor takes place relatively aseismically. This latest need ...
Global Positioning System geodetic measurements at thirteen locations in Indonesia and four in Au... more Global Positioning System geodetic measurements at thirteen locations in Indonesia and four in Australia reveal that the Australian continent has accreted the Banda island arc to its margin. Small relative velocities of five sites on west Java, south Kalimantan, Bali, and ...
The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitud... more The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 is the first giant earthquake (moment magnitude M(w) > 9.0) to have occurred since the advent of modern space-based geodesy and broadband seismology. It therefore provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these enormous and rare events. Here we report estimates of the ground displacement associated with this event, using near-field Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in northwestern Sumatra combined with in situ and remote observations of the vertical motion of coral reefs. These data show that the earthquake was generated by rupture of the Sunda subduction megathrust over a distance of >1,500 kilometres and a width of <150 kilometres. Megathrust slip exceeded 20 metres offshore northern Sumatra, mostly at depths shallower than 30 kilometres. Comparison of the geodetically and seismically inferred slip distribution indicates that approximately 30 per cent additional fault slip accrued in the 1.5 months following the 500-second-long seismic rupture. Both seismic and aseismic slip before our re-occupation of GPS sites occurred on the shallow portion of the megathrust, where the large Aceh tsunami originated. Slip tapers off abruptly along strike beneath Simeulue Island at the southeastern edge of the rupture, where the earthquake nucleated and where an M(w) = 7.2 earthquake occurred in late 2002. This edge also abuts the northern limit of slip in the 28 March 2005 M(w) = 8.7 Nias-Simeulue earthquake.
GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of t... more GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of them have high requirements with respect to precision, reliability or fast product delivery, but usually not all at the same time as it is the case for early warning applications. The tasks for the GPS-based components within the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) are to support the determination of sea levels (measured onshore and offshore) and to detect co-seismic land mass displacements with the lowest possible latency (design goal: first reliable results after 5 min). The completed system was designed to fulfil these tasks in near real-time, rather than for scientific research requirements. The obtained data products (movements of GPS antennas) are supporting the warning process in different ways. The measurements from GPS instruments on buoys allow the earliest possible detection or confirmation of tsunami waves on the ocean. Onshore GPS measurements are made collocated with tide gauges or seismological stations and give information about co-seismic land mass movements as recorded, e.g., during the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004 (Subarya et al., 2006). This information is important to separate tsunami-caused sea height movements from apparent sea height changes at tide gauge locations (sensor station movement) and also as additional information about earthquakes' mechanisms, as this is an essential information to predict a tsunami (Sobolev et al., 2007). This article gives an end-to-end overview of the GITEWS GPS-component system, from the GPS sensors (GPS receiver with GPS antenna and auxiliary systems, either onshore or offshore) to the early warning centre displays. We describe how the GPS sensors have been installed, how they are operated and the methods used to collect, transfer and process the GPS data in near real-time. This includes the sensor system design, the communication system layout with real-time data streaming, the data processing strategy and the final products of the GPS-based early warning system components.
Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1992 to 1995 indicate that the left-lateral Pal... more Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements from 1992 to 1995 indicate that the left-lateral Palu fault in central Sulawesi slips at a rate of 38+/-8mm/a with a locking depth between 2 and 8 km. From the measured slip rate and the historic seismicity of the fault, we estimate that the Palu fault currently has stored enough strain to produce a Mw>7
Abstract. Deformation above the Sumatra subduction zone, revealed by Global Positioning System (G... more Abstract. Deformation above the Sumatra subduction zone, revealed by Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic sur- veys, shows nearly complete coupling of the forearc to the subducting plate south of 0.5S and,half as much,to the north. The abrupt change in plate coupling coincides with the boundary,between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1861 (Mw>8) thrust earthquakes. The rupture boundary appears
The Sunda trench plate boundaries along Sumatra have the potential to generate large thrust-type ... more The Sunda trench plate boundaries along Sumatra have the potential to generate large thrust-type earthquakes. While less frequent and smaller events occur along Java where subduction of older seafloor takes place relatively aseismically. This latest need ...
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