Understanding the relationships among ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem-based managemen... more Understanding the relationships among ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem-based management (EBM). In urbanized areas, improving human well-being increasingly depends on the services provided by human-dominated or artificial ecosystems. However, there is little understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services of human-dominated ecosystems. Based on the methodology of ecosystem service bundles (sets of ecosystem services that repeatedly appear together), we conducted a case study in 22 urban–rural complexes across the Yangtze River Delta, the most developed area of China, to explore the spatial distributions, synergies, and trade-offs of multiple ecosystem services. Results showed that: (1) most of the selected ecosystem services were spatially clumped across the study area, and the distribution of ecosystem services contributes to the formation of scale effect in economy for the provision of services; (2) ecosystem service bundles aggregated spatially at t...
Forest insects are major disturbances that induce tree mortality in eastern coniferous (or fir-sp... more Forest insects are major disturbances that induce tree mortality in eastern coniferous (or fir-spruce) forests in eastern North America. The spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) is the most devastating insect causing tree mortality. However, the relative importance of insect-caused mortality versus tree mortality caused by other agents and how this relationship will change with climate change is not known. Based on permanent sample plots across eastern Canada, we combined a logistic model with a negative model to estimate tree mortality. The results showed that tree mortality increased mainly due to forest insects. The mean difference in annual tree mortality between plots disturbed by insects and those without insect disturbance was 0.0680 per year (P < 0.0001, T-test), and the carbon sink loss was about 2.87t C ha(-1) year(-1) larger than in natural forests. We also found that annual tree mortality increased significantly with the annual climate moisture in...
With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades... more With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades, especially in big cities of the country. To understand the relationship between economic condition and air pollutants in big cities, we analysed the socioeconomic indictors such as Gross Regional Product per capita (GRP per capita), the concentration of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) and the air pollution index (API) from 2003 to 2012 in 31 provincial capitals of mainland China. The three main industries had a quadratic correlation with NO2, but a negative relationship with PM10 and SO2. The concentration of air pollutants per ten thousand yuan decreased with the multiplying of GRP in the provincial cities. The concentration of air pollutants and API in the provincial capital cities showed a declining trend or inverted-U trend with the rise of GRP per capita, which provided a strong evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), that the environmental quality first declines, then...
Northeast China maintains large areas of primary forest resource and has been experiencing the la... more Northeast China maintains large areas of primary forest resource and has been experiencing the largest increase in temperature over the past several decades in the country. Therefore, studying its forest biomass carbon (C) stock and the change is important to the sustainable use of forest resources and understanding of the forest C budget in China. In this study, we use
With 2% of the world’s forests and 17% of Canada’s forested land, Ontario plays a major role in m... more With 2% of the world’s forests and 17% of Canada’s forested land, Ontario plays a major role in maintaining Canada’s forests and managing them sustainably. Ontario is developing a set of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM) to aid in conservation and sustainable management of its temperate and boreal (BO) forests. The criteria and indicators are intended to
ABSTRACT Background: Root decomposition is an important process that contributes to forest ecosys... more ABSTRACT Background: Root decomposition is an important process that contributes to forest ecosystem carbon (C) flux and nutrient cycling.Aims: To determine how tree species affected fine root (≤2 mm) decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) release.Methods: Fine root samples of the coniferous Pinus massoniana, the deciduous Choerospondias axillaris, and the broadleaved evergreen Cyclobalanopsis glauca tree species were collected from three secondary successional subtropical forests (P. massoniana–Lithocarpus glaber mixed forest, C. axillaris forest, and C. glauca–L. glaber mixed forest) in southern China. Samples were incubated in situ, using the litterbag method for a period of 500 days to measure mass loss and changes in fine root C and N concentrations.Results: C. axillaris exhibited the fastest decomposition rate (k) during the 500 day decomposition period, followed by P. massoniana and C. glauca. Fine root mass loss was positively correlated with initial N concentrations and negatively correlated with initial C:N ratios. Initial fine root C concentrations had a significant effect on N release, but the effect varied over time. Annual fine root production in subtropical forests released ca. 16.2–44.2 kg N ha through decomposition.Conclusions: Fine root mass loss during decomposition differed considerably among tree species. The chemical quality of fine roots was determined as a key driver in rates of decomposition. Soil properties partly accounted for the differences in decomposition rates.
Understanding the relationships among ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem-based managemen... more Understanding the relationships among ecosystem services is crucial for ecosystem-based management (EBM). In urbanized areas, improving human well-being increasingly depends on the services provided by human-dominated or artificial ecosystems. However, there is little understanding of the relationships among multiple ecosystem services of human-dominated ecosystems. Based on the methodology of ecosystem service bundles (sets of ecosystem services that repeatedly appear together), we conducted a case study in 22 urban–rural complexes across the Yangtze River Delta, the most developed area of China, to explore the spatial distributions, synergies, and trade-offs of multiple ecosystem services. Results showed that: (1) most of the selected ecosystem services were spatially clumped across the study area, and the distribution of ecosystem services contributes to the formation of scale effect in economy for the provision of services; (2) ecosystem service bundles aggregated spatially at t...
Forest insects are major disturbances that induce tree mortality in eastern coniferous (or fir-sp... more Forest insects are major disturbances that induce tree mortality in eastern coniferous (or fir-spruce) forests in eastern North America. The spruce budworm (SBW) (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens]) is the most devastating insect causing tree mortality. However, the relative importance of insect-caused mortality versus tree mortality caused by other agents and how this relationship will change with climate change is not known. Based on permanent sample plots across eastern Canada, we combined a logistic model with a negative model to estimate tree mortality. The results showed that tree mortality increased mainly due to forest insects. The mean difference in annual tree mortality between plots disturbed by insects and those without insect disturbance was 0.0680 per year (P < 0.0001, T-test), and the carbon sink loss was about 2.87t C ha(-1) year(-1) larger than in natural forests. We also found that annual tree mortality increased significantly with the annual climate moisture in...
With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades... more With the economic development of China, air pollutants are also growing rapidly in recent decades, especially in big cities of the country. To understand the relationship between economic condition and air pollutants in big cities, we analysed the socioeconomic indictors such as Gross Regional Product per capita (GRP per capita), the concentration of air pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2) and the air pollution index (API) from 2003 to 2012 in 31 provincial capitals of mainland China. The three main industries had a quadratic correlation with NO2, but a negative relationship with PM10 and SO2. The concentration of air pollutants per ten thousand yuan decreased with the multiplying of GRP in the provincial cities. The concentration of air pollutants and API in the provincial capital cities showed a declining trend or inverted-U trend with the rise of GRP per capita, which provided a strong evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), that the environmental quality first declines, then...
Northeast China maintains large areas of primary forest resource and has been experiencing the la... more Northeast China maintains large areas of primary forest resource and has been experiencing the largest increase in temperature over the past several decades in the country. Therefore, studying its forest biomass carbon (C) stock and the change is important to the sustainable use of forest resources and understanding of the forest C budget in China. In this study, we use
With 2% of the world’s forests and 17% of Canada’s forested land, Ontario plays a major role in m... more With 2% of the world’s forests and 17% of Canada’s forested land, Ontario plays a major role in maintaining Canada’s forests and managing them sustainably. Ontario is developing a set of criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management (SFM) to aid in conservation and sustainable management of its temperate and boreal (BO) forests. The criteria and indicators are intended to
ABSTRACT Background: Root decomposition is an important process that contributes to forest ecosys... more ABSTRACT Background: Root decomposition is an important process that contributes to forest ecosystem carbon (C) flux and nutrient cycling.Aims: To determine how tree species affected fine root (≤2 mm) decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) release.Methods: Fine root samples of the coniferous Pinus massoniana, the deciduous Choerospondias axillaris, and the broadleaved evergreen Cyclobalanopsis glauca tree species were collected from three secondary successional subtropical forests (P. massoniana–Lithocarpus glaber mixed forest, C. axillaris forest, and C. glauca–L. glaber mixed forest) in southern China. Samples were incubated in situ, using the litterbag method for a period of 500 days to measure mass loss and changes in fine root C and N concentrations.Results: C. axillaris exhibited the fastest decomposition rate (k) during the 500 day decomposition period, followed by P. massoniana and C. glauca. Fine root mass loss was positively correlated with initial N concentrations and negatively correlated with initial C:N ratios. Initial fine root C concentrations had a significant effect on N release, but the effect varied over time. Annual fine root production in subtropical forests released ca. 16.2–44.2 kg N ha through decomposition.Conclusions: Fine root mass loss during decomposition differed considerably among tree species. The chemical quality of fine roots was determined as a key driver in rates of decomposition. Soil properties partly accounted for the differences in decomposition rates.
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