This research focused on the relationship between visitors’ interest in jazz music as a motive fo... more This research focused on the relationship between visitors’ interest in jazz music as a motive for attending a jazz music festival and their subsequent personal expenditures during the festival. In addition, the study examined how a number of other factors influenced the spending behavior at the festival. The results show that people who are more interested in jazz music spend more money during the festival than those who are less interested. The tentative explanation suggested for this relationship is that those very interested in jazz music spend more money on concerts and other arrangements. The results also reveal that, among other things, length of stay, respondents’ geographical location, household income, and household size affect the amount of personal expenditures during the festival. Finally, some outlines for future research are suggested, and the results’ implications for festival managers are briefly discussed.
The study explores the relationship between a set of vacation motives and personal value systems ... more The study explores the relationship between a set of vacation motives and personal value systems as they are expressed in the List of Values (LOV) methodology. Survey data from a representative sample of a local community in Norway (n = 401) were collected, and the results indicate that importance ratings of vacation motives can be predicted on the basis of personal value system segments. This finding is also supported when certain key demographic variables are used in conjunction with the personal value systems as segmentation criteria.
Very complicated so-called ‘survival’ (or duration) models have featured strongly in research aim... more Very complicated so-called ‘survival’ (or duration) models have featured strongly in research aimed at explaining variation in tourists' length of stay at destinations. In a constructive critique of this research, Thrane (2012) has shown that use of these models lacks sound footing on conceptual as well as statistical grounds. In recent studies, length of stay has been thought of as a count variable, and the variation in this variable has accordingly been modelled with count data regression models. The purpose of the present study is to provide a constructive critique of this research. There are two conclusions. First, count data regression models should be used when analysing ‘how-many-times-something-happened’ data. Consequently, these models are not ideal when the non-discrete dependent variable is length of stay measured in days. Second, since an OLS regression analysis on the natural log of length of stay yields the same results as a far more complicated count data regression model, the former is preferable on the principle of parsimony and with regard to reaching out to an audience not well acquainted with statistics.
Studies scrutinizing the economic aspects of student tourism at the micro-level are rare in the l... more Studies scrutinizing the economic aspects of student tourism at the micro-level are rare in the literature. Set against this background, the present study examines the variation in a sample of Norwegian students' length of stay at summer vacation destinations in 2014. Three estimation methods – an OLS regression model, a Weibull survival model and a zero-truncated negative binomial regression model – provide qualitatively similar results regarding how a number of determinants affect length of stay. In particular, the results show that daily trip costs, booking time, tourism and trip motives, trip month and gender explain much of the variation in length of stay. Of special interest is the comparison of two segments differing on when trip duration is determined: the “pre-fixed” returners (75% of the sample) and the “open” returners (25%). In this regard, the results suggest that the “open” returners stay longer on their trips than the “pre-fixed” ones. Finally, the study provides some implications for future length of stay research.
Marcussen (2011a) distinguished between the vital and the not-so-vital determinants of micro-leve... more Marcussen (2011a) distinguished between the vital and the not-so-vital determinants of micro-level tourism expenditure. Arguably, the lessons learned from Marcussen's study, combined with best practice in recent econometric modelling, have set a new higher standard for future research on this topic. Against this background, this paper gives practical advice on how to improve the modelling of micro-level tourism expenditure in the future. Three issues are discussed: (a) the choice of independent variables; (b) the choice of functional form; and (c) the choice of estimation technique. Empirical illustrations are provided.
International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Jun 1, 2001
In light of Pierre Bourdieu's general idea of class-based lifestyles and, in particular, Whit... more In light of Pierre Bourdieu's general idea of class-based lifestyles and, in particular, White and Wilson's recent study of how sport spectatorship was differentiated according to socioeconomic status (SES) in Canada, this article seeks to broaden our understanding of the relationship between class and sport spectatorship. The empirical analysis attempts both to replicate and extend the work by White and Wilson within a Scandinavian context, using data from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Three main findings are presented: (1) Household income is positively related to sport spectatorship, although not in a linear fashion. (2) Education shows no systematic relationship with sport spectatorship. (3) Cultural capital and sport participation are both positively related to sport spectatorship. It is concluded that more research on the links between class and sport spectatorship is needed before any certain and general conclusions regarding this relationship can be considered verified.
Many papers in hospitality and tourism research use logistic regression as the multivariate estim... more Many papers in hospitality and tourism research use logistic regression as the multivariate estimation strategy. When the results from these models are presented, only the logistic regression coefficients are usually reported. This is unfortunate since these coefficients have no intuitive metric. Hence, it is very difficult both for other researchers and for laymen to evaluate if the effects of the independent variables in question have important effects on the dependent variable or not. By using logistic regression coefficients from two real datasets as input in simple calculations, this paper shows how the question of the independent variables' net and relative importance can be more satisfactorily assessed.
This research focused on the relationship between visitors’ interest in jazz music as a motive fo... more This research focused on the relationship between visitors’ interest in jazz music as a motive for attending a jazz music festival and their subsequent personal expenditures during the festival. In addition, the study examined how a number of other factors influenced the spending behavior at the festival. The results show that people who are more interested in jazz music spend more money during the festival than those who are less interested. The tentative explanation suggested for this relationship is that those very interested in jazz music spend more money on concerts and other arrangements. The results also reveal that, among other things, length of stay, respondents’ geographical location, household income, and household size affect the amount of personal expenditures during the festival. Finally, some outlines for future research are suggested, and the results’ implications for festival managers are briefly discussed.
The study explores the relationship between a set of vacation motives and personal value systems ... more The study explores the relationship between a set of vacation motives and personal value systems as they are expressed in the List of Values (LOV) methodology. Survey data from a representative sample of a local community in Norway (n = 401) were collected, and the results indicate that importance ratings of vacation motives can be predicted on the basis of personal value system segments. This finding is also supported when certain key demographic variables are used in conjunction with the personal value systems as segmentation criteria.
Very complicated so-called ‘survival’ (or duration) models have featured strongly in research aim... more Very complicated so-called ‘survival’ (or duration) models have featured strongly in research aimed at explaining variation in tourists' length of stay at destinations. In a constructive critique of this research, Thrane (2012) has shown that use of these models lacks sound footing on conceptual as well as statistical grounds. In recent studies, length of stay has been thought of as a count variable, and the variation in this variable has accordingly been modelled with count data regression models. The purpose of the present study is to provide a constructive critique of this research. There are two conclusions. First, count data regression models should be used when analysing ‘how-many-times-something-happened’ data. Consequently, these models are not ideal when the non-discrete dependent variable is length of stay measured in days. Second, since an OLS regression analysis on the natural log of length of stay yields the same results as a far more complicated count data regression model, the former is preferable on the principle of parsimony and with regard to reaching out to an audience not well acquainted with statistics.
Studies scrutinizing the economic aspects of student tourism at the micro-level are rare in the l... more Studies scrutinizing the economic aspects of student tourism at the micro-level are rare in the literature. Set against this background, the present study examines the variation in a sample of Norwegian students' length of stay at summer vacation destinations in 2014. Three estimation methods – an OLS regression model, a Weibull survival model and a zero-truncated negative binomial regression model – provide qualitatively similar results regarding how a number of determinants affect length of stay. In particular, the results show that daily trip costs, booking time, tourism and trip motives, trip month and gender explain much of the variation in length of stay. Of special interest is the comparison of two segments differing on when trip duration is determined: the “pre-fixed” returners (75% of the sample) and the “open” returners (25%). In this regard, the results suggest that the “open” returners stay longer on their trips than the “pre-fixed” ones. Finally, the study provides some implications for future length of stay research.
Marcussen (2011a) distinguished between the vital and the not-so-vital determinants of micro-leve... more Marcussen (2011a) distinguished between the vital and the not-so-vital determinants of micro-level tourism expenditure. Arguably, the lessons learned from Marcussen's study, combined with best practice in recent econometric modelling, have set a new higher standard for future research on this topic. Against this background, this paper gives practical advice on how to improve the modelling of micro-level tourism expenditure in the future. Three issues are discussed: (a) the choice of independent variables; (b) the choice of functional form; and (c) the choice of estimation technique. Empirical illustrations are provided.
International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Jun 1, 2001
In light of Pierre Bourdieu's general idea of class-based lifestyles and, in particular, Whit... more In light of Pierre Bourdieu's general idea of class-based lifestyles and, in particular, White and Wilson's recent study of how sport spectatorship was differentiated according to socioeconomic status (SES) in Canada, this article seeks to broaden our understanding of the relationship between class and sport spectatorship. The empirical analysis attempts both to replicate and extend the work by White and Wilson within a Scandinavian context, using data from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Three main findings are presented: (1) Household income is positively related to sport spectatorship, although not in a linear fashion. (2) Education shows no systematic relationship with sport spectatorship. (3) Cultural capital and sport participation are both positively related to sport spectatorship. It is concluded that more research on the links between class and sport spectatorship is needed before any certain and general conclusions regarding this relationship can be considered verified.
Many papers in hospitality and tourism research use logistic regression as the multivariate estim... more Many papers in hospitality and tourism research use logistic regression as the multivariate estimation strategy. When the results from these models are presented, only the logistic regression coefficients are usually reported. This is unfortunate since these coefficients have no intuitive metric. Hence, it is very difficult both for other researchers and for laymen to evaluate if the effects of the independent variables in question have important effects on the dependent variable or not. By using logistic regression coefficients from two real datasets as input in simple calculations, this paper shows how the question of the independent variables' net and relative importance can be more satisfactorily assessed.
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Papers by Christer Thrane