Wolves

Este artículo es una extensa revisión sobre el pasado, presente y futuro del panorama que envuelve las estimaciones poblacionales de lobos en España. Lo que subyace detrás de estas estimas loberas es enrevesado y difícil de interpretar racionalmente. Lo peor de todo es que la gestión del lobo recae en administraciones sometidas al yugo del ruido mediático de ciertos sectores, y que acaban ignorando el importante papel ecológico de esta especie. Por tanto, la conservación efectiva y la restitución de la biodiversidad quedan en un plano totalmente testimonial.

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Apollo Cunomaglos leads to a multi-disciplinary discussion of Celtic religion: from wolves to cosmology, fertility, ancestry, afterlife, rites de passage and manty more.
The epithet Cunomaglos is known from an altar at the Britanno-Roman sanctuary of Nettleton Shrub in Wiltshire. He has traditionally been interpreted as a hunting deity, as «Apollo Hound Prince», in British scholarship. But since it is certain that the ancient Celtic word cuno was used to denote both wolf and dog in this period, it seems more probable that we are dealing here with Apollo «Lord of the Wolves» similar to the Greek Apollo Lykaios. It is important to jettison the negative image that wolves still have in scholarship in order to understand the meaning of Apollo Cunomaglos. An interdisciplinary analysis of pre-Roman and Romano-Celtic iconography —as well as evidence from other cultures in addition to medieval Welsh and Irish mythology— suggests that wolves must have played a significant role in people’s religious understandings, for example in relation to fertility, nourishment, cosmology, strength, ancestry, prophecy, afterlife beliefs, rites de passage, and many more. Altogether, there emerges a certain image of Apollo Cunomaglos as potentially a powerful, even omnipotent deity, perhaps related to Apollo Maponus, Belenos, Lugus, and Vaelicus.
[ES] Resumen: Apollo Cunomaglos es conocido gracias a un altar procedente del santuario britano-romano de Nettleton Shrub, en Wiltshire  Inglaterra). En la historiografía anglosajona, ha sido tradicionalmente nterpretado como una deidad cazadora, como «Apolo, el Príncipe  azador». Sin embargo, dado que la antigua palabra céltica cuno fue tilizada en esa época tanto para aludir al lobo como al perro, parece más probable que en este caso nos encontremos ante un Apolo «Señor de los Lobos» similar al Apollo Lykaios del mundo griego. Para poder comprender el significado de Apollo Cunomaglos es necesario superar la imagen negativa que se tiene de los lobos en el ámbito académico.
Con ese propósito, este artículo plantea un análisis interdisciplinar de la iconografía prerromana y romano-céltica, de las mitologías medievales galesase irlandesas, y de evidencias de otras culturas relacionadas con el lobo, que muestra la gran importancia de ese animal en las concepciones religiosas de esas poblaciones, como, por ejemplo, en las relacionadas con la fertilidad, la nutrición, la cosmología, la fortaleza, los ancestros, la profecía, las creencias escatológicas, y los ritos de paso, entre otras. De todo ello emerge una potencial imagen de Apollo Cunomaglos como una deidad poderosa, casi omnipotente, que quizás estuvo relacionada con otros dioses como Apollo Maponus, Belenos, Lugus y Vaelicus

Conservation biology requires the development of practical tools and techniques to minimize con- flicts arising from human modification of ecosystems. We applied behavioral theory of primary and secondary repellents to predator management by using aversive stimulus devices (electronic training collars) and dis- ruptive stimulus devices (behavior-contingent audio and visual repellents) in a multipredator ( Canis lupus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Ursus spp.)

Wildlife is the most important reservoir of Trichinella spp. worldwide. Although the Balkans are a recognized European endemic region for Trichinella infections, data on wildlife are scarce. To monitor the circulation of these zoonotic parasites in the Central Balkan region, the wolf (Canis lupus) was selected because of its abundance (>2,000 individuals) and because it is at the top of the food chain. A total of 116 carcasses of wolves were collected in Serbia and in the neighboring areas of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) between 2006 and 2013. Trichinella spp. larvae were found in 54 (46.5%) wolves. The great majority (90.5%) originated from Serbia, where 52 of the 105 examined animals were Trichinella positive (49.5%; 95% confidence interval  =39.9-59.1). One positive animal each was found in B&H and Macedonia. All larvae were identified as Trichinella britovi. The high prevalence of Trichinella infection in wolves suggests that this carnivore can be a good indicat...

Greater Yellowstone ecosystem and to the Central Idaho area in an attempt to restore the endangered gray wolf to the Rocky Mountains. The restoration of wolves to Yellowstone National Park has become one of the most successful wildlife conservation programs in the history of endangered species conservation. Yellowstone is now considered one of the best places in the world to watch wild wolves. Visibility of the wolves within the park, and public interest in wolves and wolf-based education programs, have far exceeded initial expectations. During the preparation of the environmental impact statement (EIS; US Fish and Wildlife Service 1994) that was completed by the National Park Service (NPS) prior to wolf restoration, more than 170,000 public comments were reviewed to determine the public’s key concerns. One of the main issues identified during this process was the concern about the possible economic effects of wolf restoration. Among the concerns of opponents were the expenditure of...

Inbreeding (mating between relatives) is a major concern for conservation as it decreases individual fitness and can increase the risk of population extinction. We used whole-genome resequencing of 97 grey wolves (Canis lupus) from the highly inbred Scandinavian wolf population to identify 'identical-by-descent' (IBD) chromosome segments as runs of homozygosity (ROH). This gave the high resolution required to precisely measure realized inbreeding as the IBD fraction of the genome in ROH (F ). We found a striking pattern of complete or near-complete homozygosity of entire chromosomes in many individuals. The majority of individual inbreeding was due to long IBD segments (>5 cM) originating from ancestors ≤10 generations ago, with 10 genomic regions showing very few ROH and forming candidate regions for containing loci contributing strongly to inbreeding depression. Inbreeding estimated with an extensive pedigree (F ) was strongly correlated with realized inbreeding measure...

With the successful recolonization and reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupus) in parts of the western United States (Bangs and Fritts, 1996; Bangs et al., 1998) and the natural expansion of wolves in the upper Midwest (Fuller et al., 1992; Thiel, 2001), managing conflicts between wolves and livestock is a growing issue for livestock producers, resource professionals, and the general public

We are creating a pack of virtual creatures who exhibit the kinds of social interactions found in a natural species of animal, the gray wolf (Canis lupus). To do this, we are extending our synthetic character building toolkit to enable our characters to learn to adapt pre-existing behaviors for use in novel social contexts; to have and express emotional states;

First national study on these tragic incidents in a historical framework. At the time of the Enlightenment, one of the most remote areas of France was caught up in a traumatic situation which lasted for three years and caused feelings to run high. The 'Beast' of Gévaudan attacked and killed dozens of people, mostly women and children, and dragged their bodies off into the forests to devour. What was this monster, which the most skilful hunters in the kingdom were sent to track down ? The mass of differing theories have done just as much to obscure the events as to cast light on them; high time, then, for a proper historian to re-examine the facts. Jean-Marc Moriceau, a recognized authority on rural life and on the relationship between wolves and humans, has taken up the challenge. In the pages of his account, a forgotten land comes back to life: a society marked by harsh inequality, where strangers are treated with suspicion; a society in which people barely manage to eke out a living, and that only by dint of constant toil. As we read through the original archives, we get to know more about every one of the young individuals who were caught up, between the years of 1764 and 1765, in the greatest calamity in the entire history of the province.
ISBN : 978-2-03-584173-5) [http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311927].

Influence des interactions avec les ours, les loups et les lynx sur les perceptions des chasseurs et des éleveurs de République de Macédoine.
La nature conflictuelle des relations entre les hommes et les prédateurs conduit à s’interroger sur l’origine des perceptions négatives liées à ces animaux ainsi que sur l’articulation entre processus d’identification et processus relationnels. Cette étude, basée sur des enquêtes ethno-éthologiques menées en République de Macédoine, souhaite montrer que les comportements des ours, des loups et des lynx ont un impact sur la fréquence et la nature des interactions avec l’homme et influencent ainsi les perceptions qui leurs sont associées.

Le loup est le seul animal sauvage à avoir suscité la création d’un corps spécialisé d’agents publics investi de privilèges dont quelques- uns ont traversé les siècles jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Tandis que la législation cynégétique a longtemps eu le souci de protéger le gibier, celle qui régit le loup impose comme un devoir la destruction de « cette bête malfaisante », comme on l’a longtemps considéré. Cette mission a été dévolue à une administration vénérable puisque Charlemagne en passe pour l’instigateur, dans les dernières années de son règne, entre 801 et 813. C’est l’une des rares institutions de l’ancienne France à renaître de ses cendres, avec Napoléon Ier en 1804, après avoir été supprimée à la veille de la Révolution. Établie par un Empereur, recréée par un autre, la louveterie fonctionne toujours en France au début du XXIe siècle.

Gray wolves are essential keystone species  that regulate a biological ecosystem. (Estes, Terborgh, Brashares, Power, Berger, Bond and Wardle, 2011) There are many reasons why maintaining a healthy population of keystone species  in the wild is essential. Gray wolves: 1) Are family pack animals that work together as a team, (San Diego Wolf Conservation Center, 2019) 2) Create a trophic cascade , (Estes et al., 2011) 3) Are meant to be in the lower 48 states based on historical range, (Colorado Wolf and Wildlife Center, 2019) 4) Have been unfairly eradicated by humans in the past, 5) Have been identified as endangered species during specified times, 6) Have a symbiotic relationship with birds, 7) Serve an essential purpose warranting conservation , 8) Are the ancestors of domesticated dogs, 9) Have a fear of humans and tend to stay away from them (Colorado Wolf and Wildlife Center, 2019), and 10) Rarely attack humans. Some species transform our planet through their existence.

Despite scientific evidentiary support respecting the ecological importance of gray wolves, the canine continues to be a problem for many humans. If the problem is that there is a coexistence concern for gray wolves in the wild and humans living together, then a reason for this should be obtained if people are willing to share. Perception  is essential when deriving reasons for why coexistence is problematic for competing species. Humans reluctance to coexist with apex predators has consequences, some of which humans are already experiencing.

This study involved interviews with various human individuals in Idaho, surrounding states and countries, regarding their experience and knowledge of gray wolves. The interviews were conducted as informational interviews, where the interviewees were either directly or indirectly aware of their participation, and/or as in-depth surveys. Observational data was also obtained through visits at gray wolf sanctuaries, and locations where historic and/or current gray wolf habitat could be found. After reviewing the findings, a longer-term sustainability solution was developed to conserve these species, and to mitigate the negative effects of human interference. The results indicated that a long-term sustainability solution depends on: 1) humans ability to minimize their own unchecked growth and development, in order to allow wild keystone species to live with the land, 2) the human species ability to change their perspective on wild species, thereby allowing them to live peacefully, in an ecologically balance manner, 3) the human species ability to adapt to new norms and implement protection strategies that ensure planetary health and human health, simultaneously, and 4) wolves ability to stay away from humans and their livestock. Coexistence between gray wolves and humans is dependent on mostly the human species ability to implement planetary health and human health measures, simultaneously.

***Please note that the quote:

“Wolves, like other wildlife, have a right to exist in a wild state. This right is in no way related to their known value to mankind. Instead, it derives from the right of all living creatures to coexist as part of the natural ecosystem.” – Summary of Public Comment (SPC), 2007

Comes from the source:

Bangs, Ed. (Bangs), and U.S. Fish Wildlife Service. Gray Wolf EIS. The Reintroduction of Gray Wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho: Final Environmental Impact Statement. Helena, Mont.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Gray Wolf EIS, 1994. Retrieved from
https://search.library.oregonstate.edu/permalink/f/ueodtl/CP71114360520001451

While the 2007 date refers to the source:

Idaho Fish and Wildlife Service (SPC). 2007. Wolf Population Management Plan: Species Management Plan 2008 - 2012. Boise, ID. Retrieved from https://catalog.boisestate.edu/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=205&recPointer=0&recCount=25&searchType=1&bibId=684784

These two sources were accidentally combined in the writing of this paper.***

Editors:
Aleksandra Majić Skrbinšek, Tomaž Skrbinšek, Urška Marinko and Francesca Marucco

Summary:
Public awareness campaigns are often used as tools to improve human attitudes toward wildlife and wildlife management decisions. One of the main expected results of many large carnivore conservation projects, including LIFE WOLFALPS, is improved local public’s, farmers’ and hunters’ acceptance of large carnivore(s) in question in their regions. In this study of public
attitudes toward wolves and wolf conservation we’ve surveyed 3675 respondents from seven previously identified key areas (core areas) for wolf conservation across Italian and Slovenian Alps. Groups that were surveyed were adult residents of the core areas (general public), hunters, high school students, farmers, members of mountaineering clubs and members of environmental NGOs.

CORE AREA 5 and 6 (Lessinia and Belluno)

Contributors: dott.ssa Elisa Bellato, dott. Gianmarco Lazzarin, dott. Paolo Perantoni, dott.ssa Paola Vairani Dipartimento TESIS (Tempo, Spazio, Immagine, Società) dell’Università di Verona
In cooperation with: Sonia Calderola (Regione Veneto - Unità di Progetto Caccia e Pesca)