Monitoring And Evaluation

Fitness is not just the ability to carry out daily task with vigour and alertness but also the ability to engage in routine physical exercise (aerobic and anaerobic) without undue fatigue and with sufficient energy to meet unforeseen emergencies. Physical activities, exercise and fitness are inseparable. It is increasingly clear that regular physical activities are important in helping older adults maintain the quality and length of their life. No age group incurs greater health costs than older adults do as their inactivity leads to various hypokinetic diseases like heart problems, obesity, diabetes, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, etc which increases their mortality rate. Worldwide, around 3.2 million deaths per year are being attributed to inactivity. This paper therefore reviews the relationship between fitness and mortality rates in older adults. Regular physical activities hence fitness has been concluded to be associated with lower mortality rates in older adults. In this era of technological advancement, physical activities and exercise participation which ensures fitness is hence recommended to be increased amongst older adults, economic and social status notwithstanding.
Key words: fitness, mortality rate, older adults, hypokinetic diseases

As human influences fragment native communities and ecosystems, remaining land must be better managed to conserve many elements of biodiversity. Much of this land is privately held, yet traditional private land-use management practices often further diminish biodiversity by promoting favored or edge-adapted species.

Este artículo es una extensa revisión sobre el pasado, presente y futuro del panorama que envuelve las estimaciones poblacionales de lobos en España. Lo que subyace detrás de estas estimas loberas es enrevesado y difícil de interpretar racionalmente. Lo peor de todo es que la gestión del lobo recae en administraciones sometidas al yugo del ruido mediático de ciertos sectores, y que acaban ignorando el importante papel ecológico de esta especie. Por tanto, la conservación efectiva y la restitución de la biodiversidad quedan en un plano totalmente testimonial.

Transfer pricing (TP) in the banking sector is regarded as a tool to achieve a wide range of objectives in relation to the overall organisational goal. The technological developments have led to dramatic changes in the banking industry to maintain sustainable competitiveness. Since the major source of revenue for the banks is the NII, banks are increasingly utilising Oracle funds transfer pricing (FTP) system to boost the performance of their divisions in terms of contribution to the overall NII. Moreover, the performance appraisal system is carried out through FTP system to improve the overall results.
This research mainly deals with the perception of the banks toward FTP and how is it utilised to enhance the performance of the banks to increase the overall profitability. The research examines the effectiveness of TP in the banking sector by exploring the existing literature in relation to FTP in terms of theoretical as well as practical context. The research is conducted on the basis of qualitative research using content analysis technique to analyse annual reports of various banks. Finally, a summary of discussion along with conclusion, reflective summary, limitations and possible suggestions for further research are presented.

La situación de la evaluación de Programas de Desarrollo Rural (PRODER) en América Latina ha sido muy tormentosa no solo por la falta de capacidad que han demostrado los diferentes gobiernos para evaluar sus programas y sus políticas, sino, porque no se ha entendido el verdadero valor de la evaluación y el seguimiento como factores de éxito de las política y los programas de desarrollo rural.
Cualquier análisis del estado actual de la evaluación no puede
reducirse al hecho de aplicar ciertas metodologías que conforman el arte de evaluar. El ejercicio del arte esta directamente ligado con la falta “cultura de evaluación”. El problema se plantea no solo como la capacidad desarrollada para realizar evaluación sino el cumplimiento de una serie de premisas para que la evaluación tenga una verdadera utilidad y contribuya realmente al desarrollo rural de los países latinoamericanos.

The main study areas considered in this research are risk content of projects, effectiveness and efficiency of portfolio management units, procurement principles, factors that impede implementation of project audits and strategies to enhance effective project auditing. The research distributed structured questionnaires to the staffs of Ministry of Local Government and had a response rate of 72%, which was sufficient to make conclusive remarks on the total population. The research was conducted with the voluntary participation of supply officers, heads of PMO, directors, project managers, human resources persons, administrative officers and other officers of the Ministry of Local Government. These groups of respondents represented by 57.8% males and 42.2% females have good education backgrounds from certificate/diploma to doctorates. The significance of the high educational levels depicts the level of knowledge possessed by the respondents in contributing to the research topic. The respondents have diverse experience in handling projects ranging from project management, procurement and logistics, monitoring and supervision, project analysis and stewardship. The general information on the respondents was presented. The first objective of the research was to analyze the risk content of respective projects. To achieve this objective, the researcher sought respondents' understanding of risk and how it is handled in their organization. The definitions given to risks by the respondents include; uncertain events that affects project performance, possibility of loss or project failure, exposure to outcomes of uncertainty, gaps in knowledge that affects project objectives, and threat of damage, injury and loss. The significant factor in the definitions given is the fact that risks affects the objectives and performance of projects. The respondents also highlighted how they identify risks in projects as individuals and as an organization. The research reveals that individuals identify risks by brainstorming and challenging of assumptions, assessing any actions likely to affect project activities, analyzing the sequence of events within business operations, and comparing the projects to other completed and similar projects. The organizations also identify risks by carrying out SWOT analysis and interviews. The SWOT analysis is carried out to determine the organizations' strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, a concept that takes into consideration internal and external factors of the organization. The respondents also ranked risk management processes from literature in order of importance. These include risk identification (1st), monitoring and reviewing of risk (2nd), analyzing the risk (3rd), treatment of the risk (4th) and evaluation or ranking of the risk (5th). The second objective of the research was to ascertain whether the project portfolio management units are suitable in terms of managing project activities in the organization. In order to achieve this objective, responses from the respondents were collated on whether their organizations have project management office and the functions of the units in managing projects. More than 70% of the

This research seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control system in the private sector.
Internal control is one of the vital tools used to control finances, safe guide assets and to checkmate incident of fraud, irregularities in every organization.
Internal control can be liken to a network of pillars that holds a skyscraper without which the skyscraper will collapse like a park of card.
It is in the light of foregoing that the researcher put up a study of its effectiveness in private companies using Nugget Hotel Limited, Abuja as a case study.
The study was carried out through personal interviews, questionnaire and tabular analysis of findings. It became obvious that internal control system is not so effective in most private companies. hence useful recommendation were proffered which if utilized by the private company in this category will make internal control effective and guarantee the survival and profitability of private companies.

Research has it that developing countries face major challenges that are related to the provision of poor quality healthcare services which have been attributed to inadequate knowledge and skills compounded with low staff members. M&E in Kenya is weak with poor information and data sharing. Through HMIS, Kenya has streamlined its data collection whereby data flow channels have been defined and information sharing among stakeholders has been embraced. However, the existing M&E systems still have disjointed activities, numerous program-specific M&E structures and the existing M&E systems satisfying the reporting needs of donors. These challenges have created a weak culture of information use and demand. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of M&E human capacity on health service delivery. Descriptive research design was employed, a sample of 113 health facilities was sampled using LQAS sampling technique, primary data was collected using researcher designed questionnaires while secondary data was collected through review of relevant literature. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS while qualitative data was analysed using qualitative content analysis and triangulated with quantitative data. The findings indicated that M&E human capacity could explain 84.4% of variability in health service delivery. The study recommended that capacities of existing M&E practitioners be developed and ensuring institutional memory where every trained M&E practitioner trains at least one other person. The researcher suggested areas for further research to include a similar study that compares the findings from public, private, NGO and FBO health facilities in both rural and urban areas.

Education inclusiveness has been the strategic orientation of the Serbian education system since 2009 (Law on Foundations of the Education System). The development of the inclusive education system is supported by the new legislation, establishment of new structures at the national, local and school levels, training of teachers and schools, additional financial resources for school development, establishment of support networks, manuals and public promotion activities. However, monitoring and assessment of the effectiveness of these solutions has remained at a rudimentary level due to a number of circumstances (e.g. poorly developed education information system, insufficiently developed system for external school evaluation). As a result, within the project titled Development of Comprehensive Monitoring Framework for Inclusive Education in Serbia,a proposed monitoring system has been developed, based on all relevant contextual circumstances and sufficiently informative for the creat...

This document deals with monitoring and evaluation aspects in Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) processes. Effective monitoring and evaluation is widely recognised as a fundamental component of maritime spatial management and needs to concentrate on the most important issues potentially affecting a maritime area. For measuring performance of an implemented plan it is important to set clear objectives. Progress and outcomes are then measured through the process of evaluation and monitoring against those objectives.

Guided by systems theory, this study examined how partnerships for planning M&E influences sustainability of agricultural projects funded by Non-Governmental organizations in Bungoma County, Kenya. Findings: Sustainability of agricultural projects had a general mean of 24.7080showingthat agricultural projects were not sustained. Partnerships for planning M&E had a general mean (GM) of 26.1460and a general standard deviation (GSDV) of4.52370 showing that there was an overall disagreement by the participants with the most of the items that measure partnerships for planning M&E implying that organizations did not effectively utilize partnerships for planning M&E as a component of M&E system. Partnerships for planning M&E were found to positively correlate highly with sustainability of agricultural projects H0: was rejected with r = 0.743, F (1,135) = 3.725, at p = 0.036< 0.05 and R-squared of 55.3%. The study concluded that it is important to consider partnerships for planning M&E.

Assessing the impact of security interventions is a challenging -yet essential -endeavour. Without adequate expertise, resources, and political will, impact assessments are unlikely to contribute effectively to rule of law programming, drug control policy, efforts to tackle organized crime, or countering violent extremism (CVE) interventions. Rigorous impact assessment, on the other hand, can stimulate innovation, and improve both the effectiveness and efficiency of security interventionsimportant for beneficiary communities and financially-strapped donors alike. However, effective impact assessment in volatile environments is challenging: insecurity itself complicates assessment design, implementation, and analysis.

La presente guía operativa tiene como objetivo fundamental la definición de las diferentes herramientas, procedimientos y responsables para la gestión del Sistema de Monitoreo de la Gestión por Resultados, administrado por la Unidad de Planeamiento y Evaluación de la Gestión (UPEG), para contribuir de esta manera a la consolidación de una cultura de planificación, monitoreo y evaluación orientada a resultados.

Médecins du Monde (MdM), France, undertook a pilot project in Lahore in partnership with the Population Welfare Department (PWD) of Punjab to improve the quality of the family planning (FP) services for vulnerable communities and empower them to raise their voice and access their SRH rights (SRHR).
This report presents end-line evaluation findings of the pilot project titled “To contribute to the Achievement of FP2020 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate Objectives of Pakistan, in Punjab Province.”, referred to as FP2020-CPROP (CPR Objective in Punjab) which took place from November 2017 to March 2020 in Lahore district in partnership with the PWD at its six low-performing centers -- one Family Health Clinic (FHC) and five Family Welfare Centers (FWC) -- that serve over 55,000 low-income households of Shalamar Town in North Lahore. The evaluation covers FP2020-CPR-OP three components:
• Demand generation through an innovative male-led community mobilization approach
• Capacity building and technical assistance to PWD field staff and counselors at FWCs, and
• Common advocacy for SRHR in Punjab province.
And, based on the lessons learned, makes recommendations for scaling up the project.

We discuss how the outcomes of policy evaluation processes can provide valuable feedback in order to design more effective policy interventions. We address our analysis to policies directed at promoting innovation by fostering generative relationships among heterogeneous ...

Van Eekelen et al. (2012a,b, 2013) have introduced an analytical model for the design of the geosynthetic reinforcement (GR) in a piled embankment. This paper further validates this model with measurements from seven full-scale tests and four series of scaled model experiments. Most of these measurements have been reported earlier in the literature. The new model describes arching with the "Concentric Arching model" (CA model). This model is an extension of the single arch model of Hewlett and Randolph (1988) and the multi-scale model of Zaeske (2001), which is also described in Kempfert et al. (2004). For load-deflection behaviour, Van Eekelen et al. (2012a,b, 2013) proposed the use of a net load distribution that is inverse triangular instead of uniform or triangular. These authors also proposed the inclusion of all the subsoil support beneath the GR in the calculations. On the basis of comparisons between the measurements and calculations, it is concluded that the CA model matches the measurements better than the models of Zaeske or Hewlett and Randolph. Where there is no subsoil support, or almost no subsoil support, the inverse triangular load distribution on the GR strips between adjacent piles gives the best match with the measurements. Cases with subsoil support generally lead to less GR strain. In the cases with significant subsoil support, the load distribution is approximately uniform. In the cases with limited subsoil support, it should be determined which load distribution gives the minimum GR strain to find the best match with the measurements.

This paper aims to serve as an input to stimulate further reflection on the field of evaluation by making a comparative analysis of three dialogue evaluations: Jamaican Civic Dialogue, Destino Colombia and the Argentinian Dialogue. The approach and methods used by each of the evaluation teams will be
analysed drawing attention to: i) the theoretical approach applied, ii) the actors responsible for the evaluation, iii) the production of knowledge and learning, iv) the tools used, v) the outcomes achieved, vi) the societal learning and change process, vii) role of donors and lenders.

The final section synthesises some of the main findings and invites for further reflection regarding: i) monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for effective impact and assessment, ii) democratic dialogue as a societal learning and change process, iii) managing complexity in multi-stakeholder dialogue processes, iv) democratic governance and multi-stakeholder public dialogue, and v) long-term donor support.

È una questione di qualità o una formalità non ricordo più bene, una formalità (CCCP, 1985) Il meglio è nemico del bene e padre del peggio. Quindi senza perdere tempo a escogitare il meglio, prendiamo esempio dalle peggiori pratiche internazionali. Ma davvero si è fatto qualcosa di diverso? Sì, altrove un po' si è studiato, ci si è sforzati di mettere a punto criteri (almeno per un po') presentabili. Qui invece, in tutta fretta, ANVUR e società scientifiche hanno allestito alla bell'e meglio classifiche delle riviste rilevanti per l'imminente VQR, ai fini di un «informed peer review» 1 : classifiche, si dice, «ottenute per via non bibliometrica» 2 , senza tuttavia chiarire i criteri in base ai quali sono state invece prodotte. E, come in un sistema emanativo in cui ogni copia è un po' meno perfetta della precedente, già molti Atenei seguono a ruota: prendono l'Anvur a modello, mettono su un po' di GEV locali e si attrezzano per fare le loro classifiche per dipartimenti e simili. Ora, tutta questa degradazione (in senso plotiniano -ma per i non filosofi: un po' come nelle tv locali si trovano ripetuti i format internazionali con mezzi sempre più esigui e risultati sempre più scadenti) è «un risultato reso possibile dalla collaborazione con le Consulte e le Società di ogni SSD» 3 .

The Internet of Things vision has recently emerged as a result of a proliferation of a large number of networked consumer electronic devices. There is a growing need to autonomously monitor power consumption of these devices. We present a self-organizing distributed algorithm for the dynamic approximation of power consumption in networked consumer electronic devices.

Agri-environmental measures play an important role in Italian rural areas, as shown by the financial commitment to the Rural Development programmes. However, in contrast with other European Union (EU) countries, policy-makers still have limited experience on how farmers approach environmental incentive schemes. This paper casts new light on this issue from a northern Italian perspective. The rationale of the farmers' decision-making process is explored using two multinomial models. The first explains the probability of non-participation or participation in one of three specific agri-environmental measures. The model outcomes show that labour-intensive farming types and high dependency of household income on farming activity constrain farmers' participation, whereas previous experience, easy-to-implement environmentally friendly farm practices and adequate compensation of extra costs encourage participation. The second model explores the effect of farmers' attitudes and beliefs on their predispositions towards participation in any of the schemes. The results highlight that, besides income factors, the farm's future in the business, and the relationship with neighbouring farmers and their opinions on environmentally friendly practices all have significant effects on adoption of agri-environmental measures. The paper

During the last years some researchers have studied the topic of critical success factors in ERP implementations, out of which 'training' is cited as one of the most ones. Up to this moment, there is not enough research on the management and operationalization of critical success factors within ERP implementation projects. This technical research report proposes a framework for monitoring and evaluating training in ERP implementation projects. In order to develop a set of metrics for such monitoring and evaluating tasks, we have used the Goals/Questions/Metrics (GQM) approach. The GQM approach is a mechanism for defining and interpreting operational, measurable goals. Because of its intuitive nature the approach has gained widespread appeal. As a result, we propose a GQM preliminary plan with different metrics to monitor, control and evaluate training while implementing an ERP system. We also propose a three dimensional framework to interpret the metrics defined.

This paper highlights the importance of evaluating testimonies, and provides practical recommendations to support practitioners in developing the evaluation process. It includes step-by-step guidelines and a summary of the main challenges. It also presents three potential scenarios of prevention of radicalisation where testimonies
could be used: online, in schools and in prisons. Finally, experiences from both prevention and adjacent fields are analysed, in terms of their objectives, structures and application. All this material could prove a valuable source of inspiration for future initiatives.

Background: After many years of general neglect, interest has grown and efforts came under way for the mapping, control, surveillance, and eventual elimination of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Disease risk estimates are a key feature to target control interventions, and serve as a benchmark for monitoring and evaluation. What is currently missing is a georeferenced global database for NTDs providing open-access to the available survey data that is constantly updated and can be utilized by researchers and disease control managers to support other relevant stakeholders. We describe the steps taken toward the development of such a database that can be employed for spatial disease risk modeling and control of NTDs.

This study of ZOA activities in Lainya County, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan, describes the critical elements for success or failure of mutual reinforcement.

The study has the following research objectives:

o To assess to what extent the interventions in the field of livelihood reinforced the WASH and education
interventions in the communities and vice versa;
o To provide case studies with examples of successful and non-successful reinforcement of activities in
the field of education, health and livelihoods;
o To compare between various programme activities implemented in villages where DCR member,
ZOA, intervenes. To assess to what extent experience in programme design and implementation of specific programme activities was used whilst implementing new or other activities. This will help to identify critical elements of mutual reinforcement of activities across clusters.

Following its objectives, the main questions this study seeks to answer are:
1. To what extent have the interventions in the field of livelihood reinforced the education and WASH
interventions in the communities, and vice versa?
2. What are examples of successful and non-successful reinforcement of activities in the field of
livelihoods, WASH and education?
3. What have been critical elements of mutual reinforcement with regard to livelihoods and educational
activities?

As the world prepares for 'Rio plus 20,' questions are being asked regarding the role and impact of education in the attainment of a more sustainable future. Chapter 36 of Agenda 21, a key contribution of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, consolidated arguments that education is critical to the achievement of sustainable development. It called for action to improve learning opportunities across the globe which challenge unsustainable practices and promote a better quality of life for all.

The purpose of this evaluation is to help potential donors to take the decision whether or not to help to fund the "Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in particular vulnerable communities in North East Sri Lanka: Mulliyaweli East and Hijirapuram" project by the International Centre for Disaster Management (ICDM). It also guides the donor in potential modifications that are required to make the project more context specific.

The shortage of health workers in the areas where they are most needed is a significant problem for health systems. Over the past decade, countries have introduced strategies to address the unequal distribution of health workers in rural and remote areas. Evidence to date on the effectiveness of these interventions is only moderate at best (WHO, 2014). Discrete Choice Experiments (DCE) presents an effective way for evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies (Rockers et al., 2012).
The study used Discrete Choice Experiments method (DCE); a quantitative technique for eliciting individual’s preferences. This technique helps to uncover how individuals’ value particular attributes of an alternative by asking them to state their preferred choice over hypothetical alternatives. The methodology represents an integration of several theoretical areas, mainly the random utility framework. They are also consistent with Lancaster’s characteristics theory of demand which argues that consumers have preferences for and derive utility from attributes, rather than goods per se. Using a DCE, this study sought to estimate the relative importance of different job attributes for health worker’s in Chibombo. Chongwe, and Lusaka districts preference to work in rural areas, the trade-off among these job attributes, and the total satisfaction or benefits respondents derive from working in rural areas.
A total of 355 self-administered questionnaires were distributed, of which 353 were returned (response rate 99%). The study found that respondents prefer salary increment, training/career development, support from the manager, housing and quality of facility as part of their incentive package. In particular, Salary increases the preference of working in the rural areas by 3.5, providing training by 0.43, support from the manager by 0.46, providing housing by 0.57 and the quality of facility by 0.54. Further, Respondents were give up 20% of their salary given housing was provided, 15% of their salary for a more improved quality of the facility and 10% of their salary for supportive management. Assuming that we want to improve preference to work in rural areas, an incentive package that includes provision of training, supportive management, increased salary, provision of housing and improved quality of facilities gives the highest benefit score of 2.89 with an associated cost increase of 82 percent.

In education, assessment is a process of collecting data about students. It helps to identify learners' needs, capacity, knowledge, etc. The assessment process is a little bit complicated, and teachers face some problems. The world is changing, developing day by day, assessment either. It means that teacher should improve their skills. If there is a need, they should change their methods and approaches. Teachers should be open to newness. Monitoring is very important and effective in this process, the results of that help to monitor the development of learners. And teachers can also identify students with special needs. Using assessment and monitoring together leads to quality, and it is the main goal in education. But these are not enough, teachers and students should use technology during lessons, and these lessons should be student-centered and fun.

The article is an empirical effort to research and analyse the dialectical relationship between public sector
monitoring and evaluation relations, structures and processes with corruption and accountability. The case study is the
Gauteng Department of Health that has been the subject of this research for the last two years as a part of a wider
health-related project.
Following a brief exposition of the concept of monitoring and evaluation that has been covered extensively in
international and national literature, its relationship with accountability is explored. The existing legislative national and
provincial legislature as well as the existing state rules and regulations are presented before the description of the
project’s research methods and design. This is a research project utilising a qualitative–based research design and
framework consisting of thorough content analysis of primary and secondary sources including government official
documents, newspaper articles and face-to-face interviews with a wide range of carefully selected public administrators,
political figures and representatives of the public sector. The paper presents an analysis of corruption trends within the
department as identified in the latest Auditor General’s report, a corruption–ridden case and the wide-ranging responses
of the interviewees. The latest evidence–based Corruption Index follows.

Organizations in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector have acknowledged challenges in how they learn from Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) and integrate lessons into current and future programming. Furthermore, traditional M&E, whether during or after a program, rarely leads to organizations resolving issues identified.

The process of Monitoring, Evaluation, Resolution, and Learning (MERL) can contribute to improving past and future programs by examining and acting on factors of program success or failure. Through MERL, problems identified during monitoring or evaluation can be resolved and lessons incorporated into ongoing practices for improved development practice. This technical note presents an overview of MERL and highlights examples of “resolution” of problems in the WASH sector.

This research primarily aims to develop a method in which road distress can be identified at early stage so that it could be maintained and fixed early thus avoiding critical damage. The primary source of data for the project was obtained by field survey with the use of vehicle and a handheld GPS to obtain the coordinates of each distress and a digital camera was used to take the pictures of the distress. The secondary sources of data include the Google Earth Imagery and the Remote sensing data. The approach adopted in this work involves obtaining the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the photographs of each distress noticed on the road, and then attaching the photographs to the classified map. The study was conducted in Yewa South Local Government in Ogun State in Nigeria which cover an area of 656,54 sqkm with population of 168,850 at the 2006 census. The study area has a total road length of 893.017 km. Assessment of road infrastructure using remote sensing and ArcGIS Geodataba...

Risk and opportunity are present in the lives of people and organizations of all types and sizes, exposed to the influences and factors, internal and external, that interfere with the possibility and when both are trying to reach an objective.

The way organizations manage risks and opportunities varies according to their culture, processes, structure and strategies. However, based on the environment where they are working on and the established criteria for assessing the importance of risks and opportunities, they identify, analyze, evaluate, process, monitor and control risks and opportunities, thereby establishing a self-management process.

Odebrecht also has a risk and opportunity management process at work within the corporate and contracts level, in which there is a culture reasonably implemented for the stages of proposal preparation and contract terms negotiation. The final product of the process above is in general a risk matrix from which teams define insurances to be contracted and their coverage, the general contingency level (negative contingencies less positive contingencies) to be included in the offer, as well as the directives to be used during the contract negotiation stage.
However, the same cannot be said about the risk management process during implementation and progress of the project. Few are the contracts that identify new risks and opportunities or re-evaluate the earlier ones after contracting, by monitoring and controlling them, which certainly could minimize the occurrence of surprises, problems and crisis management and possibly improve the leverage on opportunities, increasing the likelihood of project success.

The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to be applied for monitoring and control of risks and opportunities during the implementation of the projects, consistent with the Odebrecht culture, and with good risk and opportunities management practices.

It is necessary to assess whether the management of protected areas is achieving the objectives set for them. In particular, changes and trends in wildlife populations should be documented. We compared the 1990 abundance of mammals in two Costa Rican protected areas, Corcovado National Park (CNP) and Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve (GDFR), with similar environmental characteristics but different hunting restrictions and levels of protection. We also monitored the abundance of mammals in CNP over a 4-year period. We also devised an inexpensive method of monitoring tropical rainforest mammal populations in a timely and efficient manner. The method is based on the use of mammal track records and arboreal mammal sightings and requires little effort. With this method 20 mammal species were recorded at CNP and 15 at GDFR. Species were consistently less abundant in GDFR than in CNP, principally those species preferred by hunters. Species were grouped according to whether or not they are used as food and whether they are locally or globally threatened or not threatened. The abundance of all these groups of species in GDFR was 6–28% the abundance in CNP. During 1990–1994, overall mammal abundance in CNP remained relatively stable, but there was considerable variability among species. As a group, both species used for food and globally threatened species declined in abundance during that period in CNP. The abundance of all groups of species declined from 1992 to 1994, coinciding with a reduction in hunting vigilance at CNP. Evidence suggests that the main factor differentiating the abundance of mammals in the two protected areas, and at CNP during the study period, was the level of hunting. Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve seems to be achieving only partial success in protecting wildlife, whereas Corcovado National Park seems to be considerably more effective, although not entirely successful. Monitoreo de Poblaciones de Mamíferos en Áreas Protegidas de Costa Rica con Diferentes Restricciones de Cacería Resumen: Es necesario evaluar si el manejo de áreas protegidas está cumpliendo con sus objetivos estableci-dos. En particular, se deben documentar los cambios y tendencias de las poblaciones de vida silvestre. En este estudio comparamos la abundancia de los mamíferos durante 1990 en dos áreas protegidas de Costa Rica con características ambientales semejantes, pero con diferentes restricciones en cuanto a la cacería y difer-entes niveles de protección: el Parque Nacional Corcovado (PNC) y la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce (RFGD). También comparamos la abundancia de los mamíferos en el PNC durante un periodo de cuatro años (1990-1994). Además desarrollamos un método barato, basado en el registro de huellas de mamíferos y en avista-mientos de mamíferos arborícolas. Este método requiere de poco esfuerzo y se puede usar para dar seguimiento a las poblaciones de mamíferos selváticos de manera rápida y eficiente. Con este método registramos la abun-dancia de 20 especies en el PNC y de 15 en la RFGD. Todas las especies fueron consistentemente menos abundan-tes en la RFGD que en el PNC, principalmente aquéllas preferidas por los cazadores. Agrupamos las especies según su uso o no como alimento y según si se consideran amenazadas o no, a nivel local o mundial. La