Open Source Software

The development of Internet technology give a chance for application in all kind of humans activity include education specially for higher education in university in order to increase education quality. In this paper we will discuss about the importance of the elements which must be fulfilled when we build the online academic application with web technology which will help teaching process in university. Also we will discuss to implement open source software as foundation in order to deploy the information system with low cost without losing the performance. In the future assembling internet technology on education and training will be need in order to enhancement and distribution education quality, specially in Indonesia where has many islands separate with sea and mountain. Students and faculty will enjoy access to multiple resources from one location, delivering search results with a range of content including encyclopedia articles, multimedia, related Web sites, magazines, and much more. Enables schools to implement an online academic program. It equips schools to host online courses, conduct live and blog-style communication between faculty and students, track grades, automate test scoring, store course materials, and much more.

In order to assist researchers explore the full potential of distributed recycling of post-consumer polymer waste, this article describes a recyclebot, which is a waste plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3-D printing filament. The device design takes advantage of both the open source hardware methodology and the paradigm developed by the open source self-replicating rapid prototyper (RepRap) 3-D printer community. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a RepRapable Recyclebot, which refers to the Recyclebot's ability to provide the filament needed to largely replicate the parts for the Recyclebot on any type of RepRap 3-D printer. The device costs less than $700 in mate rials and can be fabricated in about 24 h. Filament is produced at 0.4 kg/h using 0.24 kWh/kg with a diameter ±4.6%. Thus, filament can be manufactured from commercial pellets for <22% of commercial filament costs. In addition, it can fabricate recycled waste plastic into filament for 2.5 cents/kg, which is <1000X commercial filament costs. The system can fabricate filament from polymers with extrusion temperatures <250 °C and is thus capable of manufacturing custom filament over a wide range of thermopolymers and composites for material science studies of new materials and recyclability studies, as well as research on novel applications of fused filament based 3-D printing.

Dear Reader,

Let's get the introductions out of the way.I am not a recruiter. I am a software engineer. And as such, I know what it's like to be asked to whip up brilliant algorithms on the spot and then write flawless code on a whiteboard. I know because I've been asked to do the same thing-in interviews at Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Amazon, among other companies.

I also know because I've been on the other side of the table, asking candidates to do this. I've combed through stacks of resumes to find the engineers who I thought might be able to actually pass these interviews.
I've evaluated them as they solved-or tried to solve-challenging questions. And I've debated in Google's Hiring Committee whether a candidate did well enough to merit an offer. I understand the full
hiring circle because I've been through it all, repeatedly. And you, reader, are probably preparing for an interview, perhaps tomorrow, next week, or next year. I am here to help you solidify your understanding of computer science fundamentals and then learn how to apply those fundamentals to crack the coding interview.

The 6th edition of Cracking the Coding Interview updates the 5th edition with 70% more content: additional questions, revised solutions, new chapter introductions, more algorithm strategies, hints for all problems,
and other content. Be sure to check out our website, CrackingTheCodinglnterview.com, to connect with other candidates and discover new resources. I'm excited for you and for the skills you are going to develop. Thorough preparation will give you a wide range of technical and communication skills. It will be well worth it, no matter where the effort takes you!

I encourage you to read these introductory chapters carefully. They contain important insight that just might make the difference between a "hire" and a "no hire:' And remember-interviews are hard! In my years of interviewing at Google, I saw some interviewers ask "easy" questions while others ask harder questions. But you know what? Getting the easy questions doesn't make it any easier to get the offer. Receiving an offer is not about solving questions flawlessly (very few candidates do!). Rather, it is about answering questions better than other candidates. So don't stress out when you get a tricky question-everyone else probably thought it was hard too. It's okay to not be flawless. Study hard, practice- and good luck!

Gayle L. McDowell
Founder/CEO, CareerCup.com
Author of Cracking the PM Interview and Cracking the Tech Career

This research seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of internal control system in the private sector.
Internal control is one of the vital tools used to control finances, safe guide assets and to checkmate incident of fraud, irregularities in every organization.
Internal control can be liken to a network of pillars that holds a skyscraper without which the skyscraper will collapse like a park of card.
It is in the light of foregoing that the researcher put up a study of its effectiveness in private companies using Nugget Hotel Limited, Abuja as a case study.
The study was carried out through personal interviews, questionnaire and tabular analysis of findings. It became obvious that internal control system is not so effective in most private companies. hence useful recommendation were proffered which if utilized by the private company in this category will make internal control effective and guarantee the survival and profitability of private companies.

The importance of understanding the quality of data used in any GIS operation should not be underestimated. Metadata (data about data) traditionally provides a description of this quality information, but it is frequently deemed as complex to create and maintain. Additionally, it is generally stored separately from the data leading to issues with updates to the data not being reflected in the metadata and to users not being aware that metadata exists. These issues have gained increasing importance as more and more non-specialists access GIS software and data – driven by Free Open Source Software (FOSS) and Open Data, particularly in an academic context. This paper describes an approach to address these two issues – tightly coupling data and metadata and automating many elements of standardsbased metadata creation. The tools have been developed using the FOSS packages Quantum GIS and PostGIS.

The paper presents a solution for integrating many aspects of human resource management, with extensible customization possibility (language, interface), to meets specific needs of various organizations, both regarding the organization as a whole, but also in terms of different categories of users that can use the platform. It also provides an overview and perspective on using Open Source Software in human resource management.

A substantial number of enterprises and independent software vendors are adopting a strategy in which software-intensive systems are developed with an open architecture (OA) that may contain open source software (OSS) components or components with open APIs. The emerging challenge is to realize the benefits of openness when components are subject to different copyright or property licenses. In this position paper, we identify key properties of OSS licenses, present a license analysis scheme, and discuss our approach for automatically analyzing license interactions.

—A study is presented that examines the distribution and the usage of some unsafe functions that are known to cause security vulnerabilities in 15 software systems, written in C/C++. The systems are commonly used for mobile computing, and they comprise almost six million lines of code. A tool that uses a static analysis approach is applied to each system, and the number of calls to unsafe functions is determined and tabulated. The results show that vulnerable functions such as strcmp, strlen, and memcpy represent the vast majority of used unsafe functions that are banned by many companies (e.g., Microsoft) in the studied systems. This fact can help software trainers better design and plan training courses and materials on secure coding practices for software developers. Additionally, findings can help software engineers to conduct more effective refactoring processes that help to clean software systems from vulnerable code, and focus primarily on the removal of vulnerable code with higher usage for better outcomes. The historical data for a number of systems, subset, is presented over a five-year period. The data shows that few of the systems examined are increasing the number of unsafe function calls over time. This is somewhat contradictory to the literature, which claims that the use of vulnerable functions is decreasing in software systems. This fact demands that more attention and effort from software engineering and mobile computing communities be put towards addressing this phenomenon.

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are usually self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from distributed volunteers. These communities’ survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this paper, our goal was to evaluate how the newcomers’ perceived efficacy is influenced by the use of an environment that organizes the project information for developers who want to place their first contribution to an OSS project. To accomplish this goal, we created FLOSScoach, a portal aiming to support newcomers to OSS projects, which was implemented based on a model of barriers proposed in previous research. Then, we conducted a study, in which 46 students, split in case and control group, were asked to contribute to an OSS project. We assessed the newcomers’ self-efficacy by conducting a questionnaire before and after the assignment. We found that presenting the information according to the model of barriers had a positive influence on newcomers’ self-efficacy, empowered the newcomers, making them more confident and comfortable during the contribution process. However, there is also some indication that FLOSScoach did not lower the technical barriers.

Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47% of original effect sizes were in the 95% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteris...

The open source model of software development has received substantial attention in the industry and popular media; nevertheless, critics frequently contend that open source softwares are inferior in quality compared to closed source softwares because of lack of incentives and project management, while proponents argue the opposite. This paper examines this quality debate by modeling and analyzing software quality, demand, profitability, and welfare under open and closed source environments in monopoly and competitive markets. The results show no dominant quality advantage of one method over another under all circumstances. Both open source and closed source qualities decrease in a competitive market. Conditions under which each method can generate higher quality software are examined.

Although the use of open-source software (OSS) is a reality for information-technology companies, there has been little academic research on the factors impacting the process by which OSS is adopted, the way OSS is adopted, and the business models as employed. The TOE (Technology, Organization and Environment) framework has been used to study the influence of technological, organizational, and environmental factors considered by companies when adopting OSS. In this work, we collected data through online surveys answered by workers in IT companies in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The proposed model for determining the impact of each factor on the adoption of OSS and on the business model practiced by IT companies was evaluated by using structural equations. The results show that three groups of factors impact the way of OSS adoption. Organizational and technological factors are the most relevant, whereas for business models only environmental factors are relevant. The most relev...

Open source software (OSS) is a good example of global software development. Numerous OSS projects depend on contributions from volunteers from all over the world. For OSS projects, keeping a good influx of new developers is critical. In this paper, we present a developer joining model that represents the stages that are common to and the forces that are influential to newcomers being drawn or pushed away from a project. We claim that, studying these aspects, especially the hindering factors, can lead to new challenges and research opportunities around awareness, coordination practices, socialization, knowledge management, and possibly others.

For the last decade or so, the biggest category of the IT investment has unarguably been Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). Most of the bigger corporations in the developed countries have implemented ERP systems with an aim to achieving competitive edge in their respective business areas. Now that the top end of the ERP market has been saturated, the main interest has moved to non-commercial sectors such as universities and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These organisations have not been able to benefit directly from the ERP revolution because an ERP implementation requires huge resources and entails high risks.

Underwater photogrammetry is a difficult task by definition. When time limits are imposed on both acquisition and processing time, it becomes even more complicated. In addition when resources are limited and the main deliverable should be a complete 3D model, only a novel method may match the requirements. Under the aforementioned conditions, a new method using a combination of photogrammetry and computer vision techniques was utilised using open source software to face demands.

For wider availability of spatial data it is necessary to establish spatial data infrastructure. Recently there was an increase of open source software usage in GIS, especially in web GIS. The reason for that was not only a lower financial cost, but also disadvantages of commercial software, such as high complexity, delays in standards implementation and proprietary file formats. This paper examines the extent to which open source software can support spatial data infrastructure in compliance with the INSPIRE directive. For this purpose an interactive online map of Bosnia and Herzegovina was created, using a basic set of data. Only open source software (OSGeoLive, PostgreSQL, GeoServer and OpenLayers) was used for map development. This paper shows that it is possible to develop a national geoportal that implements INSPIRE scenario 1, with a very low financial investment.

In this paper we propose a general purpose hardware/software environment for hard real time simulation of dynamical systems in the context of control engineering. With this system, realistic analysis and tests can be carried out for controller algorithms characterized by time determinism with strict restrictions, multiple inputs and multiple outputs and based on robust control theory. A hard real time

An empirical study that examines the usage of known vulnerable statements in software systems developed in C/C++ and used for IoT is presented. The study is conducted on 18 open source systems comprised of millions of lines of code and containing thousands of files. Static analysis methods are applied to each system to determine the number of unsafe commands (e.g., strcpy, strcmp, and strlen) that are well-known among research communities to cause potential risks and security concerns, thereby decreasing a system's robustness and quality. These unsafe statements are banned by many companies (e.g., Microsoft). The use of these commands should be avoided from the start when writing code and should be removed from legacy code over time as recommended by new C/C++ language standards. Each system is analyzed and the distribution of the known unsafe commands is presented. Historical trends in the usage of the unsafe commands of 7 of the systems are presented to show how the studied systems evolved over time with respect to the vulnerable code. The results show that the most prevalent unsafe command used for most systems is memcpy, followed by strlen. These results can be used to help train software developers on secure coding practices so that they can write higher quality software systems.

Objective: To explore approaches for integrating and visualizing time-oriented medication data in narrative and structured formats and to address related issues on handling temporal abstraction, granularity, and uncertainty. The ultimate goal is to improve medication reconciliation by providing clinicians with more accurate medication information in patient care. Methods: An event taxonomy was generated to capture different combinations of clinical and temporal uncertainties. A prototype of a temporal visualization system was implemented using an open source software package called Timeline. Medications were parsed and mapped to the event taxonomy, and then represented in Timelines. Seventy-five medications from narrative discharge summary reports and seventy-nine medications from structured orders were used as data input for temporal visualization. Five physicians served as domain experts and answered ten proof-of-concept survey questions. Results: Overall positive feedback from experts suggested the potential value of the proposed timeline visualization method. Challenges were also identified, and future work will include reconciliation of medications from various sources based on temporal attributes and medication classification.

The evolution of information technology over the last decade has brought opportunities to improvements in the state of art of medical services. One scenario is that a patient's digital health record can easily be shared among hospitals and medical centers via internet, enabling the examination performed in one location while clinical diagnosis be done by physicians in another. In this paper, we propose a Medicare-Grid-a novel grid-based E-health system proposed to ease the process of retrieving and exchanging personal health data among hospitals and medical centers. Grid and peer-to-peer technologies have been used to integrate computing and storage resources provided by hospitals, as also to develop an Electronic Health Record (EHR) center to store and share EHRs among these locations. We have also developed a system prototype using ultimate hardware resources and open source software systems to simulate a real scenario as described above. We demonstrate that the idea proposed in the project is feasible, possible to be implemented and applicable to real world.

This paper outlines the theoretical framework and experimental validation of a fully Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical model, ThermalEngine, as part of the open source DEM software Yade. ThermalEngine is constructed on top of Yade's existing thoroughly validated and well optimized Pore Finite Volume (PFV) scheme, which enables a highly efficient upwind forward finite difference advection scheme that reuses existing pore scale mass-fluxes to conserve pore energy. Conductive heat transfer within phases and between phases is solved explicitly in time by conserving energy and modeling heat fluxes with classic heat transfer models. In addition to advection and conduction, the thermo-mechanical component of ThermalEngine incorporates the thermal expansion or contraction of particles and pore fluids by estimating pore volume changes and adding them to the existing PFV mass balance. In addition to the theoretical framework, the experimental and numerical validation of the coupled THM ThermalEngine model is presented by heating a cylindrical rock specimen and observing interior cavity fluid pressure changes. Cavity fluid pressure changes follow experimental data closely; as rock temperature increases the cavity fluid expands resulting in an increased cavity pressure until pressure gradients direct fluid out of cavity allowing fluid pressure to stabilize back to initial conditions. It is clear that the foundational, easily modifiable, and open sourced THM-DEM framework presented within is applicable to a wide range of disciplines including geomechanics and powder technologies.

Monitoring software quality in a development project is an important task required of project management, especially for large-scale projects. Our primary interest is evaluating quality of a system&#39;s structure and implications of the structure for project management, maintenance, and testing. Without the help of source code analysis tools it is difficult to understand a large project, evaluate its quality, and track progress effectively. In this paper we discuss application of tools developed for this purpose to the open- source Mozilla project.

One of the main challenges faced by today's developers is keeping up with the staggering amount of source code that needs to be read and understood. In order to help developers with this problem and reduce the costs associated with it, one solution is to use simple textual descriptions of source code entities that developers can grasp easily, while capturing the code semantics precisely. We propose an approach to automatically determine such descriptions, based on automated text summarization technology.

Finite element (FE) analysis is a valuable tool in musculoskeletal research. The demands associated with mesh development, however, often prove daunting. In an effort to facilitate anatomic FE model development we have developed an open source software toolkit (IA-FEMesh). IA-FEMesh employs a multiblock meshing scheme aimed at hexahedral mesh generation. An emphasis has been placed on making the tools interactive, in an effort to create a user friendly environment. The goal is to provide an efficient and reliable method for model development, visualization, and mesh quality evaluation. While these tools have been developed, initially, in the context of skeletal structures they can be applied to countless applications.

IGN Spain, as the body responsible for the coordination of the Spanish SDI, opened in 2004 the IDEE geoportal, a standard application enabling to access nine different types of OGC services. IGN France opened the viewer part of the geoportail. fr in June 2006. At the ...

In programming it is often necessary to split a string into pieces for processing.  Often a long numeric value is entered and it may be necessary to separate each digit or the decimal portion from the whole portion for processing.  Using the Java split method it is possible to split a string value into it's individual components.  This is a demonstration of the Java .split method.

This booklet presents Industrial Open Source, industry proven and standardized patterns for how to manage an Open Source transformation. Use it as a guide for an Open Source journey. In particular you will learn:
• How to create more business – through new and alternative revenue
streams.
• Why contribution is vital – to secure that value is added to your products
• Why compliance is a necessity – as your ticket to participate.

Object-oriented metrics have been validated empirically as measures of design complexity. These metrics can be used to mitigate potential problems in the software complexity. However, there are few studies that were conducted to formulate the guidelines, represented as threshold values, to interpret the complexity of the software design using metrics. Classes can be clustered into low and high risk levels using threshold values. In this paper, we use a statistical model, derived from the logistic regression, to identify threshold values for the Chidamber and Kemerer (CK) metrics. The methodology is validated empirically on a large open-source system-the Eclipse project. The empirical results indicate that the CK metrics have threshold effects at various risk levels. We have validated the use of these thresholds on the next release of the Eclipse project-Version 2.1-using decision trees. In addition, the selected threshold values were more accurate than those were selected based on either intuitive perspectives or on data distribution parameters. Furthermore, the proposed model can be exploited to find the risk level for an arbitrary threshold value. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between risk levels and object-oriented metrics and that risk levels can be used to identify threshold effects.

The grouping of correlated classes into a package helps in better organization of modern object-oriented software. The quality of such packages needs to be measured so as to estimate their utilization. In this paper, new package coupling metrics are proposed, which also take into consideration the hierarchical structure of packages and direction of connections among package elements. The proposed measures have been validated theoretically as well as empirically using 18 packages taken from two open source software systems. The results obtained from this study show strong correlation between package coupling and understandability of the package which suggests that proposed metrics could be further used to represent other external software quality factors.

In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a webbased tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.

A nyílt forráskódú szoftverfejlesztés kialakulása az 1990-es évek egyik legfontosabb fejleménye volt az információtechnológiai (IT) szektorban, melynek hatásai mára jóval túlmutatnak az infokommunikációs technológiák szegmensén. Az egyenrangú, sok eset-ben nem-professzionális felek önszervező közössége által megvalósított termelés (peer production) egyik legékesebb példája a mai napig a Linux operációs rendszerek fejlesz-tése. Smajda (2011) szerint a nyílt forráskód (a felhasználók számára szabadon alakítható és felhasználható szoftver, mely többnyire szabadon terjeszthető) az egyenlő felek kö-zötti együttműködés elképzelése mára a társas élet számos egyéb területére kiterjedt a hadviseléstől a várostervezésen át a gyógyászatig. Az ideológiai alapok, etikai keretek a mai napig komolyan befolyásolják a nyílt forráskódú fejlesztések irányát. Ahogyan arra többek mellett Stewart és Gosain (2006) is rámutatott, az ideológia, a bizalom, illetve a kommunikáció kulcsfontosságú tényező ezen projektek sikeressége szempontjából. Jelen írásban arra vállalkozom, hogy áttekintsem azon ideológiai és etikai alapokat, melyek egyaránt befolyásolták a tágabb IT-szektor, illetve a szabad és nyílt forráskódú szoftverfejlesztés kialakulását és működését. A jelenlegi cikkben egy sajátos példán, az Ubuntu Linuxon keresztül azt is szemléltetni kívánom, hogy milyen változások történ-tek, illetve történnek a nyílt forráskódú szoftverfejlesztés terén. Az infokommunikációs technológiák társadalmi beágyazottságának, használatának megváltozása ugyanis mára a korábban elsősorban a szakértő felhasználók szűk köre számára készített alkalmazások, rendszerek terén is érezteti hatását. Az Ubuntu által képviselt üzleti szemlélet pedig sok esetben feszültségforrássá válik, mivel a közösség érdekeivel, valamint a hackerkultúra ideológiai örökségével helyezkedik szembe. Az alábbiakban elsőként a hackerkultúra bemutatásával, illetve a Himanen (2001) és Castells (2002) által hackeretikának nevezett érték-és normarendszer leírásával fog-lalkozom, melyek a mai napig meghatározzák a nyílt forráskódú fejlesztés, illetve a fej-lesztő és felhasználó közösségek ideológiai hátterét. Mint látható lesz, a hackerkultúra fogalma mind Himanen, mind Castells esetében összemosódik a szabad és nyílt forrás-kódú fejlesztői közösségekkel.

Dynamically changing background ("dynamic background") still presents a great challenge to many motion-based video surveillance systems. In the context of event detection, it is a major source of false alarms. There is a strong need from the security industry either to detect and suppress these false alarms, or dampen the effects of background changes, so as to increase the sensitivity to meaningful events of interest. In this paper, we restrict our focus to one of the most common causes of dynamic background changes: that of swaying tree branches and their shadows under windy conditions. Considering the ultimate goal in a video analytics pipeline, we formulate a new dynamic background detection problem as a signal processing alternative to the previously described but unreliable computer vision-based approaches. Within this new framework, we directly reduce the number of false alarms by testing if the detected events are due to characteristic background motions. In addition, we introduce a new dataset suitable for the evaluation of dynamic background detection. It consists of real-world events detected by a commercial surveillance system from two static surveillance cameras. The research question we address is whether dynamic background can be detected reliably and efficiently using simple motion features and in the presence of similar but meaningful events such as loitering. Inspired by the tree aerodynamics theory, we propose a novel method named local variation persistence (LVP), that captures the key characteristics of swaying motions. The method is posed as a convex optimization problem whose variable is the local variation. We derive a computationally efficient algorithm for solving the optimization problem, the solution of which is then used to form a powerful detection statistic. On our newly collected dataset, we demonstrate that the proposed LVP achieves excellent detection results and outperforms the best alternative adapted from existing art in the dynamic background literature.

Cloud computing systems fundamentally provide access to large pools of data and computational resources through a variety of interfaces similar in spirit to existing grid and HPC resource management and programming systems. These types of systems offer a new programming target for scalable application developers and have gained popularity over the past few years. However, most cloud computing systems in operation today are proprietary, rely upon infrastructure that is invisible to the research community, or are not explicitly designed to be instrumented and modified by systems researchers.

'Open Source' is a 20 Á/40 year old approach to licensing and distributing software that has recently burst into public view. Against conventional wisdom this approach has been wildly successful in the general software market */probably because the openness lets programmers the world over obtain, critique, use, and build upon the source code without licensing fees. Linux, a UNIX-like operating system, is the best known success. But computer scientists at the University of California, Berkeley began the tradition of software sharing in the mid 1970s with BSD UNIX and distributed the major internet network protocols as source code without a fee. Medical informatics has its own history of Open Source distribution: Massachusetts General's COSTAR and the Veterans Administration's VISTA software have been distributed as source code at no cost for decades. Bioinformatics, our sister field, has embraced the Open Source movement and developed rich libraries of open-source software. Open Source has now gained a tiny foothold in health care (OSCAR GEHR, OpenEMed). Medical informatics researchers and funding agencies should support and nurture this movement. In a world where open-source modules were integrated into operational health care systems, informatics researchers would have real world niches into which they could engraft and test their software inventions. This could produce a burst of innovation that would help solve the many problems of the health care system. We at the Regenstrief Institute are doing our part by moving all of our development to the open-source model.

A number of computational measures for determining semantic similarity between pairs of biomedical concepts have been developed using various standards and programming platforms. In this paper, we introduce two new open-source frameworks based on the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). These frameworks consist of the UMLS-Similarity and UMLS-Interface packages. UMLS-Interface provides path information about UMLS concepts. UMLS-Similarity calculates the semantic similarity between UMLS concepts using several previously developed measures and can be extended to include new measures. We validate the functionality of these frameworks by reproducing the results from previous work. Our frameworks constitute a significant contribution to the field of biomedical Natural Language Processing by providing a common development and testing platform for semantic similarity measures based on the UMLS.

Numerous empirical studies analyse evolving open source software (OSS) projects, and try to estimate the activity and effort in these projects. Most of these studies, however, only focus on a limited set of artefacts, being source code and defect data. In our research, we extend the analysis by also taking into account mailing list information. The main goal of this article is to find evidence for the Pareto principle in this context, by studying how the activity of developers and users involved in OSS projects is distributed: it appears that most of the activity is carried out by a small group of people. Following the GQM paradigm, we provide evidence for this principle. We selected a range of metrics used in economy to measure inequality in distribution of wealth, and adapted these metrics to assess how OSS project activity is distributed. Regardless of whether we analyse version repositories, bug trackers, or mailing lists, and for all three projects we studied, it turns out that the distribution of activity is highly imbalanced.