Open Innovation

Crowdsourcing has become a mega trend in recent years, fueling innovation and collaboration in research,
business, society, and government alike.

In this paper, we provide an overview of the theoretical contributions of crowdsourcing to improve democratic governance. We then examine the critical factors necessary for successful crowdsourcing in general (Sharma 2010) and discuss the inherent challenges and risks, particularly in fragile states. We then provide numerous examples from important crowdsourcing and interactive mapping phenomena and initiatives in Haiti, Libya, Sudan, and Guinea
among others. Most of these examples were taken from personal experience, and their accuracy was  checked with key actors. We return to analyzing these cases according to Sharma’s framework. Finally, we provide recommendations for donors.

Innovation is a driving force for the prosperity of organizations, regions and nations. However, innovating in today's context of rapid technological change poses challenges: the life cycle of products and services is becoming shorter and shorter while increasing technological integration leads to higher cost of investments in innovation and more uncertain return. Thus, many organizations understand the benefits of opening their innovation processes, seeking to innovate through collaboration with external agents, under the Open Innovation model. Dynamic capabilities are intangible assets that allow resource orchestration inside and outside the organization, which is needed for Open Innovation and adaptation of organizations to the contemporary complex environment. Open Innovation depends on Dynamic Capabilities, hence one needs to identify Dynamic Capabilities that are relevant to the process of Open Innovation with particular criteria and methodological rigor. Intellectual capital represents the intangible assets of an organization. An intellectual capital model, in this case, a consolidated model such as the Intellectus® model, offers a solid basis for the analysis of Dynamic Capabilities relative to Open Innovation. This qualitative research aimed to propose a conceptual framework for the identification and understanding of Dynamic Capabilities for Open Innovation. The type of Open Innovation, which is the scope of this work, is collaborative R&D involving monetary transaction with benefits for the partners involved. The type of innovation addressed by this research is technological innovation. This research has confirmed that Dynamic Capabilities play a central role in open innovation processes. It identifies, defines and represents forty Dynamic Capabilities for Open Innovation in a framework soundly based on consolidated theories: innovation (and Open Innovation); Dynamic Capabilities and their three classes according to Teece (2007); and intellectual capital. It presents and explains the interrelationship between the three theories. By linking Dynamic Capabilities and Open Innovation, it helps to fill a knowledge gap identified in the literature, and advance knowledge of Innovation, Dynamic Capabilities and Intellectual Capital. As a practical result, this research contributes to organizations in general and Innovation Systems with interest in participating in collaborative innovation processes, based both
on discussions in the dissertation, and the "Orchestrating Innovation" framework resulting from the research. The present work achieved its objectives: it identified relevant Dynamic Capabilities for Open Innovation; analyzed Dynamic Capabilities identified in the Intellectus® intellectual capital model; discussed the relationship between the concepts Dynamic Capabilities, Open Innovation and Intellectual Capital; confirmed the suitability of the elements identified in the research to the practical reality of Open Innovation; created the conceptual framework by identifying and understanding the relevant Dynamic Capabilities for Open Innovation. The framework called "Orchestrating Innovation" was used to establish the relationship between the research findings and the underlying theories into a conceptual framework.

There are many studies indicating the relation between innovation and competitiveness, and the importance of education for both. In addition, such issues are on the United Nations agenda for the millennium goals until 2030. There is little research seeking to establish relations between these three elements. The objective of this study was to investigate the education as a determining factor for a country's competitiveness and to understand its role in the context of the innovation generation. The research used structural equation modeling and data from 138 countries included in the Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum 2016/2017. The results showed that education is the predecessor of innovation and competitiveness and it comprehends basic education and technical training provided by companies. The study contributes mainly to develop and test education, innovation, and competitiveness through a unique integrated structural model.

Bu kitap; duygusal ve davranışsal bozukluklara sahip öğrenciler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen sınıf öğretmenleri, özel eğitim öğretmenleri ve alanda çalışan uzmanlar için hazırlanmış giriş niteliğinde bir uygulama kitabıdır. Her bir bozukluğun nedeni, tanımlanması, güncel araştırmalar ışığında verilmeye çalışılmış ve okul ortamındaki pratik uygulamalarla da anlatım zenginleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak belirli bir bozukluğun tüm yönlerine ilişkin temel yaklaşımla birlikte bilimsel olarak geliştirilmiş müdahele yöntemleri de verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu kitabın alanda yeni çalışmaya başlayan öğretmenler kadar güncel verilerle desteklenen tanı koyma ve müdahele stratejilrine önem vermesi nedeniyle alanda uzun süredir çalışmakta olan öğretmenlere ve uzmanlara da yararlı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

The teacher is the decisive factor in the quality of education, the crux of the reform and innovation in modern general education. In order to improve the quality of teaching and learning to adapt to the general education program conditions and objectives, it is necessary to "change" the view, the look and the method to achieve positive and appropriate results in teaching and learning of Fine Art Education. The harmonious combination of theory and practice is a necessary and sufficient condition to help students, lecturers, and art teachers stand firm with their career, so that they are proud and aware of their self-esteem and professional values.

L’open innovation se heurte indéniablement aujourd’hui à des problèmes d’éthique et de manque d’efficacité. Et si la blockchain représentait une voie à emprunter pour redonner liberté et pouvoir aux communautés d’individus désireuses de créer et d’innover ?

In recent years, the way corporates innovate has changed significantly. Going from 'behind closed doors' innovation to open innovation where collaboration with outsiders is encouraged, companies are in the pursuit of more effective ways to accelerate their innovation outcomes. As a result, many companies are investing to create more entrepreneurial environments, which not only empower employees to proactively propose and test new ideas, but also reach beyond company walls to involve many others in the co-creation of new solutions. In this paper, we outline the most notable benefits of hackathons from the perspective of large organizations, and present the benefits and a methodology for organizing hackathons, ie. competition-based events where participants work in small teams over a short period of time to ideate, design, rapidly prototype and test their ideas with a user-centric approach to solve a determined challenge. This paper also provides a brief insight into the CEMEX Hackathon, which was organized following the aforementioned methodology.

Open-Source-Projekte rücken zunehmend in den Blick der Forschung. So wurden in den letzten Jahren große Anstrengungen unternommen, die den Open-Source-Communities zugrunde liegenden Phänomene zu identifizieren, wie z.B. im EU-Projekt FLOSS. 1Auch die sozialwissenschaftliche Forschung nähert sich diesem Feld (z.B. Holtgrewe/Brand 2007; Taubert 2006). Mit den Arbeiten von v. Hippel (für einen Überblick siehe Hippel 2005) wird ein besonderer Augenmerk auf den Innovationsaspekt bei Open-Source-Projekten geworfen, die insbesondere mit dem Werk von Piller und Reichwald (Reichwald/Piller 2006) in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften rezipiert wurde. Das dabei thematisierte Konzept des „Open Innovation“ wird zum Teil von Entscheidern innerhalb des forschungs-politischen Feldes als mögliche Innovationsstrategie für Deutschland angesehen2.

Desde que el ser humano está en el mundo, la necesidad de dar respuesta a los problemas que van surgiendo, el deseo de mejorar el presente vivido, el anhelo del cambio y la transformación de la realidad conocida o, incluso, el deseo de vislumbrar  dificultades futuras han estado presentes.
Pero, no todo lo calificado como innovación ha sido, es, ni será realmente innovación, ni lo será en idéntica medida, alcance, ni profundidad. Hay innovación contemplada como tal por la ignorancia, en perspectiva, de los logros y avances en tiempos previos o espacios alejados. Hay innovación que surfea por la superficie de la mejora sin bucear en las profundidades del cambio (Carr, 2011)
El ocio, como fenómeno social, ha estado igualmente presente en el devenir del ser humano, convirtiéndose en reflejo de los cambios en curso, en cada tiempo y espacio. Pero, de igual manera, ha sido protagonista de algunas de las transformaciones vividas (San Salvador del Valle, 2006)
La narración y el análisis de los cambios en curso y su relación con la innovación y el ocio nos ocupan en las siguientes páginas.

After the earthquake and tsunami occurred in Chile on February 27th 2010, the Technical University Federico Santa Maria was asked to contribute with reconstruction proposals for the commercial infrastructure destroyed in the town “San Juan Bautista”. Located 600 km (~370 mi) away from the continent, this town is not just the home of several endemic species, but is also located next to a National Protected Area and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Within this context, the design problem consisted on the development of a component-based strategy and prefabrication requirements, and to reduce to the minimum the implied logistics and environmental impacts of the new buildings. With a Studio of 23 final year students and the support of the Architecture Firms Association, 11 projects were developed using digital tools such as visual programming and digital fabrication. Finally, technical documentation was produced and delivered to the local and government authorities.

Design for additive manufacturing is adopted to help solve problems inherent to attaching active personal sampler systems to workers for monitoring their breathing zone. A novel and parametric 3D printable clip system was designed with an open source Computer-aided design (CAD) system and was additively manufactured. The concept was first tested with a simple clip design, and when it was found to be functional, the ability of the innovative and open source design to be extended to other applications was demonstrated by designing another tooling system. The clip system was tested for mechanical stress test to establish a minimum lifetime of 5000 openings, a cleaning test, and a supply chain test. The designs were also tested three times in field conditions. The design cost and functionalities of the clip system were compared to commercial systems. This study presents an innovative custom-designed clip system that can aid in attaching different tools for personal exposure measurement ...

In this paper, a bibliometric analysis about open innovation research is developed, covering the period of 2003-2013 (using the Scopus database) and carried out in three steps: 1) characterization of the research on the main trends of open innovation; 2) analysis of the theoretical influence on the open innovation research; 3) analysis of the influence of open innovation literature on other research areas and disciplines. The main conclusions are: open innovation research is mostly focused on the analysis of the U.S.A. and European countries reality; analysis by time periods shows an increase on the number of target countries and regions of open innovation research; the origins of open innovation were influenced by several areas of economics and management, developed over the last decades; there is a lack of research regarding open innovation outside the firm environment, such as in clusters/networks, innovation systems, public policies or at individual level; open innovation resear...

The concept of mass customisation is not new yet the UK construction industry has yet to grasp this opportunity to deliver greater value to its customers. The government report Rethinking Construction [Egan 1998] clearly identifies this issue:'We have repeatedly heard the claim that construction is different from manufacturing because every product is unique. We do not agree. Not only are many buildings such as houses, essentially repeat products which can be continually improved but, more importantly, the process of construction is ...

Employee's autonomous motivation and emotional labor have received insufficient attention in the service co-creation literature. This study proposes a model linking frontliners' autonomous motivation, deep acting with customer co-creation and frontliners' innovation. The model was tested by the data collected from 202 dyads of salespersons and customers in the automotive retail service. Results show that frontliner's autonomous motivation has direct and indirect (through deep acting) impacts on customer co-creation and frontliner innovative behavior. Moreover, customer co-creation stimulates frontliner innovation. These findings contribute to the development of a testable and applicable theory of service co-creation and to consolidate the self-determination theory.

Sustainability and social media use in open innovation play important roles in a firm's new product development (NPD) process. This research examines, in conjunction, the roles of sustainability and social media driven inbound open innovation (SMOI) for a firm's NPD performance, and further, takes a more refined approach by differentiating between different types of SMOI activities. To this end, this research develops and tests a conceptual framework, which predicts that (1) a firm's sustainability orientation (SO) is positively associated with its NPD performance, (2) customer focus (CF) partially mediates the SO-NPD performance link, and (3) particular SMOI activities moderate the CF-NPD performance link. The empirical results, using data from the Product Development and Management Association (PDMA)'s comparative performance assessment study, provide support for most of the framework. Notably, this research documents a positive link between SO and NPD performance, as well as a partial mediating role of CF. The results further suggest that social media driven open innovation activities focused on gathering market insights enhance CF directly, while social media driven open innovation activities that garner technical expertise enhance the link between CF and NPD performance. This paper bridges the separate literatures on sustainability and open innovation, and contributes to the NPD research. The findings suggest that managers should take a strategic approach to sustainability and embed it in the NPD process. Furthermore, managers should manage social media based open innovation carefully to fully benefit the firm during the front end and back end of NPD.

The Handbook constitutes a global resource for the fast growing interdisciplinary research and policy communities addressing the challenge of driving innovation towards socially desirable outcomes. This book brings together well-known authors from the US, Europe and Asia who develop conceptual and regional perspectives on responsible innovation as well as exploring the prospects for further implementation of responsible innovation in emerging technological practices ranging from agriculture and medicine, to nanotechnology and robotics. The emphasis is on the socio-economic and normative dimensions of innovation including issues of social risk and sustainability.

While it has often be said that we have entered an era of innovation, to what extent are we seeing with accelerated globalisation of products and services and the emergence of new fields of technology, rather than innovation per se? In this book we unpack what innovation means and how we might stimulate innovation at a local level by providing the right conditions and by fostering a culture and behaviour conducive to innovative activities.
Forbes for example note that we are entering a new territory where the central challenge will be to bridge the gap between new scientific discovery and commercialisation – known otherwise as the ‘Valley of Death’ (Satell, 2016). The emphasis is on new discoveries in the academic world, and creating the conditions needed for successful exploitation/ commercialisation of this new knowledge. When viewed in this way, quantum computing, neuromorphic chips, genomics, nanotechnology, AI and robotics are seen merely as linear developments in the innovation pipeline – in which a direct path is forged between discovery and commercialisation.
In this book, we argue that this presents an old world view of innovation, and that the new era of innovation is much more about being connective and relational. In short, that collaboration and connections will become the new competitive attribute and the main tenet of economic growth. As such, we expect innovation to be inherently unpredictable but also recognise there are core building blocks around social relations and connections, that are visible in all examples of innovation, and from which localities might look to strengthen to overcome an economic downturn.

يعتبر التطبيق السريع للتكنولوجيات الجديدة وعمليات الابداع ذات الرفع العالي أساسًا لنجاح الشركات والمنظمات في الأسواق الديناميكية. واستناداً إلى خبرات أحد أحدث مراكز الابداع في هذا المجال، يقدم هذا الكتاب نظرة ثاقبة للأدوات والأساليب المستخدمة لمواءمة متطلبات العملاء والتحديات التنافسية والتطوير التكنولوجي. وسيستفيد كل من العلماء والممارسين من الدروس المستفادة والمقدمة في هذا الكتاب.
ان هذا الكتاب ينقلك الى مرحلة التنفيذ للأبداع بشكل عملي ملموس. حيث ان اغلب دراساتنا هي نظرية ولكننا نصطدم بالواقع وقد لا نتمكن من تنفيذ الأفكار الإبداعية في ارض الواقع بشكل عملي وقد لا نعرف كيف تكون البداية. ولذلك كانت فكرة الكتاب قد تمت من خلال تأليفه من عدد من العلماء الذين يعملون في مختبرات تليكوم الألمانية ويوضحون حول كيفية تطبيق الأفكار ولذلك فقد كانت اغلب تجارب الكتاب هي في مختبرات تليكوم في برلين حيث تأسس في 2004 كمعهد مركزي للبحث والتطوير وهو عبارة عن كيان منظم بشكل خاص يتم دمجه بشكل وثيق في أنشطة التدريس والبحث التي أجريت به وهو يعزز التعاون المكثف بين البحث والصناعة ويعمل فيه العديد من العلماء ورجال الاعمال والباحثين من الجامعات من اجل تطبيق الابتكار والابداع في سيناريوهات ذات تطبيق حقيقي والاعتماد على الابداع المفتوح ويعمل في مختبرات تليكوم حاليا اكثر من 50 عالما من العديد من البلدان ولديه تعاون مع العديد من الجامعات العالمية ولديه فريق بحثي تابع له في وادي سليكون. وتم من خلال هذا المركز تنفيذ عدد من المشاريع الصناعية الشاملة للصناعة الرقمية، مثل ميناء هامبورغ في عام 2012 وله الدور في تأسيس 20 شركة فرعية من خلاله مثل SureNow و Litedesk و Motion logic و Benocs و Soundcall و Zimory و Bitplaces و Schaltzeit بالإضافة الى دوره في تطوير خدمة الاتصالات الرقمية السحابية (immmr (2016  وحاليا يعمل اكثر من 300 خبير على مشاريع المدن والمنازل الذكية والذكاء الصناعي وخلق تقنية (blockchain) لنقل الأصول والأموال والأوراق المالية ويقلل الجهد والتكاليف والوقت, ودمج الواقع الافتراض والواقع المعزز والتعلم العميق للذكاء الصناعي, وتقصير الوقت اللازم لتسويق الخدمات من خلال الوسائط المبتكرة.
فالتكنولوجيات الجديدة ستعيد تشكيل كل من الشركات والبيئة الاجتماعية. وفي هذا السياق، لا تهدف مختبرات تليكوم، باعتبارها وحدة الابتكار والابداع في التفكير المستقبلي، إلى استكشاف أحدث التقنيات فحسب، بل تهدف أيضًا إلى تفعيل أداة تمكين اجتماعية ومساهمة وشراكة موثوق بها لتحقيق التنمية الاجتماعية المستدامة والتي تكشف في النهاية عن التأثيرات والفرص من الابداع. تُعد مختبرات تليكوم في موقع قائد للأبداع وتحقيق التمكين الاجتماعي للموارد البشرية، مما يعزز فوائد التعاون المفتوح بين مختلف شركاء النظام البيئي وجلب التقنيات الجديدة إلى السوق.
ويمكن لرجال الاعمال وأصحاب الصناعة والأكاديميين التواصل مع مختبرات تليكوم الألمانية من خلال الرابط ادناه:   
https://laboratories.telekom.com/

This booklet presents Industrial Open Source, industry proven and standardized patterns for how to manage an Open Source transformation. Use it as a guide for an Open Source journey. In particular you will learn:
• How to create more business – through new and alternative revenue
streams.
• Why contribution is vital – to secure that value is added to your products
• Why compliance is a necessity – as your ticket to participate.

Indonesia sedang menargetkan diri untuk menjadi sebuah negara maju pada tahun 2045, untuk memenuhi target sedemikian, Indonesia perlu menggunakan semua sumber daya yang dimiliki dengan baik, maksimal, dan berkelanjutan. Salah satu faktor penunjang yang harus ada adalah ketersediaan tenaga listrik untuk mendukung faktor-faktor penting seperti sumber daya manusia dan infrastruktur. Batu bara telah menjadi sumber listrik andalan karena mudah dan murah untuk didapatkan, namun efek jangka Panjang yang dihasilkan oleh penggunaan batu bara sebagai sumber energi sangatlah buruk bagi lingkungan. Indonesia berlimpah akan sumber daya alam baru terbarukan, salah satu contoh adalah energi termal laut yang telah ditemukan teknologi pembangkit listriknya yang bernama OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion), teknologi ini ditemukan pada awal abad ke-20 oleh peneliti berkebangsaan Perancis bernama Jacque Arsene D’Arsonva, namun tidak dikembangkan lebih lanjut hingga akhir abad ke-20.
Lockheed Martin adalah salah satu perusahaan yang mencoba untuk meneliti penggunaan teknologi OTEC, namun beberapa penelitian yang dilakukan belum dapat memproyeksikan OTEC untuk digunakan sebagai pembangkit listrik dalam skala komersialisasi besar yang menguntungkan, karena tingkat efisiensi dari pembangkit OTEC yang dikembangkan oleh mereka masih rendah, dimana energi yang dihasilkan hamper habis terpakai oleh energi yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan pembangkit tersebut. Beberapa penelitian lebih lanjut yang dilaksanakan di Indonesia, menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki banyak situs potensial untuk mengembangkan pembangkit listrik OTEC contohnya di pulau Mentawai. Namun, keterbatasan dalam modul pembangkit yang ditawarkan dan ketidakjelasan akan keperluan-keperluan teknis yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan investasi terhadap pembangkit listrik ini masih terjadi.
Dari permasalahan yang terjadi, muncul gagasan untuk memberikan solusi kepada pemerintah Indonesia melalui pembuatan proposal akan perancangan dua model baru yaitu OMTEC dan model Kapal Tanker yang telah diteliti oleh peneliti-peneliti masing-masing yang telah memberikan solusi akan efisiensi energi, pertimbangan ekonomis dan komersialisasi, hingga keuntungan dari pembangkit tersebut. Dalam proposal tersebut pemerintah dapat mengkaji dan melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut dan koordinasi dengan lembaga terkait agar terwujudnya investasi dan pembangunan pembangkit listrik tenaga energi termal laut ini. Indonesia harus mencontohi negara lain yang berinovasi dalam mewujudkan suatu kemajuan dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya agar Indonesia dapat mewujudkan Indonesia sebagai negara maju pada tahun 2045.

This paper details the design, delivery and impact of the Challenge North East Open Innovation programme: a programme to define and collaboratively solve problems caused or exacerbated by Covid-19 for those communities and sectors hardest hit in the North East of England.

The report documents, not only the structure of the programme and its impact in terms of solutions commercialised, businesses grown and investment secured, but also emerging lessons about best practice in the delivery of Challenge-Driven Innovation and open innovation programmes.  This report details an emerging typography of innovation challenge type and complexity as well as providing recommendations on how to structure and faciliate effective innovation challenge calls to engage and support collaborators with varying levels of innovation maturity and capacity. Finally the report details the factors of success in Challenge-Driven innovation identified through the Challenge North East programme including how the following three factors impacted participants innovation success and reflections on how to strucure programmes to support the strengthening of these factors in participant organisations:

1. confidence in their innovation ability and the resulting reduction in the perception of the risks of innovation,
2. time dedicated to participating in innovation activity and aligning this activity to strategic goals of the organisation, and
3. effective relationship building with collaborators for improved regional resilience.

Hackathons, app-development workshops, creative labs are some of the terms used to describe a particular site of sociotechnical practices where ‘techniques from the Web make their way into “the real world”’ (Irani, 2015:1). As a model, they have spread well beyond Silicon Valley - into the third and public sectors, for example, where they are employed to problem solve and design for specific social or cultural issues. Drawing on ethnographic research, this article elucidates the ways innovation is normatively inscribed in the hack event – as structure, as organisation, but also as discourse and practice. In so doing, we argue that longstanding understandings for innovation or creativity that understand it as a negotiated sociotechnical and material process (Suchman 2011; Kember & Zylinska 2012; Balsamo 2011) are being overshadowed by an emphasis on process and infrastructure. We argue that, rather than understand such events as creative or innovative, we should instead see them as carefully staged processes that work to actively produce and support the politics of entrepreneurialism. The politics of the hackathon is, as we detail in this article, routinely subsumed into a sociotechnical discourse that attempts to evoke playfulness and creativity. A critical interrogation of this manoeuvre reveals not only that hackathons construct entrepreneurialism as a positive and agential force for innovation and entrepreneurialism as an agential force for social change.

This paper investigates the linkages between information and communication technology and firm performance. The findings show that information and communication technologies alone cannot produce sustainable advantages, but that firms must organize and manage information and communication technologies in such a way as to leverage the complementary human and business resources. The results also suggest that adopting information technology has positive effects on innovative practices, which increases the competitive advantage of firms.

... Chesbrough, H. (2003b) The era of open innovation. Sloan Management Review, 44, 3, 35–41. Web of Science® Times Cited: 75. Chesbrough, H. (2006) Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. ...

Firms are increasingly making use of Open Innovation in an attempt to get the most out of external ideas and knowledge in their innovation processes. The existing research on Open Innovation documents a broad set of practices that firms may use to implement inbound Open Innovation, which entail various degrees of integration with the external partner. There is also empirical evidence showing how firms move from a closed to an open approach to innovation over time. However, there is limited empirical work that docu- ments if and how firms that start using open innovation change and evolve the practices through which inbound open innovation is implemented over time. This paper, relying on an exploratory analysis of nine case studies, adopts a temporal perspective to examine how and why firms use different practices for inbound open innovation over time, with attempts at offering a tentative explanation of the underlying drivers triggering this evolu- tion. This paper contributes to the scholarly debate on the organisational enablers of Open Innovation and provides managers involved in open innovation activities with insights into the factors that may determine changes in their use of different inbound open innovation practices over time.