Landscape Architecture

Increasingly, our built and natural environments are becoming hybrids of real and digital entities where objects, buildings and landscapes are linked online in websites, blogs and texts. In the case of Aotearoa New Zealand, modern lifestyles have put Māori indigenous oral narratives at risk of being lost in a world dominated by text and digital elements. Intangible values, transmitted orally from generation to generation, provide a sense of identity and community to Indigenous Māori as they relate and experience the land based on cultural, spiritual, emotion, physical and social values. Retaining the storytelling environment through the use of augmented reality, this article extends the biophysical attributes of landscape through embedded imagery and auditory information. By engaging with Ngāti Kahungunu ki Wairarapa, a design approach has been developed to illustrate narratives through different media, in a way that encourages a deeper and broader bicultural engagement with landscape.

Con l’approvazione della Legge n.62 del 4 dicembre 2012 la Regione Calabria «promuove la costituzione, il riconoscimento e lo sviluppo degli ecomusei con l’obiettivo di ricostruire, testimoniare, valorizzare e accompagnare nel loro sviluppo, la memoria storica, la vita locale, la cultura materiale e immateriale e quella del paesaggio, le relazioni fra ambiente naturale ed ambiente antropizzato, le tradizioni, la ricostruzione e la trasformazione degli ambienti di vita e di lavoro delle comunità locali». La legge riconosce la tutela del patrimonio culturale ed etno-antropoligico calabrese come possibilità di sviluppo locale sostenibile.
In continuità con le direttive regionali la proposta di ecomuseo nel Basso Tirreno Reggino mira alla promozione  di tre contesti paesaggistici di grande pregio della provincia di Reggio Calabria  attraverso un sistema integrato di azioni e interventi che, a partire dal riconoscimento del patrimonio locale come risorsa, riattivi l’economia dei luoghi. I paesaggi della Vallata del Gallico, della Costa Viola e del Parco d’Aspromonte, pur coinvolti da anni in processi di salvaguardia e recupero, continuano ad essere soggetti a fenomeni inarrestabili di degrado e spopolamento. L’economia di questi territori appare fortemente compromessa dai processi industriali e di globalizzazione che hanno generato l’abbandono delle attività produttive strategiche. A livello locale, nel territorio reggino, assistiamo a fenomeni che in modo diverso si manifestano oggi in tutto il mondo, frutto dei rapidi mutamenti che destabilizzano la struttura della società, nel passaggio dall’era industriale e post-industriale a quella contemporanea, contribuendo alla riflessione su nuovi modelli sostenibili di sviluppo.
Proprio in reazione ai processi di decontestualizzazione e sradicamento che derivano dalle dinamiche di globalizzazione si assiste ad una crescente attenzione nei confronti del paesaggio e del patrimonio culturale come possibilità di ritrovare identità in un mondo omologato e standardizzato. L’ecomuseo, nel territorio calabrese, ricco di tradizioni e beni naturali, rappresenta la strategia per restituire valore agli aspetti locali, troppo spesso interpretati, erroneamente, come limiti allo sviluppo piuttosto che caratteri di pregio da salvaguardare.

Questa ricerca mira, sugli evidenti “valori” culturali, storici e architettonici del patrimonio militare ancora presenti nell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena, ad approfondire la conoscenza di queste strutture ea proporre idee e linee guida sulla loro conservazione e valorizzazione. Tra la fine del Settecento e la Prima Guerra Mondiale la difesa del territorio di La Maddalena si esprime soprattutto attraverso misure di protezione dei confini dalle invasioni straniere, prima del Regno di Sardegna e poi dell’Italia. I primi tentativi di aggressione risalgono alla fine del 1792, quando la Francia rivoluzionaria attaccò il Regno di Sardegna. All’inizio del XIX secolo l’arcipelago era dotato di altre strutture: oltre ai forti Balbiano e Santo Stefano, costruiti tra il 1790 e il 1792, sono stati costruiti i forti Carlo Felice e San Giorgio, sull’isola di Santo Stefano. Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, l’arcipelago di La Maddalena veniva fortificato. Alla fine della Prima Guerra Mondiale, cambiando le aree strategicamente importanti, lo Stato maggiore dell’esercito, con la Royal Navy, identifica nuove quindici aree industriali e demografiche che necessitano di protezione dal mare. Oggi, tale patrimonio culturale di grande importanza strategica e paesaggistica, vive in condizioni estreme ed è soggetto a spoliazioni e demolizioni; una situazione che richiede un’azione urgente, supportata da una fase preliminare di conoscenza e dallo sviluppo di specifici sistemi per la protezione e la valorizzazione.
This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the First World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century, the archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and San Giorgio, on the island of Santo Stefano. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

L’arte, nelle sue diverse declinazioni temporali ed espressive, ha offerto innumerevoli interpretazioni dello spazio agricolo. L’artista ha costruito visioni, memorie, strutture percettive, il tutto estrapolando dallo spazio fenomenologico frammenti emozionali, selezionando precise inquadrature, attraverso un’azione volontaria che scarta, sposta, riconfigura, ricompone, modifica, racconta. Il suo lavoro è quello di svelare anticipatamente un paesaggio e di presentarlo alla collettività.
Con l’opera “Le spigolatrici” (Parigi, Louvre) del 1848 di Jean-François Millet, comincia un nuovo modo di guardare la campagna. Idealizzata dalla pittura romantica e resa emozionale dai paesaggisti, questa propone, dal realismo francese in poi, una dimensione nuova che contempla gli aspetti economico, sociale e urbano. Da allora la campagna, non è più percepita come natura ideale, luogo degli avvenimenti mitologici, ma spazio della produzione agricola connessa alla città.
Gli artisti si concentrano su nuovi temi iconografici: il lavoro dei campi vi è incluso. Si costruisce un nuovo linguaggio, temi diversi per un nuovo importante committente, la borghesia. La perdita del carattere “mitologico” e “ludico” dello spazio agricolo, presente nelle pitture di Giorgione e Goya, rappresenta un evento culturale. La campagna, da spazio allegorico, luogo di ninfe, di dei, di battaglie, di rivelazioni sacre, diventa fisica, rappresenta e accoglie i riti del proletariato.
Nella “casa all’Estaque” (Berna, Kunstmuseum) del 1908 di Georges Braque si percepisce, attraverso il linguaggio cubista, la de-costruzione del paesaggio urbano/agricolo e la sua ricomposizione originale. Significativi sono i contributi di Herich Hecker con “primavera in Fiandre” del 1916 riconducibile all’esperienza del Brücke; i lavori di Paul Cézanne riferiti a “la Montagne Sainte-Victoire” ed in particolare la tela di Filadelfia del 1904; il “Paesaggio raggista” del 1912 (San Pietroburgo, Museo Russo) di Michail Larinov e le sperimentazioni di Kazimir Malevic, Piet Mondrian, Paul Klee e Giorgio De Chirico.
Attraverso i secoli, dalle decorazioni della sala di villa Livia del I secolo d.C. (Giardino della villa di Livia, Roma, Museo Nazionale Romano) è un susseguirsi di visioni dello spazio agricolo fino alle opere pittoriche di d’Inessa (artista siciliano) che propongono un paesaggio denso di memorie, di pregnanze, di ridondanze. Acquarelli che ricompongono le esperienze di Cézanne, di Turner, di Picasso in chiave contemporanea per descrivere un paesaggio malinconico e fiabesco.
Negli anni ’60 e ’70 gli artisti della Land Art, Robert Smithson, Walter de Maria, Michael Heizer, Richard Serra e altri, contribuiscono a connotare l’ambiente con un oggetto-scultura effimero e minimalista che costruisce l’identità dei luoghi. “Con la Land Art è direttamente l’ambiente, su cui interviene l’artista a divenire esso stesso una forma estetica fruibile come opera d’arte.” Il lavoro segue procedure che appartengono al fare dell’architettura: scavare, aggiungere, unire, piantare, bucare, ecc . Questa forma d’arte costituisce un contributo significativo nella lettura, percezione e costruzione del paesaggio. I nuovi materiali dell’arte sono il suolo, lo spazio, la luce, lo sguardo, la memoria: tutti elementi utili per riconfigurare lo spazio agricolo o per meglio comprenderlo.

Da una visione contemplativa e visionaria all’esercizio del progetto.
L’arte, anche quella letteraria, ha costruito paesaggi, determinando la configurazione dei luoghi. Pensiamo alla letteratura bucolica di Virgilio, di Petrarca. Nel XVI secolo in Spagna Garcilaso de la Vega (Toledo 1503 - Nizza 1536), poeta e guerriero, costituisce un caso emblematico. Pluma y espada riassumono la sua natura, il suo destino. Garcilaso, attraverso i suoi scritti, contribuisce a configurare il paesaggio di limite di Toledo. Suggerisce una precisa modalità insediativa relativamente all’espansione della città verso la “Fabbrica delle armi”. Tra la città storica e la nuova espansione uno spazio agricolo, reso sistemico dalle mura arabe. Le permanenze archeologiche e agricole costituiscono l’armatura organizzativa di questo spazio che mantiene per secoli la sua configurazione fino alla presa d’atto da parte della comunità di Toledo: mantenere due coni ottici privilegiati per godere della magnifica veduta del “casco historico”.
“Le città invisibili” di Italo Calvino rappresentano un documento utile per comprendere il rapporto tra forma, simbolo e funzione. Le campagne urbane descritte nel capitolo “le città continue 4” permettono di ricostruire un processo di trasformazione usuale. La cancellazione della memoria, dello spazio agricolo che diventa scarto, residuo. Italo Calvino permette di cogliere l’essenza della trasformazione urbana, dello spazio limite non solo sul piano fisico ma su quello della percezione emozionale.

La Cappella della Resurrezione, disegnata e costruita da Sigurd Lewerentz tra il 1921 e il 1925 nell’ambito del progetto per il Cimitero Sud di Stoccolma – divenuto noto come Woodland Cemetery, o Skogskyrkogården in lingua svedese – rappresenta una figura chiave nell’esperienza del Classicismo Nordico. Nelle espressioni più originali, la ripresa del linguaggio classico, cui si assiste in Scandinavia nei primi decenni del Novecento, non prende il ruolo di tema dominante, ma è sintetizzata nel carattere di singole parti autonome. Attraverso un procedimento di isolamento, il “pezzo”, rinvenuto nell’Antico e trasportato nel paesaggio nordico, dilata il suo valore evocativo e la sua tensione verso un universo ideale. In tal modo il progetto mette a punto lo strumento per decodificare la realtà, incorporando il passato entro un nuovo disegno. Si tratta di una discesa alle origini che conduce inaspettatamente alla modernità.
La cultura nordica, divisa tra la coscienza di un disegno superiore e la presenza di una natura inospitale, si rivolge ciclicamente al Mediterraneo. Lo sguardo trasversale di chi, da una condizione periferica, osserva il centro, produce un punto di vista privilegiato, in grado di costruire il sottile equilibrio tra immaginazione e appropriatezza. I frammenti del passato costruiscono una “mappa della memoria” dove parole e segni, appartenuti a un linguaggio codificato, sono rimontati in contrapposizione dialettica. Questo “sguardo archeologico” è radicato nella cultura svedese e riaffiora in epoche lontane nel tempo, manifestandosi secondo un atteggiamento ricorrente, che intende il progetto di architettura come atto fondativo, capace di radicarsi all’individualità del luogo e rimandare al contempo a valori assoluti.
A ogni figura della composizione degli edifici corrisponde un elemento nel paesaggio. Sintesi estrema di tale processo è il dialogo a distanza tra la Collina della Meditazione e la Cappella della Resurrezione: un tumulo pagano si contrappone alla figura bianca del tempio, collocato nella massa scura della foresta.
Il riconoscimento di quest’attitudine, di questo “classicismo di frontiera”, evidenzia la continuità di un metodo compositivo in cui la riflessione sul linguaggio e sulla rappresentatività degli elementi è tesa a costruire architetture nuove, dal carattere riconoscibile. Le molteplici allusioni creano una sequenza non lineare in cui storia, memoria e paesaggio convergono nella composizione. Sono questi, in sintesi, i motivi per cui il progetto della Cappella della Resurrezione nel Cimitero Sud di Stoccolma mantiene la sua forza e la sua attualità: figura urbana di grande chiarezza in cui la collettività si incontra, riconosce il monumento e condivide il senso della memoria.

l progetto persegue la costituzione di un sistema di collegamenti tra centro storico e fascia costiera, mirando all’integrazione dei diversi comparti che rappresentano la molteplice e mutevole realtà della città e del suo intorno. Centro storico, periferia, strutture portuali, insediamenti per il turismo, aree di interesse naturalistico: l’infrastruttura fornisce l’occasione per riappropriarsi del valore dei luoghi ed offrirlo a cittadini e a visitatori esterni.

Le monde belge de l’architecture du paysage et de l’horticulture de la première moitié du XXe siècle a jusqu’à présent fait l’objet de peu d’investigations. Une série de lettres inédites (Archives de la construction moderne-EPFL Lausanne) de l’une de ses figures les plus emblématiques, Jules Buyssens, ouvre une porte sur ce secteur important de l’activité économique et artistique.

Mapping is a technique used to record and represent information graphically. In the studios made for architecture and landscape architecture, mapping is usually conducted at the Inventory-making and Analysis stage. Data from the site is gathered and documented for further investigation. However, mapping can also become a creative tool to ‘reveal’ certain things or invisible processes. It can encourage the designers to speculate the site and the design from different perspectives and at multiple scales. This paper discusses some mapping projects that have been explored by the authors through their research projects. The aim of this paper is to recommend mapping as a creative and speculative design tool that can make data more engaging to design thinking.

What do huge flocks of sheep, hundreds of rabbits, business parks, metropolitan parks, leisure parks, high-tech parks have in common with airports? These are the most frequent visitors to airports recently constructed. These are the new ways of inhabiting an airport and connecting it to its context. The book presents the transformation of obsolete airfields as new productive landscapes. It explores the challenges for the conversion of abandoned, decommissioned and on-hold airports thought the exploration of their life cycles. By exploring the transitory condition, defined as “on-hold,” the book discovers strategies for the transformation of obsolete airfields.

Studies suggest the need for landscapes of contemplation is as real as ever, despite the seeming lack of spaces designed to provide the possibility of transcendent connection.  Reintroducing commonly held physical attributes and characteristics of contemplative spaces, repeated through space and time, is a fundamental and necessary way to reflect  renewed interest in and need for integrated ways of knowing in the landscape.  This study ultimately shows that the contemplative powers of a site exist on a spectrum and reinforces the belief that every landscape architecture project can successfully incorporate some degree of contemplative design, the individual benefits of which can be great, and as a community continue to be explored. Case studies of three sites reveal that certain combinations of criteria seem to have the potential of being more effective than others.  This study contributes to the overarching goal of restorative design by addressing the user need of experiencing cosmologically aligned space, the presence of which contributes to a greater sense of place and, by extension, personal identity, orientation, perspective, and purpose.  This study also adds to a postmodern understanding of contemplative space, that is, the notion of an ancient framework and its contemporary application and possible contributions to the current and future betterment of individuals and communities.

Cette communication a eu lieu le 31 mars 2017, dans le cadre du séminaire doctoral d'Alexandre Gady. Elle fut l'occasion de révéler une documentation inédite permettant de porter un nouveau regard sur le projet de place Louis XVI destiné à la cité du Ponant en 1786.

Allergenic pollens produced by some tree species in urban parks, a part of the urban flora, cause pollinosis, allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and asthma. The allergenic pollen levels of four urban parks in Aydin (Turkey) were determined using the Index of Urban Green Zones Allergenicity (IUGZA). The potential allergenicity value (PAV) of each species and the crown volume of each individual belonging to the species were used in the index calculation. According to their PAV values, tree species were classified as nil (0), low (1–6), moderate (8–12), high (16–24), and very high (27–36) allergenicity. The Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) was used to calculate the parks’ biodiversity levels. Canonical correspondence analysis, one of the ordination methods, was used to identify the species distribution among the four parks and reveal the relationship between the SHDI, number of species, tree density, and IUGZA. The ratio of allergenic tree species in the four parks examined varied between 97.90 and 100%. The PAV of 9 tree species, including the genus Cupressus in the Cupressaceae family, was determined as very high, while the PAV of 20 tress species, including the genus Prunus, was revealed to be low. While the park with the lowest IUGZA value (0.17) was Aytepe Recreation Area, the park with the highest IUGZA value (0.52) was Pinarbasi Recreation Area. The lowest Shannon Diversity Index (SHDI) value (0.70) was detected in Aytepe Recreation Area, whereas the highest value (2.90) was determined in Nevzat Bicer Park. There was no correlation between the IUGZA value and species count, tree density, and SHDI variables. Ismet Sezgin Park and Pinarbasi Recreation Area pose a risk to human health at any time of the year. The results, which focused on allergenic flora, should be used to design new parks and revitalize existing ones.

This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the Second World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century the Archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and St. George, on the island of Saint Stephen. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

A number of designers and academics, all notable for their innovative approach to landscape architecture, were asked to choose an image that has shaped their landscape imagination over the last thirty years.
It could be their own or from another artist or designer. It might have been instrumental in defining the design process of a significant project. It may have been important in suggesting a method or direction for research or practice. Or, it may have had resonance throughout their landscape career.
The collection is necessarily heterogeneous. Texts and images together encapsulate a range of particularly landscape architectural considera- tions in content, method, and purpose; a lexicon arising both from looking at images and making them.

Malaysia is rated as one of the 12 mega diversity countries in the world because of its rich diversity of flora and fauna. Though the country has only two per cent of the total land area of the world, it has six per cent of the world‟s biodiversity. However, rapid development of recent decades has resulted in the reduction of important wildlife habitat, and has become the main cause of the endangered status of some of Malaysia‟s animals (The Encyclopedia of Malaysia, Volume 3 – Animals, 1998). In addition, Yong (1998) said that the relationship between animals and the people of Malaysia is demonstrated in many different ways. The hunting of animals for food, the keeping of pets, the use of working animals in agriculture and transportation, the depiction of animals in currency and postage stamps, the use of animals products for decorative purposes as well as the animals that keep in zoos for entertainment, viewing and conservation purposes.
Zoological Park is valuable assets for the country and has played an important role for conservation, research, education and preserved our locally threatened species. Other than being a source of ex-situ breeding center, these threatened species can attract the visitors form the basis for zoo education. They provide a unique harmony between the recreational purposes of a visit to the zoo and provide effective wildlife education.
In Malaysia, the primary issue for visitors to zoological park is that they do not clearly understand about the setting of zoological park exhibit. They expect to see the animals clearly in front of them and together with the relaxing and enjoy the scenery. Therefore, the overall setting of zoological park design must have the potential to increase positive visitor perception.
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of this lack of visibility on visitor experience as well as focuses on the landscape architectural approach in designing zoological park together with the physical and functional characteristic development to fulfill the visitor needs on Zoo Melaka based on the effectiveness of education and recreational purposes. Most importantly, the results indicate that animal‟s visibility can significantly influence how visitors experience the surrounding and use the interpretive materials associated with the exhibit.

Gli spazi residuali generati dai processi di modificazione della città sono una potenziale risorsa e la loro rigenerazione può innescare significativi processi di trasformazione urbana.
L’autore propone la riconfigurazione di questi spazi attraverso l’uso della vegetazione. L’ipotesi nasce per soddisfare la crescente necessità dei cittadini di avere dei luoghi distanti dalla frenesia della metropoli e per rispondere a una rinnovata attenzione per l’ecologia. Al tempo stesso, l’idea incontra l’esigenza di incrementare parchi, giardini e spazi per la natura in contrappunto alla densità del costruito.
La lettura di alcuni casi studio individua possibili strategie di trasformazione che mettono in evidenza il valore e le potenzialità di questi spazi, così come la loro importanza nel riattivare relazioni spaziali e sociali.
Infine, uno sguardo sui territori del litorale medio adriatico segna l’inizio di un nuovo studio sugli spazi residuali nella città adriatica.

D. Kienast, Progetto paesaggistico per Kronsberg
C. Dalnoky, M. Desvigne, Progetto paesaggistico per la fabbrica Thompson
R. Cecchi, V. Lima, P. Nicolin, P. Traversi, Nove parchi
P. Latz + Partners, Parco Dora
M. Desvigne,  La “Confluence”
P. Mathieux, J. Vergely,  Promenade Plantée
I. Kowarik e A. Langer, Gruppe Odious,  Schöneberger Südgelände Park
Community Gardens a ManhattanLois Weinberger, Ruderals

Today’s conversations about vertical farming deal almost exclusively with food production. After all the key advantages
of vertical farming are to grow healthy, pesticide-free crops all year round at very high and very predictable rates of
yield. However, the authors of this report believe that this is only the beginning. Vertical farming can also be used for
waste water management and recycling, innovative local food distribution and business models, air quality measures,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, education, as well as playing a potential role in novel health, nutritional, and
pharmaceutical applications.
Before we can begin expanding the conversation about vertical farming, we need to establish a common language
that includes global industry events and definitions that can be applied to vertical farming and controlled environment
agriculture (CEA). That is the first purpose. From there, the authors intend to share the state of the industry based
upon the most current information available to date and expand the conversation into new opportunities and areas of
possibility for vertical farming globally.
Based on survey results from the Association for Vertical Farming (AVF) members, the definition of vertical farming is the
practice of producing food in vertically stacked layers, vertically inclined surfaces and/or integrated into buildings. The
modern idea of vertical farming uses CEA technology. CEA facilities use environmental control (humidity, temperature,
gases, etc.), fertigation1, and potentially artificial control of light (as a supplement in the case of a rooftop greenhouse,
or as a unique light source in pure indoor farming conditions).
In the current state of the industry employing a qualified workforce is one of the main challenges in the private
sector. Vertical farming CEA facilities use a diverse team of experts from different backgrounds that include growers,
horticulturalist, mechanical, biological and electrical engineers, architects, data scientists, food safety experts, etc.
This report looks at CEA education programs and degrees in schools, universities and private companies worldwide.
It posits the next steps needed to develop the next generation of vertical farmers.
As the industry continues to educate and search for qualified vertical farmers, cities will have to cope with urban
regulations to foster industry development. We analyzed architecture and urban regulations, and shed light on how
Singapore, New York City and Paris are adapting to urban regulations as well as various programs that support vertical
farming and their respective city sustainability objectives.
We point out how cities and various programs can provide funding or support for vertical farming companies.
However, for any enterprise to enter the vertical farming industry, it is crucial to have a sound business proposition
and understand how to survive and scale in local markets. We address and analyze finance and business models and
provide a roadmap for entrepreneurs.
Vertical farming technologies are not limited to food production. An important and generally under-reported production
method for medicinal products is vertical farming. Plant-made pharmaceuticals may create the opportunity to produce
biologically active molecules at a low-manufacturing cost. We outline what are plant-made pharmaceutical products
and production advantages used for recombinant protein pharmaceutical production. We were careful to include data
on the use of medicinal plants in various regions of the world. With medicinal plants used widely in Asia, we chose
to highlight current business opportunities for vertical farming beyond food. We also mention market opportunities
and novel applications in the biopharming space, that is, using plants to manufacture novel biological agents, which
has been difficult to imagine before the rise of new CEA and low cost genetic engineering technologies. However, this
report will not address medicinal marijuana developments despite market growth in operational facilities that use
CEA technologies.
One main purpose of the white paper is to evaluate global developments and document the regional specificities of
the vertical farming industry, as driven by bottom-up (private sector-led) and/or top-down (government-led) initiatives
in each region. This report identifies in specific regions how the building up of vertical farming can also promote
adjacent industries (e.g., semiconductor and LED lighting industry in Taiwan). As the industry grows within each country there will be champions, survivors and failed enterprises.
Media coverage in the West and Asia reports on the scale, size, methods, models and production capabilities of
vertical farms, and provides insight on the amount of operational units and trends. Although actionable data to
support decision makers is limited, we assess and provide an analysis of current operational facilities and provide
forecasts of overall industry trends. In the face of insufficient data and a lack of proven models, we nevertheless hope
throughout the course of this report to offer the reader a complete view based on the information currently available.
This study has its caveats. As already indicated above, in the industry there is no aggregated data source, and this
is the role we are attempting to fulfill. Throughout the course of the report we compiled available data from public
sources and government documents, as well as from more than 30 interviews we conducted to demonstrate and
forecast the development of the industry. This is one of the first attempts to describe the global vertical farming
industry; moving forward we will be in a position to go deeper and add material to the study. In short, our findings
indicate that before we envision vertical farms as tools for our cities, first we need to remove remaining administrative
constraints, improve the training of the workforce, encourage competition, enhance business models and attract
investors.

The ubiquitous sameness of urban greenways prompts questions on generative design grammar and syntax, whether creative, critical rethinking at that level might be lacking. However the design syntax of urban greenways is not explicitly discussed thus leaving a critical gap in knowledge. This paper begins tackling the larger question by acting on the fundamental subset of it, by operationalizing the design syntax of urban greenways. This is done through mathematics-based graph studies to analyze patterns and shapes, photography based thermal, material and morphology studies, and section analyses to make imagery-derived deductions on the design syntax. Recommendation on approaches to diversify and enrich the design syntax includes a more direct reference from ecosystem science theories such for siting and planning the urban greenways at macro- to meso-scale, a mixed-method approach, combining mathematics, photography and drawings based frames for analyses at meso-, to micro-scale, and a turtle view scale for designing at meso- to micro-scale, with an emphasis on latter.
Keywords: Design thinking; Syntax; Greenway; Urban; Planning; Landscape; STEM integrated design; Inter-disciplinary

Sustainable design is a phrase commonly used in the realms of design practice and yet the definition of the same remains quite fuzzy, thus providing the motivation for this research. The paper looks at contemporary sustainable design practices in the area of architecture design, building construction and landscape architecture. The objective is to understand what the term “sustainable design” really means as used in practice and what strategies are being employed towards the goal of sustainable development. The ...

Greenway planning theory and practice has been largely studied through the perspectives of landscape preservation, conservation and sociology. The future theory building on the topic relies on proper understanding of what the various multidisciplinary theoretical, disciplinary and practical approaches are and how are they shaping the greenway planning theory and practice? This article addresses the gap in understanding through an in-depth study of ecological frameworks employed in greenway theory and practice, especially in the past decade. In the process, the article lends clarity to the emergent, multidisciplinary knowledge base, disciplinary leanings and typology. Ecological frameworks are studied in terms of fundamental drivers, empathies, and disciplinary influences and reveal the broader class of ecological frameworks, in the process. The results reveal that current ecological frameworks employed in greenway planning draw heavily from geographical and mathematical disciplines, besides drawing from biological conservation theories, and that most ecological frameworks are evolving and best classified as " emergent ". A new frame based on genotypic and phenotypic classification is proposed for developing Greenway theory.

Among the basic necessities of life is shelter, after food, housing has always been rightly assumed to be the next essential human need. As a result of this, the construction of buildings in which people live and work has been a major concern since the early times when human being first made huts of stick, mud or rock. It later developed into the use of bricks, stones, timber, organic and inorganic wastes. This paper focused on the need to develop and design an appropriate building suited to their purpose, taking into cognizance the various environmental elements acting on the structures. The research method adopted for this paper was based on an in depth literature review. This paperreiterated the need for architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasant, comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures. This study concluded by giving appropriate design guidelines and recommends that designers/architects should be equipped with the climatic data required for appropriate architectural designs which will help in the evolvement of designs that best suite the various climatic zones of the country identified.

« Une idée, une cité et l’humanité » telle est la devise du B.I.E. (Bureau International des Expositions). Pour cette année 2002, Master villes : territoires et territorialités, j’ai décidé de consacrer mon travail sur les Expositions Universelles et Internationales – grands projets d’aménagement de l’espace. Une année de master recherche se veut un exercice d’approfondissement pour l’étudiant dans le domaine de la recherche. Le diplôme d’étude approfondie doit permettre à l’étudiant d’appréhender un sujet d’ordre général à partir d’une problématique générale, pour enfin ouvrir sur une question plus précise (une hypothèse de recherche, des hypothèses, une typologie, des solutions ou éclaircissements nouveaux). Pour ma part, j’ai décidé de commencer mes recherches sur les Expositions en tant qu’objet d’étude géographique et leurs impacts sur l’urbanisme, à partir d’une question basée sur le développement durable de la ville : « Les Expositions Universelles ou Internationales ont-elles un effet durable ou éphémère sur l’aménagement et la planification d’un territoire ou d’une cité ? ». Nous verrons tout au long du développement que rien n’est moins sûr concernant la ou les répercussions des effets négatifs ou positifs de ces manifestations géantes ; mais qu’au contraire leurs dimensions culturelles, sociétales et géographiques sont prépondérantes dans le choix de leurs organisations. On s’apercevra au fil du mémoire que la cette question et cette pratique sont en plein renouvellement du fait de la mondialisation et ses effets, mais aussi du processus de métropolisation et ses conséquences sur la dotation en infrastructures majeures pour les villes mondiales.
Pour ouvrir mes propos, dans ma troisième partie, j’élabore une hypothèse de recherche sur la ville de Barcelone par rapport à la problématique de départ. Je préciserai ma recherche sur la capitale catalane à travers ses nombreux méga-événements. À ce titre, pour rentrer directement dans le sujet, j’ai associé à cette introduction, deux articles et deux commentaires permettant de mieux cerner et de comprendre la teneur de mon mémoire. Le premier article est un reportage de Nelly Wenger qui propose une lecture originale des effets durables de l’éphémère de l’Exposition Nationale suisse de 2002, le second est un article de Christophe Dechenay qui propose un commentaire sur la tenue possible de l’Exposition internationale en 2004 dans la banlieue parisienne1. L’analyse des ces deux propos nous montrent deux stratégies différentes, deux points de vue à prendre en compte pour ces projets reflétant une société et une grande métropole généralement. …

Universal and international Exhibitions (World’s fair), an
object of geographical and town planning study (Preliminary Case Study Barcelona)

Introduction "An idea, a city and humanity" is the motto of B.I.E. (International Office of Exhibitions). For this year, 2002, Master cities: territories and territoriality, I decided to dedicate my work on the World and International Exhibitions (world’s fair) - major development projects in space. A year of research master wants an up Exercises for the student in the field of research. The comprehensive study degree must enable students to grasp a general nature about from a general problem, to finally open on a more specific question (a research hypothesis, assumptions, and a typology of new solutions or explanations). For my part, I decided to start my research on shows as an object of geographical study and their impact on urban planning, from a question based on the sustainable development of the city: world’s fairs do they have sustainable or ephemeral impact on the development and planning of a city? We will see throughout the development as nothing is less sure about the impact or the negative or positive effects of these giant events; but to make their cultural, societal and geographical dimensions are paramount in the choice of their organizations. It will be seen over memory than this and this practice is in full renewal due to globalization and its effects, but also the metropolisation process and its impact on major infrastructure endowment for the world's cities.
To open my remarks, in my third part, I develop a research hypothesis on Barcelona city compared to the initial problem. I will describe my research on the Catalan capital through its many mega-events. As such, to enter directly into the subject, I have associated with this introduction, two articles and two reviews to better identify and understand the content of my memory. The first item is a report by Nelly Wenger, which offers an original reading of the lasting effects of ephemeral of the Swiss National Exhibition in 2002; the second is an article by Christophe Dechenay offering a comment about the possible holding of the exhibition international in 2004 in the Paris suburbs (1). The analysis of these two comments shows us two views to be considered for these projects reflect a society and generally a great metropolis.

BALLESTER Patrice, (2002), Les Expositions universelles et internationales comme objet d’étude géographique et urbanistique (étude préliminaire sur Barcelone), mémoire de master 2 recherche (titre de), Université de Toulouse Le –Mirail, 174 p.

The two smallest islands of the Azores have received at the same year the title of Biosphere Reserve, from the UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme. The territorial object of this article is precisely one of those islands, Graciosa Island. On the one hand this was a way to reward its good interaction between Man and Nature until that year. But afterwards how was that relationship carried out? Are measures being taken in order to elevate the environmental quality? Does a better environment compromise the island’s economic growth and affect its inhabitants’ standard of living? This dissertation will try to answer these questions. Furthermore a detailed analysis will be done concerning two types of intervention at the landscape in Graciosa island, under a perspective in which it is intended to juggle the biophysical environment with some of the social and economical aspects of Graciosa Island.

The streetscape is considered a very important issue in architecture and urban design as well, as it affects the whole society and has an enormous impact on humans’ quality of life. Streetscape can change people’s behavior and the way they interact in society and the public realm. Streetscape has an enormous impact on human’s social behavior; however, and it impacts on how they behave and interact in a public realm. In Arab cities, trough the history they used the street to socialize, meet and getting food and products. Plaza outside mosques was used for social and public use each Friday after Jumah’s prayer and in other days as well. Nowadays, streets in Saudi Arabia are known to be transition links that people use to go from one place to another while in many other countries streets are used to socialize with people. This research will investigate how to encourage people to use the streets to create social interactions. The main goal of this research is to conclude a set of criter...

Adelaide is distinguished from other Australian cities by its history as a planned free settlement and its gridded plan complete with wide boulevards, five city squares, and a parkland boundary. The largest central square Victoria Square/Tarndanyangga has been the focus of countless redevelopment schemes aimed at reinforcing the space as the heart of the city. This paper examines the latest vision, designed by landscape architects Taylor Cullity Lethlean and architects Tonkin Zulaikha Greer, with the City of Adelaide. It explores how the design team conceptualizes the role and form of civic space within an era of reconciliation. This research highlights the influence of interpretative practices associated with the new museum on the conceptualisation of civic space. This is demonstrated by the introduction of a ‘cultural curator’ Peter Emmett, best known for his curatorial ethos for Museum of Sydney, into the design team. Review of design documentation highlights the adoption of a ‘n...