Collaborative Design

Ochocientas casitas unifamiliares de planta baja en la orilla del río Besós, cada una de un color diferente, comprimidas entre una zona industrial semiabandonada y la nueva Barcelona del AVE y del Fòrum. En este lugar de márgen, desconocido y estigmatizado, grupos de migrantes y autóctonos lucharon juntos para crear un paisaje humano excepcionalmente denso y rebelde: un barrio anticlerical y anarcosindicalista, en el cual la resistencia duró ochenta años, donde buscaron amparo Buenaventura Durruti, Quico Sabater y un sinfin de excluidos e indeseados de todos los sitios y de todas las épocas.

Mientras las excavadoras del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona avanzan en el derribo de esta ciudad horizontal, un grupo de habitantes retoma la histórica tradición de lucha del barrio para oponerse al nuevo urbanismo de bloques de pisos, reivindicando la importancia de sus calles, de sus estilos de vida, y de la convivencialidad que permitía la forma urbana de qué se habían apropiado.

Este trabajo es el resultado de una implicación a la vez etnográfica, política y humana con el barrio de Bon Pastor durante los años del derribo (2002-2012), para desvelar la profundidad del trauma que representa la desaparición progresiva de un barrio, con sus memorias de autogestión y autonomía, con su vida cotidiana basada en la proximidad, con sus fiestas que servían para resolver conflictos, y de sus conflictos que creaban comunidad.

The main aim of this thesis is to examine wicked problems (WPs) as service design challenges. There is an ongoing debate in the field about designers’ tendency to oversimplify WPs or complexities. Along with this is another question about the tools, methods and strategies for dealing with these problems as design tools and methods were created for relatively simple problems. According to some authors, WPs should be tamed with the tools designed for them, otherwise the process can be painful. Parallel to this, there seems to be lack of knowledge about WP theory within the design field.
Three sub-studies will answer different questions raised by the research gaps and problematisation exposed in the service design and design fields. Sub- study I seeks to fill the research gap of WPs in the service design field through a systematic literature review and by exploring how the two areas relate and what the role of service design in WPs is. Through a desktop literature review, sub-study II investigates the existing tools and strategies to deal with such problems and how service design can benefit from these tools and strategies. Sub-study III applies one of the selected tools (Mess MapTM) in a participatory action research case study by investigating the tool’s advantages and disadvantages in the service design context.
The three sub-studies further clarify the relationship to and role of service design in WPs. The sub-studies point to the research gaps and aim to fill them by providing not only theory, but also practice. The main contribution is the “Iceberg Model of Design Problems” from sub-study I, which was created to aid service designers and those from other design fields related to WPs, such as Transition Design, social design and design for sustainability, in comprehending different levels of complexities. The study also recognises how the borders between disciplines are becoming blurred. This model will aid in approaching each problem level with tools designed for them and help designers embrace the correct mindset or approach. The studies indicate that a collaborative strategy is a key element in dealing with WPs. This thesis argues that moving towards a worldview of complexities within an interpretive (constructivist) paradigm can be essential in dealing with wicked and more complex problems.
The thesis aims to stimulate change in how WPs are approached in the service design field in order to better embrace WPs. It also questions the current funding instruments for research because WPs require more extensive development, possibly lasting for decades, and thus can be difficult to handle simply as research projects. WP development in service design also needs long- term policy-making and collaborative strategies. Finally, the study continues the current academic conversation about how we need to give new students the capacities needed to tackle WPs in the design field.

Understanding what motivates participation in online innovation communities is now a high priority given the recent interest in  crowdsourcing as an approach to increasing diversity and creativity in innovation. This article reports on the results of a survey of participants in an online innovation community to characterise and find correlations between motivation and participation styles. An analysis of the survey results show: the majority of participants were contributors or collaborators, not readers or leaders; reasons for joining collective innovation communities can be different to the reason for continuing to participate; primary motivations for participation are fun and challenge; intrinsic motivations rated higher than extrinsic; and the participants that are passionate about the online community are either new members, < 1 month, or long standing members, > 6 months.

Profound transformations in residential practices are emerging in Europe as well as throughout the urban world. They can be observed in the unfolding diversity of residential architecture and spatially restructured cities. The complexity of urban and societal processes behind these changes requires new research approaches in order to fully grasp the significant changes in citizens' lifestyles, their residential preferences, capacities and future opportunities for implementing resilient residential practices. The international case studies in this book examine why ways of residing have changed as well as the meaning and the significance of the social, economic, political, cultural and symbolic contexts. The volume brings together an interdisciplinary range of perspectives to reflect specifically upon the dynamic exchange between evolving ways of residing and professional practices in the fields of architecture and design, planning, policy-making, facilities management, property and market. In doing so, it provides a resourceful basis for further inquiries seeking an understanding of ways of residing in transformation as a reflection of diversifying residential cultures. This book will offer insights of interest to academics, policy-makers and professionals as well as students of urban studies, sociology, architecture, housing, planning, business and economics, engineering and facilities management.

The purpose of this article is to map out learning methods to assist teachers in the development of online collaborative coursework. Inspired by the research, a well-mapped-out course appears to increase learners’ competence and confidence (Stodel, 2006). The methods are structured in relation to four conceptual thematic categories: Ethics, Caring, Sharing and Design. Ethics topics include: Credibility, Visitors and Residents model, Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants and Digital Literacy. Caring topics include: Creative Commons, Openness, Mooc, Emergency Remote Teaching and Digital Resilience. Sharing topics include: Collaborative Learning Environment and Avoiding Frustration. Design topics include: Five Stage Online Learning Model, Community of Inquiry, Constructive Alignment, Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) model and Backward Course Design. All of the categories include descriptions, models, theories and methods. A study is included that applies targeted approaches to a specific freestanding higher education online elective course. Comparing two identical courses with the same curriculum with structural differences. For example: Course 1 is being developed without any specific model per se and Course 2 is being developed using five approaches: Community of Inquiry, Collaborative Learning Environment, Constructive Alignment, Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) model and Backward Design. The study results are analyzed by the completion of learning activities and exam requirements.

This paper presents research that illustrates how design thought and action has contributed to the co-design and development of a mass-produced product with people living with dementia. The research, undertaken in collaboration with Alzheimer Scotland, has adopted a range of disruptive design interventions for breaking the cycle of well-formed opinions, strategies, mindsets, and ways-of-doing, that tend to remain unchallenged in the health and social care of people living with dementia. The research has resulted in a number of co-designed interventions that will help change the perception of dementia by showing that people living with dementia can offer much to UK society after diagnosis. Moreover, it is envisaged that the co-designed activities and interventions will help reconnect people recently diagnosed with dementia to help build their self-esteem, identity and dignity and help keep the person with dementia connected to their community, thus delaying the need for formal support and avoid the need for crisis responses. The paper reports on an initial intervention where the author worked collaboratively with over 130 people diagnosed with dementia across Scotland in the co-design and development of a new tartan. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for researchers when co-designing with people living with dementia.

This paper explores the role of a conservation professional, as a design strategist in urban heritage management, through a case study approach of the ‘Heritage & People of Chandernagore’ Project. Chandernagore, an erstwhile French Town, is situated about 40 kms north of Kolkata, along the Hooghly river. This project was an initiative of Aishwarya Tipnis Architects (ATA) supported by the Vielles Maison Francaise (VMF), Paris. The project has pioneered in the use of digital technology and open source GIS mapping to ‘crowd source’ content through citizen engagement activities in order to spread awareness and disseminate information about the town’s heritage. It demonstrates challenges of a semi-urban community, especially with inclusivity in the use of social media for citizen engagement, and corresponding solutions that encourage grass root level initiatives like participatory mapping for maximum public involvement.

Keywords: Chandernagore. Heritage Conservation. Collaborative Design. Community Engagement. Planning. Participatory Approach. Inclusive.

Este ensayo representa un primer acercamiento al problema de investigación de mi próximo proyecto. Se trata de analizar si y de qué manera el “ser Gitano” puede participar en una estrategia de innovación en el diseño social a través de la revalorización cultural del flamenco en conjunto con una organización socioeconómica autónoma. Como trabajo preliminar, se expone aquí un recorte del marco teórico y antecedentes que serán base de la investigación etnográfica sobre las prácticas performáticas de la comunidad Gitana-Calé –Gitanos de origen español– en Argentina y España, a la luz de los procesos de creatividad identitaria y existencial, las políticas culturales y la construcción de autonomía colectiva.

Citizen participation is a valuable resource in redefining and democratizing urban space. In urban regeneration projects, it fosters engagement by the community and integration among different forms of city urbanization, such as formal and informal areas, i.e. slums. Despite the potentialities of participatory processes, usually the plurality of actors involved challenges in the development of projects. From this perspective, one of the most critical issues is the articulation of their actions in terms of time. Actually, the difference in background, role and motivation between the participating actors can result in temporal misfits that hinder the implementation of actions. Thus, this paper explores the temporal dimension of community-based participatory design projects. Through action research, undertaken in a Brazilian context, we found out three different types of temporal misfits that can occur in this kind of project. Reflecting on them using concepts from project management and participatory design theory, we identified four contextual time factors that have to be considered to deal with timing challenges and to strengthen this practice.

This paper reports co-design interventions with a rural community of practice at Inner Mongolia, who are keepers of a vernacular architecture practice dated back to 2000BC. The research aims to explore a social innovation model to achieve sustainable village regeneration in China. We report four days community engagements with tools and activities designed and implemented as a result of collaboration between three design researchers, local NGOs and the villagers. We describe interventions bases on a framework of co-design that envision and enact community&#39;s imagination for social innovation. We also report issues addressed by NGOs and design researchers at two research forums subsequently held in Shanghai and Beijing on the topics of community development and village regeneration. We conclude by addressing the importance of design activism, which take into the considerations local values, and to achieve social innovation through collaborative imagination of the community&#39;s c...

Octavio Paz's time in Japan, reopening the Mexican Embassy in Tokyo after WWII, led to a lifetime of collaborations with Japanese intellectuals and artists, beginning with his co-translation of Matsuo Basho's Oku-no hosomichi (as Sendas de Okú), and continuing on through a series of renshi/renga-inspired projects with artists such as Katayama Toshihiro. This essay demonstrates the lingering influence of the neo-renshi collaborative ethos on Paz's oeuvre in the half-century following his time in Japan.

The recent re-emergence of collaborative housing initiatives across Europe is perceived as an alternative solution to the current crisis on affordable housing in many urban centres. La Borda, a recent housing cooperative project in Barcelona, Spain was initiated by a group of citizens who were looking for economic and community-oriented ways to live in the city. To this end, they decided to collectively design and self-manage the whole project. This paper explores how the collective design process in La Borda impacted on the final outcome and contributed to its affordability. Anchored in concepts of participation, self-organisation, affordability and environmental and social sustainability, La Borda is influenced by Scandinavian collaborative housing, mainly in the use of the Andel tenure system and in the adoption of the co-housing model. In its turn, this South European initiative can provide innovative insights on design approaches to enrich the Nordic background in affordable collaborative housing.

Key words: collaborative housing, affordability, collective design, design approaches, La Borda

Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems provide key capabilities to the coalition and national command authorities for intelligence collection, exploitation and battle management. ISR systems support the full range of component commanders at all levels of command. Further, both coalition and national command authorities may employ exploited and pre-exploited ISR information in the development of politico-military options for military and civil operations within an area of operations (AO). As a result, ISR information provides a critical piece of information for both military commanders and their civilian counterparts operating in the same AO and will likely be in demand for contingency operations from disaster relief to military conflict. This paper will present the key findings of experimentation employing network enabled databases and ISR management tools for dissemination of ISR data and information. Subjects to be addressed include but are not limited to information security and cross domain data transfer, network resource allocation and tools provided for review and minimization of bandwidth requirements, tasking and management of ISR systems by end users outside of traditional networks, communications capabilities and limitations realized through collaboration functions and web enabled applications as well as ISR command and control in an open network of multiple end users.

This paper is motivated by a methodological interest in how to investigate information infrastructures as an empirical, real-world phenomenon. We argue that research on information infrastructures should not be captive to the prevalent method choice of small-scale and short-term studies. Instead research should address the challenges of empirically studying the heterogeneous, extended and complex phenomena of infrastructuring with an emphasis on the necessarily emerging and open-ended processual qualities of information infrastructures. While existing literature identifies issues that make the study of infrastructuring demanding, few propose ways of addressing these challenges. In this paper we review characteristics of information infrastructures identified in the literature that present challenges for their empirical study. We look to current research in the social sciences, particularly anthropology and science and technology studies (STS) that focus on how to study complex and extended phenomena ethnographically, to provide insight into the study of infrastructuring. Specifically, we reflect on infrastructuring as an object of ethnographic inquiry by building on the notion of “constructing the field.” Recent developments in how to conceptualize the ethnographic field are tied both to longstanding traditions and novel developments in anthropology and STS for studying extended and complex phenomena. Through a discussion of how dimensions of information infrastructures have been addressed practically, methodologically, and theoretically we aim to link the notion of constructing the ethnographic field with views on infrastructuring as a particular kind of object of inquiry. Thus we aim to provide an ethnographically sensitive and methodologically oriented “opening” for an alternative ontology for studying infrastructuring ethnographically.

The purpose of this feasibility study is to evaluate feasibility, viability and desirability of an online value-driven venture called the Persona Generator. A double-sided platform able to collect real people's story and organise them to automatically create personas, customer archetypes based on users insights.
The idea behind the project was born from the broad application of personas in communicating and put into practice user research in Human Centred Approaches. This study frames how the pace of change today makes it difficult for businesses to find effective and long-lasting solutions; the Big Data phenomenon and its potential in user research; our need for sharing and .
the Quantified Self Movement, as opponents to widespread fears of privacy violation.
Since the high cost of research is the first problem the Persona Generator would tackle, a large part of my research focused on methodology in qualitative research to retrieve in- context behavioural drivers. Following the Lean Startup path, primary research was conducted to get feedback from all subjects involved.
As a conclusion to this study, the value of personas in human centred research was put into question and a pivotal change in business model and value was proposed.

Purpose: Over the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest within the higher education sector in students becoming producers, partners and co-creators of their own learning (Bovill et al, 2011; Little, 2011; McCulloch, 2009; Neary and Winn, 2009; Werder & Otis, 2010). Individual academic staff and some institutions are creating exciting ways of engaging students more meaningfully in curriculum design. This paper will explore the literature and examples of practice and analyses whether students and staff co-creating curricula can be considered as good practice.
Approach: I present background literature and an overview of some of the rationales given by staff to explain why they are interested in providing opportunities for students to co-create curricula. I also briefly outline some of the benefits resulting from the processes and outcomes of co-created curricula. I then summarise a range of examples to illustrate ways in which students and staff are working together to co-create
curricula. Finally, using Chickering and Gamson’s (1987) seven principles of good practice in undergraduate education, I analyse whether students and staff co-creating curricula demonstrates any of these seven principles of good practice.
Findings: This study found that there was good alignment between five out of seven of Chickering and Gamson’s principles of good practice with work involving students co-creating curricula. There were relatively weaker links to the remaining two principles.
Practical implications: Based on the findings and the co-created curricula literature, recommendations are made that include: explore different possible forms of cocreation; start co-creation early in students’ experience; acknowledge but work within constraints; and talk to your students about learning and teaching.

This paper outlines an emerging Transition Design approach for addressing " wicked " problems (such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, crime, poverty, pollution, etc.) and catalysing societal transitions toward more sustainable and desirable futures. Wicked problems are " systems problems " that exist within large, socio-technical systems and therefore require new problem-solving approaches. The Transition Design Framework brings together an evolving body of practices that can be used to: 1. visualize and " map " complex problems and their interconnections and interdependencies; 2. situate them within large, spatio-temporal contexts; 3. identify and bridge stakeholder conflicts and leverage alignments; 4. facilitate stakeholders in the co-creation of visions of desirable futures; 5. identify leverage points in the large problem system in which to situate design interventions. Rather than a fixed, templatised process, the Transition Design Framework provides a logic for bringing together an evolving set of practices relevant to designing for systems level change. This paper reports on how this approach is being tested on a community based project that was informed by classroom based coursework. A new, design-led approach is needed to address the complex, wicked problems confronting societies in the 21 st century (Hughes & Steffen, 2013; Jensen, 2017) and to seed and catalyse societal transitions toward more sustainable and desirable long-term futures (Porritt, 2013, pp 274-276).

"As a model of participation and creativity, the design charrette has huge potential for reshaping the engagement of design professionals and the dynamic processes available to businesses and organisations seeking ongoing innovation. Design charrettes in their current form largely remain the preserve of design firms, used both for internal project analysis and synthesis of large volumes of complex information. Charrettes are most often used as a consultant tool for engaging the community in participatory workshops on potentially controversial developments.

Taking the format of charrette as developed in the field of planning and urban design, this paper will reflect on the enquiry by design process and explore the potential of stimulating innovation through drawing as a way of collaborating with stakeholders outside of the key design professions.

Development, facilitation and analysis of a student workshop explores abstracted principles of a design charrette and indicates possibilities for more open, inclusive and holistic engagement between design professionals as consultants and others as collaborators."

Every city, town, village and neighbourhood are home to shared community spaces, buildings and amenities that play a fundamentally important role in the lives of local people. Spaces such as parks, recreational areas and community buildings have significant social purpose and encourage integration. This research investigates community engagement in the consultation process. The study proposes that for the development of shared community spaces public consultation requires a shift to more collaborative approaches with the local people. A new method to build effective dialogue to encourage a shared understanding of places, their challenges and their potential is developed. A methodology is established that provides participatory design interaction between, and within, the local people and urban design professionals using play as a design tool.

The Localism Act (2011) aimed to facilitate the devolution of decision making from central government to local councils and local communities. One of the measures within the Act was to consult local communities before submitting planning proposals (2011:13). The levels and methods of public consultation vary with the requirements of the project and despite the importance of engaging local communities, the success with which the local community is engaged varies greatly. This variation in the success of the public consultation process motivates this study to investigate the opportunity to develop a co-design framework that uses symbolic object play for co-creating shared community spaces, for use by architects, designers, consultation companies and local councils.

Using three case studies this research explores how the nature of shared space allows a collaborative playful approach to successfully engage local communities in the design of their future environments. The case studies chosen are recreational, community spaces situated in the UK. Insights from these case studies, supported by the examination of existing research, investigate practical ways that the findings could be disseminated into a design framework for others to draw from. The conclusions of this research support a ‘Play as a Design Tool’ user guide and an animated illustration of the process. Presented as part of the PhD exhibition, the research practice delivers resources for the target users to efficiently support them to utilise the methodology, thereby inviting wider implementation of this new model for codeveloping shared community spaces.

En partant d’une description des bouleversements introduits par la transition numérique et des technologies capacitantes qu’elle promeut, nous montrons comment les opérateurs sont parfois en demande de plus d’innovations numériques pour améliorer leurs conditions de travail et les services rendus au public, pour autant que celles-ci ne soient pas substitutives et excessivement rationnalisantes. Les démarches d’innovation collaborative soutenues, de manière en partie paradoxale, par le haut management contribuent à faciliter ces mutations.

This thesis forms 60% of my practice-led doctoral submission and provides an in-depth account of a collaborative and inclusive approach in the professional design of heritage site interpretation. Reflecting on my practice as a professional heritage site interpretation designer, I wanted to understand whether the gaps in curator/designer/visitor communication I experienced was the same for other heritage site interpretation design practices. This initial reflection led to my thesis focus and research question. My design practice in crafting the 3D interactive, kiosk-based, heritage site interpretation for the Cistercian Abbey at Beaulieu in Hampshire is presented as 40% of my doctoral submission. This is portrayed through my ‘Talking Walls- Reflection on Practice’ website. A series of galleries, posts, including the kiosk interpretation, forms the online exhibition submission which can be explored through this link.

The new model for ‘Collaborative Heritage Site Interpretation Design’ developed through Action Research, Practice-led design and Design Thinking approaches, contributes to the field of heritage interpretation design for historic houses, as a business model as well as academic contribution. The model extends a user-centred design and participatory design process to include a consistent curatorial, design and visitors team for the design and development of heritage site interpretation, with the intention of enhancing visitors’ engagement and experiences at heritage sites. The literature review focused on analysing existing heritage site interpretation design practice definitions and theories across three themes: curation, designing for interpretation, and the
importance of visitors’ experiences in shaping heritage interpretation. A lack of heritage site interpretation design literature meant this needed to include literature for interpretation design at museums. Museums are generally more advanced than heritage sites in their participatory/co-design interpretation approaches, yet can be considerably different in the context of space, story-telling and interpretative portrayal of historic sites. This includes the use of digital technology, for which the kiosk interpretation was an early advocate in the use of 3D reconstructions and choice of content on mobile platforms at heritage sites.

Recommendations for future research include potential impact in the use of the Collaborative Heritage Site Interpretation Design model and design process for heritage site interpretation design. New technological developments for heritage sites and museums can build upon the collaborative and multi-disciplinary nature of the model. The thesis and model adds value to the field of heritage site interpretation design, providing a method and process for smaller heritage sites and academic research to follow. The growth in practice-led and practice-based design research PhDs is notable, for which this thesis may also be of value to future design students.

In today’s global design world, architectural and other related design firms design across time zones and geographically distant locations. High bandwidth virtual environments have the potential to make a major impact on these global design teams. However, there is insufficient evidence about the way designers collaborate in their normal working environments using traditional and/or digital media. This paper presents a method to study the impact of communication and information technologies on collaborative design practice by comparing design tasks done in a normal working environment with design tasks done in a virtual environment. Before introducing high bandwidth collaboration technology to the work environment, a baseline study is conducted to observe and analyze the existing collaborative process. Designers currently rely on phone, fax, email, and image files for communication and collaboration. Describing the current context is important for comparison with the following phase...

A I.O. psychology consultant was contracted to assist a severely failing school district in a small rural community in a southwestern township. When the consultant arrived she discovered through her humble inquiry that there were many more important problems that existed. Consulting for a turnaround school-improvement program could not begin until the entire township. with the school administers collaborated on sustainable producing venture for the school district. Here is her story.