Co-Production

In this study, we study and evaluate a zero emission integrated system, as taken from the literature, for coproduction of electricity and methanol. The investigated integrated system has three subsystems: water electrolysis, Matiant power plant (oxy-fuel combustion of pure methane), and methanol production unit. The system and its components are analyzed energetically and exergetically. The rates of exergy destructions, relative irreversibilities, and sustainability indexes of each subunit of each subsystem, as well as the overall system are analyzed to identify the greatest exergy losses and possible future research directions. The total rate of exergy destruction of the overall system is calculated to be around 280 MW. The greatest rate of exergy destruction, therefore the greatest irreversibility, occurs within the power plant unit (about 60 % of the total rate of exergy destruction). The energy efficiencies of electrolysis, power plant, and methanol synthesis unit are found to be 30 %, 76 %, and 41 %, respectively. The exergy efficiencies of electrolysis, power plant, and methanol synthesis unit are found to be 30 %, 64 %, and 41 %, respectively. Depending on the utilization of the heat rejected from the different units of each subsystem, the overall system could have energy and exergy efficiencies up to 68 % and 47 %, respectively.

The recent dispersion of algorithms throughout a large part of social life makes them valid analytical objects for sociology in the twenty-first century. The ubiquity of algorithms has led to increased public attention, scrutiny and, consequently, regulation. That is the focus of this paper. I will show that such regulatory processes are not just aimed at preventing certain algorithmic activities, but that they are also co-producing algorithms. They determine, in specific settings, what an algorithm is and what it ought to do. I will illustrate this by comparing two different European regulations aimed at algorithmic practices: the regulation of trading algorithms in the German High Frequency Trading Act and in the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II), and the regulation of personal data processing in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

A renewed interest has appeared in citizen co-production of public services due to financial pressure on governments. While social media are considered an important facilitator, many digital participatory platforms (DPPs) have been developed to facilitate co-production between citizens and governments in the context of urban development. Previous studies have delivered a fragmented overview of DPPs in a few socio-spatial contexts and failed to take stock of the rise of DPPs. This article aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of the availability and functionalities of DPPs. Through a systematic review, 113 active DPPs have been identified, analysed, and classified within a citizen-government relationship typology. Almost a quarter of these DPPs demonstrate a realistic potential for online and offline co-production between governments and citizens. The article critically analyses the characteristics of these DPPs and explores their real-world applications in urban development. The article concludes with directions for further research.

How does anybody describe the difference between simply being heard
and really being listened to? Listening is an art. When someone has
been harmed, understanding the person’s situation can be like fitting
puzzle pieces together. It means listening for how the pieces fit together.
In this report people who access support talk about how they would like
to be included in fitting the puzzle pieces together so that at the end
of the day it holds together for them. In this report we share the
recommendations those who access services have given about how
to do this every step of the Adult Support and Protection Journey.

Researchers in the fields of arts and culture in recent years have extensively investigated the participation of consumers in value creation. Surprisingly, however, the music industry, which has undergone profound changes, has not been the subject of much research. The author uses the data from 18 qualitative interviews to try to better understand consumers’ participation in value creation and to put the phenomenon into perspective in terms of the literature.

This document may aid policy makers and the local government units including CSOs such as Tahanang Mapagpala in yielding good practices and strengthening partnership between CSOs and the local government in general. This could serve as a reference material on whether or not, co-production exists. This will also provide additional knowledge on the current undertakings of organizations such as Tahanang Mapagpala on their initiatives to help in the progress of the society by lending a hand to the government sectors within their area.

This paper aims to:

(a)  To supply the historical narrative of Tahanang Mapagpala ng Immaculada Concepcion Foundation, Inc. an trace probable evidences
of co-production;
(b)  To provide an analysis on the existence and non-existence of co-production by the programs and projects of Tahanang Mapagpala in relation to its partnership with the government at the local level;
(c)  To present the perspective of citizens participation as co-production agents at the local level by citing the case of Tahanang Mapagpala.

In recent years public management research in a variety of disciplines has paid increasing attention to the role of citizens and the third sector in the provision of public services. Several of these efforts have employed the concept of co-production to better understand and explain this trend.

This book aims to go further by systematizing the growing body of academic papers and reports that focus on various aspects of co-production and its potential contribution to new public governance. It has an interdisciplinary focus that makes a unique contribution to the body of knowledge in this field, at the cross-roads of a number of disciplines - including business administration, policy studies, political science, public management, sociology, third sector studies, etc. The unique presentation of them together in this volume both allows for comparing and contrasting these different perspectives and for potential theoretical collaboration and development. More particularly, this volume addresses the following concerns: What is the nature of co-production and what challenges does it face? How can we conceptualize the concept of co-production? How does co-production works in practice? How does co-production unfold in reality?

What can be the effects of co-production? And more specific, firstly, how can co-production contribute to service quality and service management in public services, and secondly, what is the input of co-production on growing citizen involvement and development of participative democracy?

This dissertation describes the urban actors and spatial practices that contribute to natural urban resilience in Addis Ababa’s inner city. Natural urban resilience is a non-strategical and bottom-up, everyday form of general urban resilience – an urban system’s ability to maintain its essential characteristics under any change. This study gains significance by exposing conceptual gaps in the current un-derstanding of general urban resilience and highlighting its unconvincing applicability to African cities. This study attains further relevance by highlighting the danger of the ongoing large-scale redevelopment of the inner city. The inner city has naturally formed, and its urban memory, spaces, and social cohesion contribute to its primarily low-income population’s resilience. This thesis argues that the inner city’s demolition poses an incalculable risk of maladaptation to future stresses and shocks for Addis Ababa. The city needs a balanced urban discourse that highlights the inner city’s qualities and suggests feasible urban transformation measures. “Natural Urban Resilience” contributes an empirical study to the debate by identifying those aspects of the inner city that contribute to general resilience and identifies feasible action areas. This study develops a qualitative research design for a single case study in Addis Ababa. The data is obtained through expert interviews, interviews with resi-dents, and the analysis of street scene photos, which are abstracted using Grounded Theory. That way, this thesis provides first-time knowledge about who and what generates urban resilience in the inner city of Addis Ababa and how. Furthermore, the study complements existing theories on general urban resilience. It provides a detailed understanding of the change mechanisms in resilience, of which it identifies four: adaptation, upgrading, mitigation, and resistance. It also adapts the adaptive cycle, a widely used concept in resilience thinking, conceptually for urban environments. The study concludes that the inner city’s continued redevelopment poses an incalculable threat to the entire city. Therefore, “Natural urban resilience” recommends carefully weighing any intervention in the inner city to promote Addis Ababa’s overall resilience. This dissertation proposes a pattern language for natural urban resilience to support these efforts and to translate the model of natural urban resilience into practice.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

This article contributes to the growing amount of literature on co-production, focusing on co-production of public outcomes and taking the perspective of local government and public managers. A model for explaining the dynamics of outcomes’ creation at the community level is provided. The core argument of the article is that community outcomes result from a sum of peer production, co-production and inter-organizational collaboration processes promoted and activated at individual, organizational and network level across the public, third and private sectors. Institutional, managerial and organizational implications are discussed. The article argues that local government and public managers are asked to play new roles and to employ a new ethos grounded in a citizens capabilities’ approach.

Co-production, typically defined as services and products that are planned and delivered in full conjunction with clients, has become a popular policy discourse and prescription for professional practice across a wide range of public services. Literature tends to herald the democratic and even transformative potential of co-production, yet there is little empirical evidence of its processes and negotiations at the ‘chalkface’ of everyday practice. This article adopts a sociomaterial theoretical frame of professional knowing-in-practice to analyse these negotiations, drawing from a case study of community policing. The argument is situated in terms of implications of these co-production practices for professional learning.

Key words
Sociomaterial theory, co-production, policing practice, professional learning, professional knowing-in-practice

Atomic energy developed from 1940 as a subject shrouded in secrecy. Identified successively as a crucial element in military strategy, national status and export aspirations, the research and development of atomic piles (nuclear chain-reactors) were nurtured at isolated installations. Like monastic orders, new national laboratories managed their specialist workers in occupational environments that were simultaneously cosseted and constrained, defining regional variants of a new state-managed discipline: reactor technology. This paper discusses the significance of security in defining the new subject in the USA, UK and Canada – wartime allies with similar political traditions but distinct trajectories in this field during the Cold War. The intellectual borders and content of the subject developed differently in each country, shaped under the umbrella of secrecy by disparate clusters of expertise, industrial traditions, and national goals. The nascent cadre was contained until the mid 1950s by classified publications and state-sponsored specialist courses. The early context of high security filtered its members and capped enduringly both their professional aspirations and public engagement.

Opracowanie ma charakter poglądowo-teoretyczny, powstało bowiem na podstawie przeglądu dostępnej literatury przedmiotu (polskiej i zagranicznej). Publikacja skierowana jest zarówno do naukowców jak i studentów zajmujących się tematyką starzenia się ludności, starości i osób starszych oraz do coraz szerszego grona zainteresowanych tymi zagadnieniami praktyków, w tym polityków i decydentów oraz reprezentantów usług publicznych, przedstawicieli mediów i organizacji pozarządowych.
**
The study is illustrative and theoretical in nature, as it was based on a review of the available literature on the subject (Polish and foreign). The publication is addressed to both scholars and students dealing with the subjects of population ageing, old age, and older adults, as well as to a growing group of practitioners interested in these issues, including politicians and decision-makers as well as representatives of public services, the media, and non-governmental organizations.

Uvvatuq naluallangniaqtugut (I humbly hope we run into game) is a phrase an Iñupiaq person would say before going out hunting in the Selawik dialect. We believe all things have a spirit, including animals. If a hunter announces they are going out hunting, the animal spirits will hear that and the hunter may have bad luck. Another phrase said in English is "I am going out for a ride." The University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) was awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation. The name of the project is Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Teaching in Rural Areas using Cultural Knowledge Systems (TRACKS). The UAF team, known as the UAF Development Team, is working with the Northwest Arctic Borough School District to develop STEM lessons utilizing Iñupiaq knowledge systems and university research for middle school-age students in three villages. The UAF participating programs humbly reached out to local community members to establish a TRACKS Team. However, the UAF participating programs wanted the TRACKS Team to identify what is important to teach their children. The community were the ones to identify the research topic, utilizing an analogy Uvvatuq naluallangniaqtugut (I humbly hope we run into game) for an Iñupiaq research process.

Academic historians have too often maintained an intellectual detachment between university history and public and community history, to the detriment of furthering historical knowledge. The co-production of research in partnership with community groups enables broader and different perspectives on the past, including questions of identity, to be taken by encouraging a diversity of people to participate in the research process. This chapter argues that historians need to blur the boundaries between university and the world outside in exploring the history of communities and identities to ensure that history, as a discipline, can make a difference.

Citizens and public organisations are increasingly engaging in the co-creation of public services. To be successful, such co-creation efforts require public organisations to engage in organisational learning about citizens' value-creation processes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents of such organisational learning, drawing on Payne, Storbacka, and Frow's framework about value co-creation management. A model consisting of five factors is suggested and tested via a survey administered to a sample of 204 local government administrators in Italy. The findings highlight the significance of two positive antecedents (public administrators' level of citizen orientation and expected benefits from co-creation) and three negative antecedents (perceived citizens' lack of competencies and experience, perceived biases in citizens' perceptions, and lack of resources) of organisational learning. From the managerial perspective, the model tested in this study can be used by public organisations to evaluate their level of organisational learning.

Recently, the governors of technology-driven smart cities have been criticised for ignoring their citizens and limiting the role of the general public to being passive users. Even though the goal of realising citizen centricity has been embodied in the visions of most smart cities, it has remained to be a rhetorical notion. This paper was aimed to understand the citizen participation and citizen centricity phenomena in smart cities. The research method of this review paper applied the literature review framework of vom Brocke et al., with modification. Salient features such as the domains of smart cities, state of citizen centricity, Arnstein's ladder of participation, characteristics of the citizens, and management of the associated challenges have been elaborated in this theoretical study. It is postulated that citizen and participation factors are essential to build the citizen-centric smart cities. This proposition includes the characteristics of citizens and co-production, whereby the former encompasses the behaviours and roles of the citizens, while the later entails the engagement of citizens in the upper level of public within the rungs of partnership and delegated power, building of trust-capacity relationships between public professionals and citizens, as well as understanding of deliberative democracy. This research agenda will serve as a basis for further empirical research.

This article examines the question of authenticity in relation to 3D visualisation of historic objects and monuments. Much of the literature locates their authenticity in the accuracy of the data and/or the realism of the resulting models. Yet critics argue that 3D visualisations undermine the experience of authenticity, disrupting people’s access to the materiality, biography and aura of their historic counterparts. The ACCORD project takes questions of authenticity and 3D visualisation into a new arena – that of community heritage practice – and uses rapid ethnographic methods to examine whether and how such visualisations acquire authenticity. The results demonstrate that subtle forms of migration and borrowing occur between the original and the digital, creating new forms of authenticity associated with the digital object. Likewise, the creation of digital models mediates the authenticity and status of their original counterparts through the networks of relations in which they are embedded. The current pre-occupation with the binary question of whether 3D digital models are authentic or not obscures the wider work that such objects do in respect to the cultural politics of ownership, attachment, place-making and regeneration. The article both advances theoretical debates and has important implications for heritage visualisation practice.

To address increasing climatic variability and extremes, cities are gradually forced to develop climate change adaptation strategies that can ensure a continuous and transformative adaptation process. There is widespread consensus that the sustainable establishment of such strategies requires transdisciplinary approaches, that is, the involvement of internal and external stakeholders (state, civil society and market actors) to become part of the change and find innovative ways to unite their efforts and capacities. However, there is little research and hardly any empirical evidence on the process of stakeholder involvement and co-production in the development of municipal adaptation strategies. Against this background, this paper examines the factors that influence how and why different stakeholders are involved (or excluded) during the processes of developing adaptation strategies, and how this gets reflected in process outcomes. Based on applied participatory analysis of two pioneering municipalities in Germany and Sweden, the paper identifies and contrasts existing patterns to feed back into both theory and practice. Synergies, mismatches, barriers and driving forces for adaptation co-production are identified and contrasted with current adaptation discourses. The results highlight how the level of internal and external stakeholder involvement is conditional on (changes in) the broader governance context, and the associated power constellations in which stakeholders act (e.g., standing of departments, proximity to the decision-making body, changes in [or constellations of] political parties, contractual arrangements for staff, individual champions, progress in mainstreaming). On this basis, conclusions are drawn regarding how to foster sustainable and transformative adaptation through increased stakeholder involvement. The results and conclusions are crucial to advance theory on adaptation co-production, providing a basis for further analyses, research and action. They inform how existing theory, policies and/or guidelines for strategic adaptation planning need to be revisited to support change across current risk governance.

Narrative approaches have exercised an emancipatory influence within mental health. In this article, it is suggested that there is a risk that the emancipatory tradition associated
with narrative may be co-opted through contemporary mental health strategy by a narrow agenda which promotes a particular Western and neoliberal form of citizenship.
This may limit the way recovery can be imagined by equating it solely with the future orientated individual who strives, above all, to be economically independent. To resist this, it is suggested that narrative in mental health should be approached with recourse to therapeutic thinking which promotes a relational ethos of ‘recovery together’. The
‘recovery together’ model is subsequently considered in relation to narrative research on temporal understandings which have been conducted in disability studies and in the
area of chronic illness. These studies point towards the value of a relational orientation towards well-being in the present, rather than fixating on future goals. It is suggested
that a relational philosophy of the present might be usefully incorporated into narrative approaches when working therapeutically with people suffering from mental distress.
It is argued that this might enable users and practitioners to extend the available narrative templates and to imagine recovery in diverse ways which support personal transformation and, ultimately, contribute to social change.

This article examines the question of authenticity in relation to 3D visualisation of historic objects and monuments. Much of the literature locates their authenticity in the accuracy of the data and/or the realism of the resulting models. Yet critics argue that 3D visualisations undermine the experience of authenticity, disrupting people’s access to the materiality, biography and aura of their historic counterparts. The ACCORD project takes questions of authenticity and 3D visualisation into a new arena – that of community heritage practice – and uses rapid ethnographic methods to examine whether and how such visualisations acquire authenticity. The results demonstrate that subtle forms of migration and borrowing occur between the original and the digital, creating new forms of authenticity associated with the digital object. Likewise, the creation of digital models mediates the authenticity and status of their original counterparts through the networks of relations in which they a...

This chapter explores two different theoretical strands in current thinking on co‐production, which can deliver very different roles and outcomes. The first approach – user co‐production – focuses on how co‐production can deliver individualized benefits from the design and operation of public services, while the second approach – community co‐production – concentrates on more collective benefits which co‐production can bring. We show that this second approach is currently under‐developed and then go on to explore how the potential benefits of ‘collectivized’ co‐production might be more effectively captured by public service organizations. We suggest that the technological solutions required for ‘collective co‐production’ are distinctly different from those involved in ‘individualized co‐production’ and that collective co‐production based on Web 2.0 applications may in the future offer major improvements to public service outcomes.

This article presents a case study of the solidarity economy in Italy: the Italian G.A.S. – Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, which I translate as Solidarity Purchase Groups. GAS are often conceptualized as "alternative food networks". Beyond this categorization, I highlight their novelty in relational, political, and ecological terms, with respect to their capacity to forge new partnerships between consumers and producers. Introducing an ethnographic study that I have developed in a recent monograph (Grasseni 2013), I dwell here in particular on how the solidarity economy is embedded in practice. I argue that gasistas' provisioning activism is something different to mere "ethical consumerism." Activists use the notion of "co-production" to describe their engagement as a concurrent rethinking of the social, economic, and ecological aspects of provisioning. Building also on a quantitative survey of the GAS movement in northern Italy, I pursue an ethnographic understanding of "co-production." I argue that producers and consumers in GAS networks "co-produce" both economic value and ecological knowledge, while re-embedding their provisioning practice in mutuality and relationality.

Cet article présente une étude de cas de l'économie solidaire en Italie: le G.A.S. italien - Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, que je traduis comme les groupes de solidarité d'achat. G.A.S. sont souvent conceptualisée comme «réseaux alimentaires alternatifs». Au-delà de cette catégorisation, je souligne la nouveauté en termes relationnels , politiques et écologiques , par rapport à leur capacité à forger de nouveaux partenariats entre les consommateurs et les producteurs. Je présente une étude ethnographique que j'ai développé dans une monographie récente (Grasseni 2013), et je me concentre sur la façon dont l'économie solidaire est intégré dans la pratique. Je soutiens que l'approvisionnement de l'activisme de gasistas n'est pas la même chose que «la consommation éthique». Les militants utilisent la notion de «co- production» pour décrire leur engagement comme une remise en question des aspects sociaux, économiques et écologiques de l'approvisionnement. En s'appuyant également sur une enquête quantitative du mouvement de G.A.S. dans le nord de l'Italie, je poursuis une compréhension ethnographique de «co- production». Je soutiens que les producteurs et les consommateurs dans les réseaux G.A.S. «co- produire» à la fois une valeur économique et les connaissances écologiques , tout en reembedding leur approvisionnement alimentaire dans la réciprocité et relationnalité.

Este artículo presenta un caso de estudio de economía solidaria en Italia: el G.A.S. italiano –Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale, el cual traduzco como Grupos de Compra Solidaria (Sodarity Purchase Groups). GAS son frecuentemente conceptualizadas como "redes de comida alternativa". Más allá de esta categorización, deseo resaltar su novedad en términos relacionales, políticos, y económicos, con respecto a su capacidad de forjar nuevas sociedades entre consumidores y productores. Introduciendo un estudio etnográfico que he desarrollado en una monografía reciente (Gasseni 2013), enfatizo en particular en cómo la economía solidaria es llevada a cabo en la práctica. Argumento que el activismo provisionado por gasistas es algo diferente al mero "consumismo ético". Los activistas usan la noción de "co-producción" para describir su compromiso con un replanteamiento concurrente de los aspectos sociales, económicos, y ecológicos de aprovisionamiento. Con base también en un estudio cuantitativo del movimiento GAS en el norte de Italia, busco un entendimiento etnográfico de de "co-producción". Argumento que productores y consumidores en las redes GAS "co-producen" valores económicos y conocimiento ecológico, mientras re-formulan sus prácticas de aprovisionamiento en mutualidad y relacionalidad.

There is growing interest in how enterprises based on co-operative values can help to meet needs relating to welfare and re-energise public services. The objective of this article
is to examine critically the intersection of personalised adult social care services and the co-operative tradition, which emphasises mutual aid and value-led enterprise. We do
this by retelling the story of personalisation through a co-operative lens, and ground this reading in case studies of two new co-operative enterprises that were supported under
a Department of Health programme in England (2006–2009) intended to demonstrate how personalised adult social care could be extended by developing collaborative, cooperative
organisational forms.

In this article, we aim to describe and demonstrate the use of a methodology for using arts-based techniques to co-produce knowledge with community members, thus making it accessible at both the theoretical and practice levels for social workers and social work educators. In this methodology, the arts are used not as a diagnostic tool or as fine art, but rather as a trigger for a reflective and socially critical dialogue with community members, with the aim of understanding how they experience their life situation. The proposed methodology includes three central compositional elements of art analyses: the interrelationship between figure and background within a composition , the recourses and obstacles included in the picture background and the use of symbols and metaphors. The present manuscript illustrates this innovative analytical prism, providing examples of images and explanatory narratives of engaged and married young Muslim women in Israel, as self-defined by the participants rather than as an external anthropology. We further outline the implications of this methodology for other cases.

The concept of co-production is gaining ground rapidly in the political and administrative sciences. Generally speaking, it is about involving citizens and users in the production of the same services they consume. Although the reforms and initiatives related to co-production have been considered as having many democratizing features, they also have the tendency to narrow and reduce the area of political discussion. This is mainly because individualized and personalized forms of governance seem to make it difficult to discern the structural issues underlying these forms. The article investigates how co-productional practices both open up and close down the opportunities for political deliberation and debate. In other words, how it both politicizes and depoliticizes political and administrative questions.