Community Policing

Convocation Address at Bethel University, August 29, 2016 about recent troubles in Minnesota, particularly the shooting of Philando Castille, and our responsibility as followers of the Gospel. There is an audio link also available. After you click the link, it's the first one in the queue; fast-forward to 15:00:  https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/2016-2017-chapel-college-arts/id1148681753?mt=10

Suçun işlenmeden önlenmesi çalışmaları, modern toplumlarda kolluk kuvvetlerinin asli vazifeleri arasında ön plana çıkan görevleri arasındadır. Suçun önlenmesi anlamına gelen proaktif polislik, polisin suç işlenmeden önce harekete geçmesidir. Bu tür polislik, suçla  mücadele herkesin sorumluluğu temeline dayanan çok kurumlu yaklaşım ve suçu sosyal bir problem olarak algılayıp kontrolünü de sosyal yöntemlerle mümkün gören önleme stratejilerini de içinde barındıran bir yöntemdir. Bu nedenle, suçla mücadele sorumluluğu, ilgili diğer resmi kurumlar, sivil toplum kuruluşları ve daha genel olarak halkla paylaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Toplum Destekli Polislik (TDP) tanımı yapılmış, TDP ortaya çıkışını hazırlayan nedenler ve TDP faaliyetlerinde yöneticilerin rolü belirtilmiş ve TDP faaliyetlerinin faydalarına ilişkin bölüm yazarının bir süre müdürlüğünü yaptığı Diyarbakır TDP Şubesinde kendisinin ve şube personelinin yaşamış olduğu bazı anılara örnek olarak yer verilmiştir. Bahse konu anılarda; toplumda yaşanan bütün sorunları kendi sorunları olarak gören, okula gidemeyen bir çocuğun acısını içinde duyan, evinde şiddet gören kadının feryadını, mağduriyet yaşayan bir ailenin ve sokaklarda yaşama mecburiyetinde kalan kimsesizlerin acısını yüreğinde duyan, sadece bir olay meydana geldiğinde olaya müdahale eden değil, her zaman vatandaşların dertlerine ortak olan, hastalandıklarında geçmiş olsun ziyaretine giden, vefat etmeleri durumunda yakınlarının acılarını paylaşmak için taziye ziyaretinde bulunan, halkın bayramlarına ve özel günlerine katılarak onlarla bütünleşmeye çalışan, suça bulaşan veya bulaşma riski yüksek olan çocuk ve gençlerin tespit edilerek onların nasıl meslek sahibi yapılmaya çalışıldığı ve benzeri konular anlatılmıştır.

ALINTILAMA ÖNERİSİ
Terkeşli, R. (2014), Toplum Destekli Polislik ve Örnekleri , Harmancı, F. M; Gözübenli, M. ve Zengin, C. (Ed.),"Güvenlik Sektöründe Temel Stratejiler" içinde (s.57-81). Nobel Yayınevi, ISBN:978-605-133-960-3


BİR BÖLÜMÜ BURADA YER ALAN KİTABIN TAMAMINA AŞAĞIDAKİ LİNKLERDENULAŞABİLİRSİNİZ
https://www.academia.edu/43834170/G%C3%BCvenlik_Sekt%C3%B6r%C3%BCnde_Temel_Stratejiler
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294836329_Guvenlik_Sektorunde_Temel_Stratejiler

This case study reports on an action research project which has been running for 5 years in the deprived area of Hawkhill in Central Scotland. It highlights the steps necessary to move from theory to successful implementation. The case highlights the process and impact of change of a unique initiative as set within the wider framework of Scottish Policing. Through the use of an auto-ethnographic focus it tells the story of an innovative police/partnership policy utilising an asset-based approach for reducing offending, improving health, wellbeing and local community conditions by supporting and building on the assets within the community. It examines how such an approach helped to establish the opportunity for change through connecting people to each other and to create conditions for respectful, meaningful, partnership working where residents are viewed as equal partners who can make a valuable contribution, as opposed to passive recipients of services. The first author undertook this work within a particularly deprived community in central Scotland where life expectancy is significantly lower than elsewhere in the UK and claimants of housing and social benefits are higher than the Scottish average, and violent crime was also identified as being of concern. The case will be of interest to policy makers, theorists and practitioners alike.

This paper inquires into the ways that public safety is represented and framed by the various actors involved in the implementation of the Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation program in Milwaukee's Washington Park neighborhood by looking at the language and ideological frameworks that are presented in press releases, statements/manifestos, planning reports, and solicitation pamphlets. I find a framing of public safety that largely resembles the discourses produced by the neoliberal restructuring of police work of the last several decades. By looking at Washington Park we see a neighborhood whose characteristics, up until very recently, have been largely produced through state neglect and is now facing the extension of state control and governance through the implementation of neoliberal policing strategies.

In studying the consistencies we find our purpose of establishing the consistencies of how variations of truth are assessed.
The methodology used was a threefold assessment of short sections of a recorded interview that was later publicized.
From this we find normative and acceptable consistencies in the methods and responses, and we gain an insight into the internal workings of the law enforcement of law enforcers, supporting our social confidences.
In conclusion, the reinstatement of appropriate and correct boundaries are evident.

Neighbourhood Policing Teams (NPTs) were introduced into Dorset in 2006 and neighbourhoods and boundaries were clearly defined through consultation with partners and communities. Dorset Police invested heavily in the creation of these NPTs across the county, but as Police Forces across England and Wales attempted to deliver their response to public austerity measures from 2010 by introducing change programmes, it is not surprising that these programmes planned to
achieve most of their savings by reducing the number of police officers, Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) and police staff. By August 2013, Dorset Police began to consider ways of improving their operational model of Neighbourhood Policing as they were entering a period of unprecedented challenge and this is when the review (Project Genesis) was initiated.

This purposive one shot cross sectional sample survey uses a standardized Emotional Intelligence Scale to elicit responses from 687 police persons spread across 17 police stations in and around Mysore, Karnataka, based on various organismic and socio-demographic variables. Results in terms of the profile of overall Emotional Intelligence Scores and in relation to various socio-demographic variables, domain analysis, and, item analysis are presented and discussed with implications for their training in identified deficit areas or domains in order to optimize their resources for the benefit of police workforce as well as society at large.

Politie en professioneel jongerenwerk zijn voorzieningen die veel contact hebben met jeugd. Omdat zij veel te maken hebben met dezelfde doelgroep en vanuit verschillende invalshoeken maatschappelijke jeugdproblematiek proberen te verhelpen, ligt samenwerking voor de hand. Gezien het verschil in kerntaak en de vaak moeizame verstandhouding tussen jongeren en de politie, ontstaan er knelpunten in de werkverhouding tussen politie en professioneel jongerenwerk. Onvoldoende kennis over mogelijkheden en grenzen van elkaars beroep, gebrek aan contact en vertrouwen en het ontbreken van duidelijkheid over samenwerkingsafspraken, belemmeren een effectieve gezamenlijke aanpak van maatschappelijke jeugdproblematiek. Na een beschrijving van de huidige werkverhouding tussen politie en professioneel jongerenwerk en de knelpunten die daarin ontstaan, volgen adviezen voor een betere samenwerking gebaseerd op relevante literatuur, landelijk en lokaal onderzoek. Heldere afspraken op beleidsniveau uitgedragen in de praktijk, scholing van beide typen professionals over elkaars beroep en structureel contact zijn een stevige basis voor een vruchtbare samenwerking.

This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.

W artykule skoncentrowano się na kategorii społeczności lokalnej, a konkretnie na zrównoważonej społeczności lokalnej (ang. sustainable community), pojęciu, które jest popularne zwłaszcza w państwach anglosaskich. Przedstawiono formy współpracy władz z lokalną społecznością w celu poprawy bezpieczeństwa, znajdujące swój wyraz np. w realizacji koncepcji community policing. Badano, w jaki sposób ewoluuje obecnie lokalna społeczność, przywołując kategorię zrównoważonej społeczności lokalnej. Artykuł kończy podsumowanie, zawierające wnioski płynące z przeprowadzonych badań.

Sustainable Communities and Their Safety: Experience of the Anglo-Saxon Countries

The article focuses on the category of the community and sustainable community, the concept that is well-known in the Anglo-Saxon countries. The author has explored forms of cooperation of the community with the local authorities aimed at improving safety such as community policing. The author has elaborated how communities are evolving reaching the category of sustainable communities. The article concludes with a summary containing the final conclusions.

The need for an effective public-private partnership, in which the civil society plays an active role in development agenda, has been stressed upon by researchers and global institutions alike since the 1990. Using the social contract theory and the structural functualist theory, the paper reviews existing literature on state-society synergy for development and further draws on the concepts of social capital, complementarity and embeddedness as well as coproduction to examine the Ghana Community Policing System (CPS) as a case study. The paper finds that although the Ghana community policing system is diverse in nature, the applications of these strategies are not necessarily conflictual but complementary. The study concludes that efforts to synergize state and civil society must consider local context in order to develop the most appropriate strategy that will address the specific need of the society to enhance an effective developmental agenda. The finding is a significant contribution to the development literature because it identifies a new developmental approach that highlights collaboration between the state and civil society to address the developmental needs of Ghana and developing countries in general.

This paper explores the meanings that youth crime and policing acquire in the context of their mediated representation on the televised news in Nicaragua. In particular, it explores this question by juxtaposing the televised imagery of the apprehended juvenile delinquent with the discursive treatment of his person by both police and reporters on Nicaragua’s most watched news shows, Acción 10 and Crónica TN8. The police are presented as the heroic protagonists who serve and protect the barrio through ‘communitarian policing’ whilst the juvenile delinquent – the ‘pinta’ – is excluded and stigmatised. This turns such youths into socially expendable and ‘tainted, discounted’ outsiders who can be treated as such. In this way, through the news, pintas are targeted for ‘removal’ from the barrio, and their mediated arrests become ‘spectacular performances’ of community. A discrepancy appears, then, between the police’s communitarian discourse and its reactionary practice.

Published in: Journal of Latin American Studies (Cambridge U Press), online 20 April 2018, print version 2019.

<<If you are interested in the article but do not have University Library access to view it, don't hesitate to get in touch with me for a pdf. j.h.j.weegels@cedla.nl>>

This study examines the effect that individuals’ perceptions of police have on their adoption of crime prevention measures. Unlike past research that conceptualized police perceptions as inversely associated with crime prevention, we introduce a framework that distinguishes between the traditional policing and community policing/procedural justice models. We analyze multilevel data from Canada’s General Social Survey for 13 crime prevention measures (e.g. locking doors, installing burglar alarms), and estimate Item Response Theory models to account for differing levels of difficulty in the implementation of these measures. Results show that the effect of police perceptions on the adoption of crime prevention measures varies by policing model. Residents who have favorable perceptions of the police as to the performance of traditional policing duties are less inclined to take measures against crime. In contrast, those with favorable perceptions of the police as engaging in community policing/procedural justice are more inclined to take such measures.

Purpose – There has been limited analysis on the intersections of race, gender, inequality (e.g. education, income), and procedural/distributive justice and the perceived prevalence of racially biased policing. Using data from a sample of New York City residents who were asked to judge the New York City Police Department on measures related to racially biased policing and to procedural/distributive justice, this paper builds a perception of discrimination composite tied to perceived personal experience with officer bias and to beliefs regarding the perceived prevalence and justification for such behavior.

Design/methodology/approach – First, the bivariate relation between race and the perception of discrimination composite is examined. Then, logistic regression is employed to explain the composite with the complement of demographic and attitudinal variables. Finally, split sample analyses are conducted to examine demographic and attitudinal variables separately for blacks and non-blacks.

Findings – Blacks were three times more likely than non-blacks to perceive that racially biased policing was widespread, unjustified, and personally experienced, and this finding held after controlling for demographic and attitudinal variables. It suggests that the “black effect” operates independently of income and education, raising questions about the claim that race has made way for class in key aspects of social life.

Violence breeds insecurity in Nigeria. Lack of security of lives and property of the citizenry is a severe hindrance to meaningful development. A climate of fear will frighten domestic and foreign investors. At the heart of many of these conflicts is access to resources and control over the distribution of benefits. This struggle for resources has led to a broad sense of insecurity, opportunism, and the pursuit of self-help strategies across the country. Some of the causes of violence include god fatherism, poverty, unemployment, money and politics, corruption, small arms proliferation, the rise of armed groups, religious-based violence, election fraud and etc. These issues represent dividing lines in communities that have led to heightened tensions between and within groups. Therefore, this paper examines the root causes of violence vis-à-vis insecurity, its effects, and proffer strategies that will make Nigeria a safe place to live.

In 2007, the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence, or CIRV, was initiated by the Cincinnati Police Department to tackle the rising problem of gang-member related homicides (Engel et al., 2008). CIRV was an evidence-based, focused deterrence strategy developed from the Boston Operation Ceasefire approach to prevent serious gun and gang-related violence (see Braga et al., 1999, 2001; Kennedy, 1996, 1997). This model captured the interest of law enforcement authorities in Glasgow, Scotland, who sought to adopt it as a model to address its persistent gang violence problem (see Davies, 2007, 2013; Kintrea et al., 2010; Patrick, 1973).

Discrimination in the society and Intersections of Race, Gender, Faith, Caste, Poverty and other forms of Social hierarchies create multiple vulnerabilities which lead to violence, fear and subjugation of individuals and communities. If enough investments are not made in police training and capacity building to get engaged with communities and their ways of life in multicultural social environments , the police service delivery can become biased due to inheritance of wider social; prejudices in policing sub cultures. The police training and capacity building must counter these trends by making efforts in anti prejudice measures, neutralizing the inherent biases and creating a respectful engagement of the police with diversity of social life, human rights of each individual and community. The police practices must co-produce and co-create cultures of community policing which are sustainable examples of democratic policing. The Community Policing approach using an interface with community based groups, recruiting volunteers from the different social groups and minorities  and intensive partnership building with them helps in creating a transparent, socially sustainable and accountable relationship which creates a  acceptable form of multi cultural policing which co produces security and access to justice based outcomes . This approach forms a viable example of 'policing by consent', 'police legitimacy' and 'inter-sectional policing' which can counter 'implicit bias' and build an atmosphere of police trust.  The viability of these community policing solutions are shown through an example of the practices in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India to substantiate a model of multi cultural policing.

Community (oriented) policing has become one of the worldwide most popular models of policing. After its initial implementation in many Western countries, community policing has also been transferred to transitional societies often without strong democratic traditions. The international diffusion of community policing should not make us forget that community policing comes in all shapes and sizes and is highly varied in its operations. After having defined the concept and analyzed its rise in Anglo-American countries, this diversity is illustrated by scrutinizing its implementation in different national configurations: a continental European country relatively open to Anglo-American influences (the Netherlands), socially homogeneous countries with a high level of trust in the police (the Nordic countries), a centralized country with an administrative Napoleonic tradition (France) and post-conflict societies (South Africa and Northern Ireland).

Vigilantes pose an unusual problem for law enforcement agencies. On the one hand, police officers can understand where the vigilantes are coming from and even share some satisfaction in the ad hoc punishment meted out to suspected criminals. On the other hand, vigilantes often break the law in their efforts to punish alleged wrong-doers, and sometimes their perceptions of what constituents deviant behaviour is not shared by the legal system. What then are police officers to do? Do they energetically attempt to arrest and prosecute vigilantes - and risk a backlash of negative publicity in both local and wider communities, or do they quietly tolerate vigilantes, in the hope that they are more likely to do good than harm? This article reviews the causes of vigilantism and the motivations of vigilantes. It highlights a number of case studies of vigilante violence and identifies two critical issues:  first, that vigilantism is a response by individuals who perceive that a serious and genuine problem exists with deviant behaviour; and second, that vigilantism frequently enjoys high levels of local support. The implications of this for policing policy and practice are assessed.

This article examines the main institutional developments that have accompanied the economic and political changes in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in the past twenty years. In particular, the different agencies of the UAE's Ministry of Interior have taken active roles in responding to the demographic changes and in developing preemptive policing strategies that include community policing, extensive surveillance networks, and increasingly individualized and standardized forms of identification. The paper assesses how that institutional growth has shaped the way the UAE has come to manage its guest worker program over time. It explains how the security apparatus is deployed by the state for managing the criminal and cultural impact of expatriates on the national body politic. On 20 January 2010, Mr. Mahmoud al Mabhouh, a founder of the Hamas military wing, was found dead in his room at the Al Bustan Rotana in Dubai, hours after arriving in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Within a matter of weeks, the Dubai police released the names, pictures and passport copies of the 26 assassins and produced dramatic footage of the hourly breakdown of the incident (Issa, 2010). But perhaps more striking than the assassins' careful

This work examines the blurring distinctions between the police and military institutions and between war and law enforcement. In this article, the author asserts that understanding this blur, and the associated organizing concepts militarization and militarism, are essential for accurately analyzing the changing nature of security, and the activity of policing, in the late-modern era of the 21st century.

In Ethiopia, community policing has been announced officially as a national program in 2005 E.C with the impetus to nullify crimes at lower tiers. There have been growing reports of prevailing crimes in Jenila district of Harar city. Accordingly, this study endeavors to scrutinize the practices of community policing and associated challenges in the study site. A mixed research deign was used to fetch out primary and secondary data sets. Hence, the participants' views were captured through questionnaires, key informant interviews and focused group discussions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, bar graph and percentages. The finding of the study revealed that a greater proportions of the respondents recognized that community policing practices had contributed in preventing crimes; burglary 94 (27%) and robbery 77 (22%) as most frequently recurring and reported types of crimes in the city. While community policing structures and concerned actors operate to smoothly run the programs, there were cropping up predicaments at the grass root levels. Limited awareness among the residents, inadequate financial resources and professionally ill-qualified human power were reported as major obstructions. In the face of increasing crimes, both in terms of intensity and types on the one hand, and intricate challenges to penetrate through on the other hand, the communities of residents aspire to dive deep with a sense of ownership and exploit the opportunities for intensifying the programs stated in community policing programs. Eventually, there was need to move in concerted manner to lessen the impacts of crimes in Jenila district of Harar city.

Handbook with the methods to stablish a complete, overarching public safety system adapted to a diverse local community.

Manual con los métodos para establecer un sistema de seguridad ciudadana completo e integral adaptado a la sociedad diversa.

This article explores the way in which the concept of ‘public’ is continually and unpredictably constituted, redefined, and unmade in Gulu District, northern Uganda. It uses case studies of three local security initiatives and their conflicts with state agents to examine how public authorities establish power through a dynamic process of both claiming and denying authority, thereby divesting themselves of responsibility to intervene. It also shows that the state maintains its power over other claimants to public authority such as the local security initiatives by unpredictably shifting the boundary between public and private, and enforcing these seemingly arbitrary definitions with a very real threat of violent force. Together, these two phenomena prevent civilians from developing expectations of public authorities or creating alternative public authorities, which helps to explain the lack of state accountability to citizens in northern Uganda.

Contemporary forms of policing of a “community” character are part of the broader “participatοry” crime prevention policy and reflect largely the character of prevention at the local level. Based in partnerships and in the volunteering participation of the public –as in the case of Local Crime Prevention Councils – these policies, that have been applied in international level for the last 40 years, are differentiated according to the context in which they take place, accumulating a role of social or situational crime prevention. This framework also includes the forms of community policing or policing of “proximity”, which were implemented in Greece through the neighbourhood policeman scheme. Both these forms of crime and fear of crime prevention that are legislatively implemented in Greece have faced serious difficulties during their implementation, as will be analyzed in the present.

This article interrogates the salient factors that hinder the effectiveness of the most desirous community policing architecture in Nigeria. Community policing is a policing philosophy that fosters proactive problem solving of all kinds of crime through cooperation of the state law enforcement agents with the members of the community. It entails preventing, analysing and combating signs and act of criminality in the community. However, in Nigeria, Community policing is faced with some existential challenges that has made its adoption and operation less effective. This article examines amongst others; police corruption, poor condition of service of the police and the lack of public cooperation, flabby incorporation of ethnic militias popularly known as vigilante, community lack of trust on police as factors militating against the success of community policing in Nigeria. This paper argues that corruption, the improper incorporation of the informal police (Vigilante) and the working conditions and poor remuneration of the Nigeria police, is the reason why community policing is less effective in Nigeria. The article concludes that when these intractable challenges are properly addressed the internal security architecture of Nigeria will be viable enough to combat all forms of crime and foster viable security, sustainable peace and development in society.

By integrating the sociocultural histories of cities and the institutional histories of urban police forces, this chapter reveals the critical role liberals and police officers played in the post-World War II redefinition of freedom. During the 1950s and 60s, urban liberals used the politics of police discretion to resurrect John Stuart Mill's harm principle. A new generation of cosmopolitan liberals argued that if citizens tolerated cultural, sexual, and racial pluralism, they could unite around their common interest in combating physical harm. Cosmopolitan liberalism appeared in redeveloping cities and extended new liberties to white gays, bohemians, and artists by reducing police discretion. Cosmopolitan liberalism, by contrast, often compelled citizens of color to achieve new freedoms through an expansion of police discretion.

Cosmopolitan liberals attempted to realize their vision of freedom through rank-and-file police officers. However, postwar police maintained their own institutional interests and were not reliable arms of the state. This chapter builds upon a governmentality scholarship that blurs the lines between the government and the governed, noting that urban officials had to continually convince the rank and file to implement their visions of liberty. Freedom, this chapter concludes, is best understood as an ongoing process rather than an endpoint.

Racial bias in predictive policing algorithms has been the focus of a number of recent news articles, statements of concern by several national organizations (for example the ACLU and NAACP), and simulation based research. There is reasonable concern that predictive algorithms encourage directed police patrols to target minority communities with discriminatory consequences for minority individuals. However, to date there have been no empirical studies on the bias of predictive algorithms used for police patrol. Here we test for such biases using arrest data from the Los Angeles predictive policing experiments. We find that there were no significant differences in the proportion of arrests by racial-ethnic group between control and treatment conditions. We find that the total numbers of arrests at the division level declined or remained unchanged during predictive policing deployments. Arrests were numerically higher at the algorithmically predicted locations. When adjusted for the higher overall crime rate at algorithmically predicted locations, however, arrests were lower or unchanged.

Abstract
Community  policing  philosophy  has  become  an  attractive  field  within  the policing literature, exercised enthusiastically by police forces across England and Wales as a response to police and crime related issues ranging from poor police-public  relations  to  minor  crime  and  disorder.  This  paper  provides  a  critical appraisal of community participation and problem solving elements of community
policing  before  moving  onto  explaining  how  they  have  been  implemented  in England, Wales, and European Union. Finally, this study also highlights that there are  stubborn  and  very  serious  financial,  organisational  and  cultural  challenges regarding  the  successful  application  of  community  policing  schemes  in  England,
Wales, and European Union.
Keywords:  Community  Oriented  Policing,  Peace-keeping,  'Real'  Policing, Community Partnership, Problem Solving.