Fear of Crime

Özet Suç korkusu, suçla çok yakından ilgili olmakla birlikte suçtan bağımsız bir olgudur. Suç oranlarının artışına paralel olarak artan suç korkusunun suç oranlarındaki düşüşle birlikte düşmediği pek çok araştırma sonucu elde edilen ortak bir bulgudur. Suç korkusu, suçun önlenebilmesi ve kontrol altına alınabilmesi için en çok ihtiyaç duyulan toplumsal dayanışmayı zedelediği için suçla mücadeleyi zorlaştırıcı bir özelliğe sahiptir. Bu nedenle de, suçla mücadele çalışmaları yanı sıra korkusuyla başa çıkabilmek için özel olarak dizayn edilmiş programların geliştirilmesine ve uygulanmasına büyük bir ihtiyaç vardır. Ancak ülkemizde, konuya ilişin gerek güvenlik birimlerine ve gerekse de güvenlik politikalarına yön veren insanlara rehberlik edebilecek yeterli düzeyde bilimsel veri bulunmamaktadır. Pek çok uluslararası örneği bulunan suç korkusu araştırmalarının Türkiye'de yalnızca birkaç lokal çalışma ile sınırlı kaldığı ve ulusal çapta yapılmış bir örneğinin ise bulunmadığı hemen göze çarpmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu makale ile bu tür araştırmalarda ele alınması gereken teorik ve pratik konuların neler olduğuna ilişkin bir yol haritası ortaya koyulacak ve ulusal çapta bir suç korkusu araştırması ile elde edilecek faydalar ilgililerin dikkatlerine sunulacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Suç korkusu, suç mağduriyeti korkusu, güvenlik endişesi, güvenlik algısı, güvenlik politikaları. Fear of Crime: Causes, Consequences, and its Relation with Justice Policy Abstract Although closely related concepts, fear of crime is independent of crime. Many studies in criminological literature suggest that fear of crime increases parallel to the increase in crime but it does not decrease with the decrease in crime. The fear of crime makes the fight against crime more difficult as it harms the social cohesion and trust which are among the most needed elements in preventing and controlling crime. For this reason, in addition to activities for the fight against crime, there is a great need to develop and implement programs specially designed to overcome fear of crime. However, there is not enough research initiatives and empirical knowledge in the Turkish context to guide the police and people who shape security policies. Even though many national and cross national studies on fear of crime have been conducted in the international arena it draws the attention that, there are only a few local studies and there is not any single national study to measure and assess the scope and nature of this problem in Turkey. Thus, in this article we present a guideline for the theoretical and practical issues that need to be dealt with in these research projects. Finally, we discussed the expected benefits of a national study on fear of crime.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to critically review the core findings from recently published place-based crime prevention research. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention strategy. Design/methodology/approach -Large-scale evaluations of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) are reviewed with a view to clarifying current knowledge on the evidence of crime prevention through environmental design. Findings -The review concludes that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. Research limitations/implications -Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most significant research in the area, including an extensive and modern bibliography on the subject. Research implications will be the subject of a forthcoming paper. Practical implications -CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being implemented on a global scale. Additionally, individual components such as territoriality, surveillance, maintenance, access control, activity support and target-hardening are being widely deployed. However, the evidence currently available is inconclusive and much criticised, which effectively prevents widespread intervention and investment by central government. The paper details the difficulties associated with demonstrating the effectiveness of CPTED. Originality/value -The paper concludes that although empirical proof has not been definitively demonstrated, there is a large and growing body of research, which supports the assertion that crime prevention through environmental design is a pragmatic and effective crime prevention tool. This review provides an extensive bibliography of contemporary crime prevention through environmental design and a follow-up paper will discuss the future research priorities for it.

In June 2008 the search term ''Madeleine McCann'' generated around 3700 videos on YouTube, attracting over seven million text responses. This research project used generic analysis to allocate videos to categories according to their content. Using critical discourse analysis, the nature of the comments posted in response to the videos was then assessed. Both methods were deployed to explore three broad research questions. First, what kind of content were people uploading to YouTube in response to the case? Second, where did YouTube users position themselves in relation to the dominant discourses of the news media in this case? Third, previous work demonstrates evidence of ''collective expressiveness, emotionality, and identity'' (Greer, 2004) in virtual communities structured around cases of child murder in the United Kingdom: to what extent were these characteristics of imagined community evident in responses to videos? Results demonstrate that YouTube provides a forum for a broad range of responses to the case, both accommodating and expanding on dominant mainstream discourses. Evidence of distinct imagined communities forming around particular responses to the case demonstrate nuanced and complex patterns of responses to mediated crime through YouTube, as technology erodes the traditional boundaries between producers and consumers of crime news.

Cette etude qualitative sur le sentiment d’insecurite des personnes âgees a ete realisee sur mandat de la Police cantonale genevoise. Visant a mesurer la perception par les aines euxmemes des risques auxquels ils sont exposes dans leur vie quotidienne, elle poursuit les objectifs suivants : (1) cartographier les risques ressentis par la population âgee, dans ses propres termes, (2) comprendre les strategies developpees par les aines pour faire face a l’insecurite et (3) mettre en avant leurs besoins en matiere de politiques de securite. Une cinquantaine d’entretiens semi-directifs a ete menee aupres de personnes âgees de plus de 70 ans vivant a domicile. La population etudiee est diversifiee en matiere de niveau socioeconomique, d’integration sociale et d’etat de sante. Les resultats soulignent que le sentiment de securite prevaut dans l’espace prive. Cependant, les transformations de l’environnement immediat – par exemple les personnes âgees qui decedent ou quittent l’immeuble, les...

Why has the public persisted in believing that violent crime is a widespread national problem in the U.S. despite declining trends in crime and the fact that crime is concentrated in urban locations? Cultivation theory suggests that widespread fear of crime is fueled in part by heavy exposure to violent dramatic programming on prime-time television. Here we explore a related hypothesis: that fear of crime is in part a by-product of exposure to crime-saturated local television news. To test this, as well as related and competing hypotheses, we analyzed the results of a recent national survey of perceived risk; a 5-year span of the General Social Survey (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994); and the results of a recent survey of over 2,300 Philadelphia residents. The results indicate that across a wide spectrum of the population and independent of local crime rates, viewing local television news is related to increased fear of and concern about crime. These results support cultivation theory's predicted effects of television on the public.

An important factor that limits children's autonomy outdoors is parental perception of social danger and traffic danger. To obtain quantitative instruments for these dimensions, this work aimed to explore the validity and reliability of three scales. Two of them describe, respectively, problematic aspects of the area of residence linked to traffic and situations of social degradation that could constitute risk factors for the child's psychological and physical safety (Traffic Danger Perception Scale, Social Danger Perception Scale). The third scale investigates parental perception of the positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children's maturation and growth. Interviews were conducted with 377 mothers of children between 8 and 10 years of age residing in six different areas in Italy. The results indicated weak reliability of the Traffic Danger Perception Scale, which requires further investigation, and they confirmed the reliability and the construct validity of the Social Danger Perception Scale and the Perception of Positive Potentiality of Outdoor Autonomy for Children Scale. The perception of social danger was higher in mothers who live in larger urban contexts and who have more personal fear of crime and a lower sense of community. The positive perception of children's autonomy of movement was higher among mothers who live in greener areas, who have a greater sense of community and who have more neighbourhood relations. r

Levels of fear of crime across different modes of public transport in Mexico City are
analysed, using data from the 2007 Survey on Victimization and Institutional Efficacy
conducted in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Approximately 36 per cent of public
transport users reported feeling either unsafe or not very safe. Ordinal logistic regression
results showed that fear of crime was similar across transportation modes and was higher for those travelling more than 30 min. In addition, fear of crime in public transport was higher among crime victims, younger users, individuals with a poor opinion on local police and those with higher levels of fear of crime in their neighbourhood of residence. These findings suggest that fear reduction policies are an important partner of crime reduction policies in increasing quality of life, and that public transport is an important, although neglected …

The idea that capitalist system reproduces by the growth of inequality and poverty is not new since it has been discussed widely by Marxism and post-marxism in the four corners of the world. However, the intersection of terrorism and capitalism seems be a heated discussion which today retains considerable concern from scholarship. In his recent book, Globalization of American Fear Culture, Geoff Skoll continues a much deeper discussion instilled by former work, Social theory of Fear. At a closer look, the act of governing through fear is used by US to create a culture of mistrust. From the onset, US was based on the belief that the world as a dangerous place to live. Over recent decades in XXth century, fear was used to enhance the legitimacy of elite, sometimes oriented for the workforce to accept policies otherwise would be rejected. At the time, capital and American Empire expanded to colonize new worlds, a much deeper sentiment of fear accompanied the politics. Therefore, it is safe to say we live in a world characterized by a " global fear " which is functional to a particular way of making politics. One of the aspects facilitated the expansion of capitalism was the idea that citizens live in the best of the possible worlds. Beyond the boundaries of consuming society, of course, any change represents a threat for popular parlance, a barrier to overcome. In the first chapter, Skoll traces the historical roots of the culture of fear in America. In retrospect, the capitalist system and theories of economy showed widely that accumulation only is feasible if we introduce exploitation as a key factor to produce and distribute wealth in few hands. The monopolization of surplus value, as Marx puts it, resulted not only from human creativity but by the means of elite to commoditize labor into exchangeable goods. The number of rank-and-file workers involved in a process of production affects directly the profits of capital owners. From that moment on, the capital reproduction seems to be always in detriment of workforce. In this mayhem, when conflict rises, fear undermines the possibilities of claimers and protesters to impose their views. Two major instruments were used by privileged classes to keep the control, ideology and repression. While the latter appealed to surveillance to exert violence against the pathological agents, the latter one was enrooted in a process of fear-mongering that limited the negotiation of worker unions. After 9/11, total forms of control were established in private life subordinating individual rights to the collective well-being, which means a more secure society. Leisure industries were witness of obstructive methods of surveillance over lay citizens. It was unfortunate that this trend makes from US a fascist state. This is a very interesting introductory section where author combines his erudition pitting historical cases

Książka jest pierwszą w polskiej literaturze monografią poświęconą problematyce lęku przed przestępczością, uwzględniającą najnowsze ustalenia teoretyczne polskiej i zagranicznej literatury, pełny przegląd metod badań tego zagadnienia oraz unikalne wyniki zaawansowanych analiz statystycznych.
Celem pracy jest kompleksowa charakterystyka oraz wyjaśnienie zjawiska lęku przed przestępczością, czyli częściowo racjonalnej, a częściowo nieracjonalnej obawy wywołanej przez przekonanie, że jednostka może stać się ofiarą przestępstwa. Autor porusza m.in. takie tematy, jak:
lęk, strach i poczucie bezpieczeństwa w wybranych koncepcjach psychologicznych i socjologicznych,
reakcje na przestępstwo i przestępczość,
metodologia badań kryminologicznych,
rozmiary i uwarunkowania lęku przed przestępczością w Polsce.

Experience and expression : social and cultural significance in the fear of crime Originally published in The British journal of criminology, 44 (6). pp. 946-966 Abstract This paper argues that to ignore the social meaning that constitutes public perceptions of crime is to offer a shallow picture of the fear of crime -and survey research need not do either. Examining the symbolic links between community cohesion, disorder and crime, this study suggests that perceptions of risk are explicably situated in individuals' understandings of the social and physical makeup of their neighbourhood, as well as vulnerability and broader social attitudes and values. Furthermore, an explanation is offered for recent research that suggests the prevalence of fear of crime has been exaggerated. Namely, survey responses may articulate both 'experienced' fear-summations of the frequency of emotion-and 'expressive' fear, or attitudes regarding the cultural meaning of crime, social change and relations, and conditions conducive to crime.

In this paper, I aim to analyze the phenomenon of Gated Communities in Sao Paulo. Focusing specifically on Alphaville, a suburban real estate and gated community in Brazil, I want to stress and elaborate on the process of suburbanization in comparison with the one experienced in Flanders. The question I want to address is: How does the fear of the Urban space influence and take part in the processes of Flemish suburbanization and Sao Paulo suburban gated communities? In order to answer to this question, I will develop a comparative approach to the anti-urban sentiment in Flanders and in Alphaville gated community.

The article argues we can develop and achieve better outcomes for public spaces by involving stakeholders of places and spaces in the research process, particularly by developing and applying a model for data collection and analysis based on Appleton’s prospect and refuge theory. This research aims to help planners understand factors relating to reports of fear of crime by presenting findings from a mixed-method study revealing international and domestic university students displayed different perceptions of safety in the regional Australian city of Bendigo. Data include questionnaires completed by 156 students, self-recorded walks
and auto-photo-elicitations completed at night in selected sites. Findings show fear of crime is a concern students who were in the central business district which led to their avoidance of certain spaces. Varying presence/absence of people and level of prospect and opportunity for refuge affected students’ feelings of safety at night.
Keywords: fear of crime; prospect and refuge; sense of safety; rural and regional, diversity; urban planning

Given the fact that women are less likely to experience crime victimization than males, researchers have been puzzled for decades as to why women experience higher levels of fear of victimization. Scholars such as Warr (1984) and Ferraro (1995, 1996) argue that the fear of rape that females experience shadows fear of other crime, as rape is viewed by females

Nell’ambito di un lavoro orientato a comprendere il ruolo della rule of law sull’equilibrio fra sicurezza e libertà nell’ambito di sistemi democratici di qualità, il presente capitolo si propone principalmente di offrire una panoramica, comparativa e diacronica, sull’andamento di quelle che sono le minacce alla sicurezza che gli stati (Italia, Francia, Spagna, Germania, Regno Unito, Polonia) devono affrontare.
L’obiettivo non è meramente descrittivo, ma chiama in causa una prima ricognizione, che sarà poi sviluppata nei capitoli successivi, sul ruolo della rule of law, correlando le variazioni riscontrate negli indici di criminalità con possibili contemporanee variazioni su due fronti che potrebbero agire quale variabile indipendente sull’andamento dei crimini: da un lato le trasformazioni nelle condizioni ambientali (cambiamenti
culturali, ma soprattutto economici), dall’altro i mutamenti di carattere politico-istituzionale. All’interno di quest’ultimo caso, un’ulteriore distinzione importante è quella fra gli interventi che mirano a influire sulle condizioni ambientali (politiche sociali) e gli interventi che mirano a
influire direttamente sull’impianto istituzionale (politiche di sicurezza).

1. Misurare le minacce alla sicurezza per valutare la qualità democratica
2. L’evoluzione del tasso di criminalità
3. Criminalità comune
3.1. Reati contro il patrimonio
3.2. La reazione non istituzionale al crimine: legittima difesa e giustizia sommaria
3.3. Reati contro la persona
4. Criminalità organizzata
4.1. Il problema di una definizione comune
4.2. Le nuove frontiere tra criminalità organizzata e criminalità finanziaria
4.3. La prostituzione
4.4. I reati legati agli stupefacenti
5. Criminalità politica
5.1. Violenza politica, scontri di piazza e repressione
5.2. La minaccia terroristica
6. I crimini d’odio: razzismo, xenofobia e omofobia
6.1. Pregiudizio e violenze fino al 2008
6.2. Dopo il 2008: la crisi economica e il capro espiatorio
7. Conclusioni

The death penalty is a controversial subject in our society. Research has explored why people support or oppose capital punishment. Most the literature to date looks at the reasons provided one at a time. In this study, a multivariate analysis was conducted to see which reasons best explain the observed variation of support and opposition for capital punishment. It was

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a ways to prevent crime from happen by manipulating the built environment through effective design. The research aims to investigate the level of CPTED implementation by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (KLCH). The Safe City Program that was introduced in 2004 by the Malaysian Government and CPTED is partially one of the strategies that have been adopted in the program. The issues investigated are the worsening of urban crime rate as reflected in the crime index that rose significantly from year 1980 to the year 2007. Rising of crime index for past six years in Kuala Lumpur is questionable whether CPTED has been successfully carried out by the KLCH. The study was conducted among the professionals and technical staffs that are the so called implementers of KLCH as they are the core person in implementing CPTED.

At the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, people found it to be challenging to deal with what was called the new normal. However, soon they got used to it and recognised some of its advantages. Many started to see some hidden opportunities in this pandemic, especially was a good experience to re-evaluate lifestyle and take the best of it. As many governments and institutes are starting to adapt to the new normal, the fear of getting back to many pre-pandemic life norms and routines is very high. This paper investigates the type of fears, as a result of going back to normality, by using the method of integrative study. The type of fear is specified in order to define mechanisms for its alleviation. The recommendation here is to create balanced solutions or environments that compensate for the need for pre- and post-pandemic routines or resilient transformation plans. However, this recommendation needs to be piloted in different communities and in a different environment to overcome the limitations of its practicality, taking into consideration the variations of fear according to the demographics and the functionality.

The large number of xenophobic attacks that broke out in different places in South Africa during 2008 was still continuing unabated 10 years later. We were stressed to come to terms with the reality that this occurred in a country that is globally considered to be an example of reconciliation. It is clear that we were confronted by the politics of fear, which were manifested in xenophobia and all the other -isms. In this article, the primary causes of these xenophobic outbreaks were scrutinized and placed within the wider framework of a culture of fear. The central research question is: Why are we still struggling with this phenomenon more than a decade after it first appeared on South African soil? An in-depth analysis will be performed at
what is lying behind the culture of fear underlying these acts of violence. After exploring some of the factors related to a culture of fear by making use of a sociological frame, the author moved on to answer a second question: How do we, as preachers, researchers and practical theologians, respond in a theological way to the challenges posed by a xenophobic culture in our preaching activities? Finally, the impact of violence and fear on the practice of preaching
within a Christian context was discussed.

A relationship between fear of crime and the racial composition of place has been widely assumed but seldom tested. Interviews conducted with a random sample of adults residing in a major state capital in the early months of 1994-at the height of a media-driven panic about violent crime-are used to test the proposition that as the percentage of blacks in one's neighborhood increases, so too will the fear * the anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.

Why is support for marijuana legalization among African Americans notably modest given that such a policy would drastically reduce the number of African Americans arrested annually for nonviolent drug offenses? In this article I assess whether the urban frustration argument is an adequate explanation for Blacks’ generally low levels of support for marijuana legalization. I analyzed merged Supplemental Homicide Report and Drug Arrest data and General Social Survey data to determine the extent to which race-specific murder victimization rates and race-specific drug arrest rates in U.S. cities are predictive of support for marijuana legalization among Blacks and Whites between 1990 and 2000. Findings indicate that Blacks’ level of support for marijuana legalization is greatest in those cities with the highest Black drug arrest rates. Consequently, these findings provide no support for the urban frustration argument.

A large body of empirical research exploring emotional responses to crime in Europe, North America and elsewhere suggests that substantial proportions of the public worry about victimisation. The British Crime Survey (BCS) has asked questions exploring worry about crime of English and Welsh respondents since 1982, and in the 2003/2004 sweep of the BCS new questions were inserted into a subsection to explore the frequency and intensity of such fearful events. As well as illustrating the rationale of the new measurement strategy, this research note reports the results of the new questions in direct relation to the ‘old’ methods. The findings show that few people experience specific events of worry on a frequent basis, and that ‘old’ style questions magnify the everyday experience of fear. We propose that ‘worry about crime’ is often best seen as a diffuse anxiety about risk, rather than any pattern of everyday concerns over personal safety.

This paper explores the connection of BBC's Sherlock, Terror and technology. It takes a closer look at Sherlock as a Cyborg, Bombs, Cell phones, the Internet and other devices used to create a thrilling atmosphere as well as to question societal standards.

"The Criminalization of Immigration: Contexts and Consequences explores these competing narratives and the consequences of criminalizing immigration in the United States and abroad. It examines the impact of national, state, and local legislation on the psychosocial well being of immigrants. The book explores key ways in which immigration is criminalized, and examines how the problematization of immigration becomes a political tool. The first chapters of the book explore the criminalization of immigration through the lens of pacification and the theater of cruelty. In both chapters, the authors seek to understand the process of “othering” members of the immigrant population to exact social control and to mollify the public. These front chapters set the tone for remainder of the book. They provide the impetus for why states have enacted, or have attempted to enact state level immigration laws that make it nearly impossible for the undocumented to live within the boundaries of these states. In section two, three U.S. states are highlighted: Arizona, Alabama, and Indiana. While the chapters on Arizona and Alabama summarize key aspects of state laws, author Sujey Vega highlights the life of one undocumented immigrant as she navigates life in the Heartland.

The book then turns its focus to the criminalization of immigration in a socio-political context. Here, four chapters provide explorations of the criminalization of immigration on labor standards enforcement, immigrant detention, the right wing perspective in the United States and in Europe, and white supremacy. Labor standards impact the rate by which undocumented immigrants are paid, which in turn impacts their health and safety within and outside the workplace, protections from workplace discrimination, and collective activity protections. The criminalization of immigration erodes many of the workplace and labor protections that we have come to view as essential. Similarly, the privatization of corrections has influenced the incarceration and detention of many undocumented immigrants and has even influenced the very laws described in section two of this book. If not for the possibility of profiting off of the detention of the undocumented, many of immigration related laws would not have come to fruition.

The next section of the book provides a transnational and international context to the criminalization of immigration. With chapters focusing on human rights violations, the transnational dimensions of Mexican migration, the making of the Maras, and the criminalization of immigration in the United Kingdom, these chapters ask the reader to examine the criminalization of immigration from a broader perspective. The reader learns how national issues become international and, likewise how international immigration issues influence national policy.

The final chapters of the book put the human face on the criminalization of immigration. Each chapter represents a case study of a specific aspect of the criminalization of immigration. They approach the issue from the viewpoint of a day laborer, an undocumented woman who has become a victim of domestic violence, a child whose parents are undocumented, and a detention officer who wrestles with his decisions to continue his job. Regardless of which chapters one reads, the raw emotion felt by placing oneself in each context is overwhelming.

Overall, The Criminalization of Immigration: Contexts and Consequences provides a complete examination of an issue that cuts through emotional value conflicts. It provides the facts and knowledge essential for a fair and balanced debate"

Zjawisko strachu przed przestępczością jest po nie tylko miernikiem obaw społeczeństwa przed przestępczością, ale i wskaźnikiem funkcjonalności agend odpowiedzialnych za zapewnianie bezpieczeństwa obywateli. Pomiar strachu przed przestępczością, jak każdego zjawiska społecznego, uzależniony jest przede wszystkim od jego konceptualizacji oraz dobranych do jego zbadania mierników. Różnorakie sposoby definiowania strachu przed przestępczością wymagają systematycznego przedstawienia, uszeregowania oraz zaklasyfikowania. Przedstawione definicje zostały uporządkowane według kryteriów złożoności, uwzględnionych elementów składowych oraz stopnia konkretyzacji źródła niepokoju. Celem niniejszej pracy było wskazanie na trudności, jakie wiążą się z definiowaniem zjawiska strachu przed przestępczością oraz przekładaniem się dokonanych przez badacza wyborów na dokonane przez niego obserwacje w ramach badań empirycznych. Opracowanie zostało przygotowane w oparciu o literaturę polską, ale i światową (w języku angielskim i niemieckim).

The fear of crime (FOC) is not only the measure of social perception of security but it also measures if the crime control agenda functional are. First of all the measurement of the FOC, as the measurement of many other social phenomena, is dependent on conceptualization of it and chosen research method. Different ways of defining the FOC require a systematic analysis and classification. All definitions mentioned in the article have been classified according to their complexity, construction and specification of sources of the fear. The aim of this text is to point out many problems concerning the FOC definitions. Defining problems occur once more during making the social researches. The article was based on the Polish and international literature.

Report about the Maui-Molokai Adult Drug Court, which I created and which achieved over 12 years an 84% success rate for graduates, measured by whether a graduate committed another felony crime.  The program has  many innovative features, not utilized by other drug courts.  So far as I know, this is the only article that describes evolution of a drug court.

Los habitantes de las sociedades occidentales avanzadas ya deberiamos saber que “la seguridad es patrimonio de todos, y exige la corresponsabilizacion de la ciudadania” (Ministerio de Interior del Gobierno de Espana). Desde la gran transformacion de fin de siglo de los sistemas de control del delito, desde un modelo reactivo a otro modelo preventivo, los discursos y practicas oficiales sobre la seguridad civil (campanas de sensibilizacion, tecnologias de vigilancia, planes de seguridad, etc.) han venido girando sobre dos ejes fundamentales: la colaboracion publico-privada (generalmente denominada “gobernanza securitaria”) y la participacion ciudadana (Garland 2012). Desde el amplio Sistema de Seguridad Nacional hasta los mas especificos Planes de Barrio, se han ido trazando nuevas lineas de actuacion y formas de organizacion institucional con el fin de producir seguridad (civil). En las grandes ciudades, esas estrategias forman parte de un proceso mas amplio de re-territorializacion...

Rail users consistently perceive their risks from crime to be significantly higher than official statistics suggest, discouraging many from using rail transport. The aims of the paper include a discussion of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and current policy initiatives for reducing crime and the fear of crime on the railways. This exploratory study focuses on adult passengers' perceptions of crime and nuisance as they relate to the management, design and maintenance of railway stations and their immediate access routes. The study innovatively utilises interactive virtual reality (VR) scenes of Ôrepresentative' stations as the environmental stimulus and concludes that such an approach provides an analytical and pragmatic framework for managers of railway stations that are unlikely to receive Secure Station accreditation.

É comum entender o termo 'segurança' como preservação da ordem social e jurídica, que se experimenta como uma sensação. Spinoza (2016) chamou essa sensação de alegria. Segurança, para o filosofo holandês, envolve assegurar a passagem do homem de um momento menor para um maior. Segurança, em outras palavras, é isso, uma espécie de direito de ser mais. A mãe de todas as inseguranças é negar ao homem, como direito básico do humano básico, a possibilidade de ser mais. Sentir-se isolado, sem capacidade se expressar, impotente, culpado, incapaz, vulnerável, em risco. Nessa inconsciência, se multiplicam as blindagens, as câmeras, os detectores de metais, as tropas armadas e as seguranças privadas. É preciso nos questionarmos como e para quê o medo que sentimos diariamente é produzido.

Research exploring emotional responses to crime in European and North American countries has suggested that a significant proportion of western populations live in 'fear' of crime. However, recent reviews of the methodologies employed by these surveys (especially with regards to the questions used to measure fear) have suggested that the fear of crime is routinely over-estimated. This article reports on the design of alternative measures of the fear of crime which are not subject to the imperfections of the earlier questions. The questions, when piloted in a survey of 1,000 people living in England, Wales and Scotland, produce much lower rates of fear than did the old crime survey questions.

This paper examines women's experience of fear of crime in rural areas. It argues that much existing research on issues of gender, fear and safety have focused on urban areas and that as a result we know relatively little about women's experience of fear in a rural context. As well as arguing that we need to redress the balance and respond to the dearth of knowledge about rural women's fear, the paper asserts the importance of a rural perspective in understanding the relationship between fear and the social and cultural construction of place. The rural in particular provides an important site for such an understanding since, as is argued here, the notion of safety is central to constructions of rurality. The paper presents data on rural women's experience of fear and crime from research carried out in New Zealand and the UK. It draws on work undertaken in four rural communities and begins to identify the extent and nature of women's fears and how these relate to their experience of rurality. The paper shows how while popular constructions of the rural as friendly, safe and largely crime free endure, there is a recognition amongst rural women of the growing problems surrounding personal safety. It also demonstrates the importance of social constructions of the rural community in identifying the relevance of the ‘stranger’ and the marginalised ‘other’ to women's feelings of fear.

... A. Schafer a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author , Beth M. Huebner b and Timothy S. Bynum c. ... that Americans had a substantial fear of crime and that crime-related fear was greater among women (Covington & Taylor, 1991, Garofalo ...

Background: The use of physical restraints has generated immense controversy in the delivery of services to individuals with intellectual disabilities. The current zeitgeist is that effective positive approaches obviate the need for using physical restraints. In a multiple baseline design, we sought to assess how training staff members in mindfulness affected their use of physical restraints for aggressive and destructive behaviors of individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Methods: Twenty-three members of staff working in four group homes participated in a 12-week mindfulness-training program. Objective data were collected on the number of incidents, staff observations of incidents, staff verbal redirections, restraints used, stat medications administered, staff injuries, and peer injuries. Data were collected during baseline, mindfulness training and mindfulness practice phases.
Results: As mindfulness training progressed, the use of restraints decreased, with almost no use being recorded by the end of the study. Any use of physical restraints was correlated with new admissions and on-call staff who had not received training in mindfulness. Stat medications administered also decreased and staff and peer injuries were close to zero levels during the latter stages of mindfulness practice.
Conclusions: Data from this initial study suggest that staff training in mindfulness is potentially beneficial to both staff and the individuals with intellectual disabilities, particularly in reducing the use of physical restraints and Stat medication for aggressive and destructive behaviors.

I look at the relationship between journalism, detective fiction, and the creation of an official detective force in Victorian England and examine the role of class, literacy, and self education in promoting detectives as professional men and women.