Intellectual Property Rights

"The increasing sensibility regarding intangible cultural heritage provides momentum to better define a legal framework for the protection of these peculiar immaterial goods. This article questions whether the current intellectual property rights (IPRs) regime represents an adequate model of protection vis-à-vis intangible cultural heritage. A plethora of caveats must be taken into consideration, starting with the desirability of the commodification of intangible cultural heritage, i.e. its exploitation and commercialization through the IPRs regime, but also including the outlining of the legal instruments needed for guaranteeing adequate advantages for the countries and communities representing the sources of origin of the intangible goods. 
After framing the crucial issues detected in literature regarding intangible cultural heritage, the article investigates the ways in which the actual IPRs regime grants protection to intangible goods. Our evaluation supports the idea that, without a many-faceted remodeling, current intellectual property laws represent an unsatisfactory mechanism for protecting intangible cultural heritage. This inadequacy is rooted in the inefficacy of IPRs under the patent and copyright regimes in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, while also falling short of fostering an appropriate comprehensive social policy."

In this article, I will present and examine personality-based, rule-utilitarian, and Lockean justifications for intellectual property. Care is needed so that we do not confuse moral claims with legal ones. The brief sketch of Anglo-American and Continental systems of intellectual property below, focuses on legal conceptions and rights while the arguments that follow—personality based, utilitarian, and Lockean— are essentially moral. I will argue that there are justified moral claims to intellectual works—claims that are strong enough to warrant legal protection.

The trade mark is often the first thing that a consumer would notice when getting in touch with a new brand and usually the last thing that will forget about an old one. The trade mark’s unique feature to distinguish between different products and services has an enormous social and economic value which is further strengthened by today’s ever raising global consumerism. Trade marks enable people to attach particular associations to particular brands like, among many other things - quality, origin and publicity.1 All these important trade mark’s features inevitably lead to aggressive practices of corporations to win and secure bigger shares of the market and to promote their products more successively.

Bu kitap; duygusal ve davranışsal bozukluklara sahip öğrenciler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen sınıf öğretmenleri, özel eğitim öğretmenleri ve alanda çalışan uzmanlar için hazırlanmış giriş niteliğinde bir uygulama kitabıdır. Her bir bozukluğun nedeni, tanımlanması, güncel araştırmalar ışığında verilmeye çalışılmış ve okul ortamındaki pratik uygulamalarla da anlatım zenginleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak belirli bir bozukluğun tüm yönlerine ilişkin temel yaklaşımla birlikte bilimsel olarak geliştirilmiş müdahele yöntemleri de verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu kitabın alanda yeni çalışmaya başlayan öğretmenler kadar güncel verilerle desteklenen tanı koyma ve müdahele stratejilrine önem vermesi nedeniyle alanda uzun süredir çalışmakta olan öğretmenlere ve uzmanlara da yararlı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

207. “Desenvolvimento Tecnológico e Integração Regional”
Montevidéu, 20 junho 1991, 19 p.
Publicado, em forma resumida, em Conexión: Revista Latinoamericana de Integración (Montevidéu: ano I, n. 1, setembro 1991, p. 113-115).
Publicado, em versão completa e sob o título de “Propriedade Intelectual: os novos desafios para a América Latina”, na revista Estudos Avançados (São Paulo: IEA-USP, vol. 5, n. 12, maio-agosto de 1991, ISSN: 0103-4014, p. 187-203; links: https://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v5n12/v5n12a12.pdf e http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&pid=S0103-40141991000200012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt).
Relação de Publicados n. 067 e 068.

A reestruturação, no âmbito da Rodada Uruguai do GATT, das regras multilaterais que regulam o comércio internacional, inclusive no que concerne aos novos temas da propriedade intelectual, dos investimentos e dos serviços, encontra a América Latina numa fase singular de sua história econômica. Quando a Rodada foi lançada, em 1986, em Punta del Este, o Continente estava entregue a uma onda generalizada de pessimismo declinista, iniciado com o problema da divida externa e logo prolongado pela mais profunda crise econômica que a América Latina conheceu desde os anos 30. Mas ela coincidiu, igualmente, com a conscientização da necessidade de mudanças radicais no funcionamento dos aparelhos produtivos das economias nacionais e na forma de sua inserção no sistema econômico internacional, oferecendo, como tal, uma oportunidade ímpar para se repensar o modelo tradicional de modernização tecnológica. Com efeito, a transição dos anos 80 para os 90 foi caracterizada por grandes mudanças na economia mundial, que operou uma transição acelerada para o que já foi chamado de novo paradigma tecnológico, ou seja, um modelo produtivo não mais tipicamente tayloriano e fordista, mas um tipo de organização social da produção identificado com a science-based industry. A magnitude do choque representado pela Rodada Uruguai, especialmente no que concerne aos fluxos de alta tecnologia, não deve ser minimizada, quaisquer que venham a ser os resultados efetivos do novo contrato mundial que emergirá no GATT. Ele deve assegurar as bases de um novo regime relativo à proteção da propriedade intelectual e, como tal, criar regras multilaterais aplicadas ao comércio de tecnologia muito mais restritas que as atualmente existentes. Muito embora seus contornos ainda não estejam desenhados em todos os detalhes, desde já três coisas precisam ficar claras em relação a seus potenciais efeitos para países importadores de tecnologia como os da América Latina.
(...)

In the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) and others v Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills case, the High Court of Justice in matter of private copy exception provides the twofold prime opportunity to shed light on the state of the art of copyright in the UK and to flesh out the idea of 'legal hysteresis’. I support the reintroduction of the private copy exception, possibly in a less narrow fashion, and I explain the reasons why I am confident that my expectations will be fulfilled.

The axiological nature of law consists in its ability to ensure legal
entities the feasibility of their equal opportunities in the implementation of civil relations. Correspondence of the real-world details to ideal legal model is achieved through the good behavior of participants in public relations. The exercise of legal civil rights and fulfillment of corresponding legal obligations results in the legal relations between their participants.
    Going beyond the legal regulation of public relations leads to an
intensification of legal coercion. It is aimed to regulate civil relations, within which the infringement took place, by exercising certain legal powers from among legal civil rights of an injured party, particularly the right of defense.
    The right of defense is the opportunity of an authorized person to use the legally permitted means of coercive influence on an offender, to apply retaliatory measures, as well as the opportunity to apply to competent state or nongovernmental authorities to compel the obligated person to certain good behavior.
    It should be noted that legal nature of the right of defense is debatable in modern civil science. Thus, two opposing views have been formed thus far regarding the nature of such a structure as the right of defense.
    According to the first, the right of defense is a component of legal civil rights. Therefore, the implementation of such powers occurs at a certain stage of legal relations development. Separation of another type of civil relations between the same entities, regarding the same object, with the same scope of powers cannot be considered appropriate.

This article, published on my Korebelief.com blog in May 2018, is about an appeal for a parking fine I was slapped with by Norwich City Council that year.

As the article states, the appeal is "a small part of a program of human rights advocacy I have been pursuing on my own and others’ behalf, in response to a Barbados-sown, globally grown campaign of psychological warfare that has been directed against me for more than half a century".

The words of my appeal provide "a template" of the kind of "human ecology focused activist litigation" I have been developing with the direct and indirect assistance of visual artist Deborah Liversage, the environmental justice litigators Client Earth, the mental health advocacy network Emerging Proud and various other individuals and organizations which, while not inerrant and infallible agents, have much to offer as channels of healing in the world.

I published the appeal in the hope that it would underscore the links between the choices that Barbadians were about to make in the then imminent May 24 general elections on that island (where I was “parked” for a brief period in October 2017) and political and other developments unfolding in England, which has been my “bunker” since July 4th, 2006, when I arrived here as an immigrant.

The article documents my first use of an automotive parking fine as an opportunity to engage with the British legal system in a radically creative way.

I not only make vehicular parking a metaphor for the problem plagued legal status of immigrants in "Brexiting Britain", who like me, are being adversely affected by the UK's "hostile environment" policies. I also make it a metaphor for the transitory nature of words as their meanings change.

The article therefore adds to the broader discourse about language use that I have been developing through my book "The Bible: Beauty and Terror Reconciled" and related human ecology projects.

Fundamentally, it demonstrates the faith based creativity that has been my salvation in the face of the most daunting challenges I have experienced and provides a template for pragmatic, peaceful resistance - an alternative to characteristically violence inducing Jewish, Christian, Islamic, Communist, Capitalist, Feminist and other secular and religious ideological excesses.

It documents

Copyright in Indonesia began to be regulated in the Dutch colonial era, called Austerswet 1912, which prevailed until independent Indonesia. Austerswet 1912 is repealed by Law No. 6 of 1982 on Copyright. The Copyright Law (UUHC) has repeatedly amended its norms until the last through Law Number 28 Year 2014 (UUHC Year 2014). UUHC Year 2014 revoked Law Number 19 Year 2002 regarding Copyright. Of the entire regime protected by IPR law, In principle, the arrangement equally has an exception, if the property of the individual protected by the law is intersect with the public interest, or for the benefit of education, the public interest takes precedence provided that "does not violate the reasonable interests" of the Creator. This principle is known as "Fair Use Doctrine." The UUHC of 2014 adopts it in Articles 43-51 on Copyright Restrictions, and Sections 84 -86 of the License. This means Indonesian copyright law permits a person to use or exploit a work without the author's permission, provided within reason.
On the basis of such arrangements the consequences of the use, copying or alteration of copyrights for educational purposes are exempt from copyright infringement. But to what extent is this exception? For example a private school / university owner overall use of his computer device using pirated software is allowed? Or the entire collection of books in school / university is a photocopied book? This causes learners do not want to buy the original book. The restriction rules against copyright infringement in UUHC 2014 caused a dilemma. How is the size or criteria to what extent "one can use or exploit a creation without the author's permission, provided within reasonable limits". How is the limitation of the requirement condition "for the benefit of education and research and so on as regulated by Article 44 UUHC" is permitted to take part or all of the substantial matters of copyright, which are the most important, characteristic parts of the Creation as long as the source is mentioned "?
This brief paper discusses the use of fair use doctrine in relation to respect for the reputation of the creator, Whether the size of exceptions based on the fair use doctrine so that its use still respects the economic rights and moral rights of the creator.

Keywords : Fair Use Doctrine, The Award reputation of Creator, Indonesia

This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-based view on whether the criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) are proportionate and utilised.

The study focus is on the difference in the sanctions available for copyright infringement that apply to online criminal activity – often referred to as ‘piracy’ - compared with those relating to physical goods.

The research gathers quantitative data from 2006-13, qualitative views and evidence from stakeholders.

This paper highlights some of the legal  issues  that may arise in the Nigerian Movie industry . This paper will sensitize the movie stakeholders as well as financial investors on the importance of the law and the role it plays in  building the Nigerian Movie Industry to the level of its foreign counterparts around the world.

Em 1986, David Teece publicou o artigo Proting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy, que contribuiu significativamente para o estudo dos impactos das inovações tecnológicas no mercado. A sua análise da gestão da inovação colaborou na construção de concepções mais realistas da forma, contrapondo-se e aprimorando as perspectivas teóricas mais tradicionais. Como reconhecimento da importância dessa pesquisa, em 2006, a Research Policy, revista na qual foi publicada o referido trabalho, organizou uma edição especial de comemoração dos 20 anos de sua publicação. A relevância daquele artigo se confirma ao saber que, em julho de 2006, ele era o mais citado dos que já foram publicados pela revista, com um total de 681 citações naquela época. Isso se deve à perspectiva interdisciplinar que o autor conferiu à abordagem do tema da inovação, o que acabou garantindo uma dimensão mais ampla do assunto. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as contribuições e a atualidade do artigo de David Teece de 1986, especialmente no que tange ao debate relacionado aos direitos de propriedade intelectual. Foi realizada pesquisa teórica que se ancora no diálogo entre o artigo da década de oitenta e alguns autores que publicaram na edição especial da Research Policy de 2006 (vol. 35, nº 8), dentre eles o próprio Teece. O presente trabalho foi, portanto, dividido em duas seções. Na primeira, serão abordados os principais aspectos do artigo de 1986, evidenciando, sobretudo, a visão do autor sobre a importância dos ativos complementares na obtenção de lucros com a inovação e sua interface com os regimes de apropriabilidade. Na segunda, fundamentalmente a partir dos artigos de Gary Pisano, Giovani Dosi, Luigi Marengo, Corrado Pasquali e Richard Nelson publicados na Research Policy, vol. 35, nº 8, (2006), serão expostas as conclusões destes autores e de outros no que tange à aplicação da teoria Profiting from Innovation (PFI) sobre os regimes de apropriabilidade, sob a luz das mudanças contemporâneas na natureza da propriedade intelectual.

Abstract: Healthy competition has the effect of bringing development. However, it turns ugly when it leads to downfall. Comparative advertising when used with mala fide intention and rancor in the market would only bring down the good product so as to mislead the ...

This paper intends to discuss the Intellectual Property Policy (IPP) implemented by virtue of the Bayh-Dole Act (BDA) in the 1980s. Particularly, it argues that the BDA lays down the basis for a technology transfer policy that is specific to the US environment. Therefore, it represents a valuable policy which may inspire other countries. while setting up their own strategies. However, emulating this Act in other contexts
might require making amendments and adaptations. In the exposition of this argument, I shall begin by analysing how this Act works in practice and making comparisons with others IPPs of different countries. I then assess the impact of the BDA policy in the US, and finally proceed through analysis to examine the extent that emulation of this Act could benefit other countries.

"...On Tuesday, April 6, 2021, I received by US Mail an offer to open a NEW credit card account with WELLS FARGO (See attached offer, pictured below). While I certainly appreciate the opportunity to rebuild a business relationship with WELLS FARGO, you are well-aware that there are substantial legal issues which must first be justly resolved - before giving any consideration to such offers (Ref. the $42B Federal lawsuit - HARIHAR v US BANK, et al, Docket No. 15-cv-11880, US District Court, Boston, MA)..."

The principle of Access to Knowledge (A2K) has become a common reference point for a diverse set of agendas that all hope to realize technological and human potential by making knowledge more accessible. This book is a history of international copyright focused on principles of A2K and their proponents. Whilst debate and discussion so far has covered the perspectives of major western countries, the author's fresh approach to the topic considers emerging countries and NGOs, who have fought for the principles of A2K that are now fundamental to the system. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book connects copyright history to current problems, issues and events.

To what extent are firms kept out of a market by patents covering related technologies? Do patents held by potential entrants make it easier to enter markets? We estimate the empirical relationship between market entry and patents for 27 narrowly defined categories of software products during the period 1990-2004. Controlling for demand, market structure, average patent quality, and other factors,

Ünlü eğitim psikoloğu Robert Slavin'in Eğitim Psikolojisi kitabının onuncu baskısı, kuramı uygulamaya aktarma konusunda önemli bir eksikliği gidermekte ve öğretmenlerin sınıfta ihtiyaç duyabilecekleri alanlarda uygulayabilecekleri bilgileri içermektedir.

Kitap, yansıtıcı ve bilinçli bir öğretmenin uygulayabileceği en yeni araştırmaları sunarak, bilinçli öğretmen üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Slavin'e göre bilinçli öğretmen, uygulamasını devamlı surette yansıtan ve bu uygulamaların öğrencileri nasıl etkilediği hakkında net bir düşünceye dayalı olarak öğretim kararları veren kişidir.

Bu kitapta okuyucular alanda önemli ve yeni ortaya çıkan bazı konular ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu konulardan bazıları; 21. yüzyıl becerileri, ilk yıllarda dil ve okuma yazmanın gelişimi, iki dilli eğitim, nöroloji alanındaki yeni araştırmalar, iş birliğine dayalı öğrenme konusundaki son araştırmalar, okumada sorun yaşayan okuyucular için özel yardım, küçük gruplarla çalışma ve bilişim alanındaki en yeni araştırmalar, gelişmeler ve uygulamalardır. En ince ayrıntısına kadar güncel olan alıntılar, kitabın en güncel araştırmalar üzerine temellendirildiğinin bir göstergesidir. Bu kitapta, 656 yeni ve güncellenmiş kaynak bulunmaktadır. Bu kaynakların % 55'i 2000 yılı sonrasına aittir.

Robert Slavin, akademik derinliğini sergilerken aynı zamanda sanki ders anlatır gibi okuyucuları ile yüz yüze buluşmayı da amaçlamaktadır. Kitap yeni ve farklı bir yaklaşımla pek çok teorik bilgiyi uygulamalı olarak sunan, teorik bilgilerin kavramsal olarak uygulamaya nasıl dönüştürüleceğini göstererek öğretmeyi amaçlayan ve bunda başarılı olduğu açıkça belli olan iyi bir başvuru ve ders kitabı olarak öğrencilere ve eğiticilere önerilmektedir.

The case of Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp (1999) provides a useful prism through which we may analyse the application of copyright law in relation to concepts such as originality and the Public Domain. An extensive discussion of the minutiae of the case is beyond the scope of this study, particularly in view of the fact that many commentators such as Garnett (2000), Deazley (2001), and Matz (2000) have thoroughly dissected it in the past. This paper focuses instead on the long-term impact this ruling has had on industry practices, policy, the Public Domain and copyright law.

Uzmanlar, klinisyenler ve araştırmacılar, yeme bozukluklarının duygusal düzensizliklerden kaynaklandığı vakalarda Diyalektik Davranış Terapisinin etkin olacağı konusunda hemfikirdi. Alanda yapılan pek çok adaptasyon çalışması olmasına rağmen Debra Safer, Christy Telch ve Eunice Chen bunu deneysel bazda yapan ilk kişilerdir. Standart diyalektik davranış terapisinin, tıkanırcasına yeme bozukluğu ve blumia nervoza semptomlarını tedavi etme yollarının yapılandırılmış bir özetini sunan bu kitap ile alandaki ihtiyaca cevap vermişlerdir. Bu alanda çalışan klinik psikologların ve danışmanların mutlaka okuması gereken önemli bir kaynak olmakla birlikte bu alanda okuyan öğrenciler için de farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırmaktadır.
Dokuz bölümden oluşan bu kitapta tedavi kapsamlı olarak ele alınmıştır. Genel çerçevede, olumsuz duygularla başa çıkmanın daha uyumsal yollarını öğreten becerilerin kazanımı ile tıkanırcasına yeme ve boşaltmayı durdurma hedefine ulaşma yolu adım adım çizilmiştir. Blumia nervoza ve tıkanırcasına yeme bozukluğuna sahip insanların karılaştığı sorunlar ve mevcut tedavi yöntemleri ele alınarak okuyucuya genel bir bakış açısı kazandırılır. Standart terapinin detaylı bir şekilde tanıtımından sonra bunun adaptasyonunun neden gerekli olduğu, adapte etmenin mantığı mevcut kanıtlar ile sunulur. Daha sonra, tedavi öncesi ve başlangıç oturumlarından tedaviyi sonlandırmaya kadar olan süreç aşama aşama ele alınır. Nüksetmeyi önleme kısmına değinilir. Son olarak kapsamlı vaka örnekleri ile anlatılanların sağlam temeller üzerine oturması sağlanır.
Amacına uygun şekilde düzenlen bu kitap, diyalektik davranış terapisi adapte edilirken belirli sınırlar çizmek yerine okuyucuya geliştirilebilir bir zemin hazırlar. Bu yönüyle tedaviyi uygulamaya ve geliştirmeye teşvik eder. Açıklayıcı vaka örnekleri ve kanıtlar ile tedaviyi tüm ayrıntılarıyla sunarak farklı alanlardan okuyuculara hitap eden bu titiz çalışma özellikle alandaki uzmanlara klinik psikologlara, danışmanlara ve araştırmacılar için bir rehber niteliğinde olacak niteliktedir.

Chapter in Book: This book presents the perspectives of policy-makers and economists on a highly topical subject. Plant breeding patents, the ownership of biological innovation and associated intellectual property rights (IPR) are the subject of increased attention worldwide. They are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology, but until recently evoked little policy analysis. IPRs are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology. They are issues affecting public and private sector organizations and companies, and are significant for developing as well as developed countries. Table of Contents 1: Introduction, V Santaniello et al. 2: Patent and Other Private Legal Rights for Biotechnology Inventions (Intellectual Property Rights - IPR), D D Evenson, P.L.L.C., Washington, USA 3: Intellectual Property Rights of Plant Varieties and of Biotechnology in the European Union, V Santaniello 4: Intellectual Property Rights under the Convention on Biological Diversity, W Lesser, Cornell University, USA 5: An Economic Approach to Identifying An ‘Effective Sui Generis System’ for Plant Variety Protection Under TRIPS, W Lesser 6: Recent Intellectual Property Rights Controversies and Issues at the CGIAR, S H Bragdon, IPGRI, Rome, Italy 7: Economics of Intellectual Property Rights for Agricultural Technology, R E Evenson 8: The Market Value of Farmers’ Rights, R Mendelsohn, Yale University, USA 9: International Crop Breeding in a World of Proprietary Technology, B D Wright, University of California, USA 10: Knowledge Management and the Economics of Agricultural Biotechnology, D Zilberman and C Yarkin, University of California, USA and A Heiman, Hebrew University, Israel 11: Comparing Allocation of Resources in Public and Private Research, S Lemarié, Université Pierre-Mendès, Grenoble, France 12: Biotechnology Inventions: What Can We Learn From Patents?, D K N Johnson, Wellesley College, Massachusetts, USA and V Santaniello 13: Biotechnology Inventions: Patent Data Evidence, A Zohrabyan, Yale University, USA and R E Evenson 14: Property Rights and Regulations for Transgenic Crops in North America, G Carlson and M Marra, North Carolina State University, USA 15: Intellectual Property Rights, Canola and Public Research in Canada, P W B Phillips, University of Saskatchewan, Canada Reviews Have you read this book, or used it for one of your courses? We would love to hear your feedback. Email our reviews team to submit a review.

Genelde canlıların, özelde ise insanoğlunun nasıl öğrendiğine dair araştırma sonuçları her geçen gün önümüze heyecan verici bilgiler ve bulgular sunmaktadır. Bu araştırma sonuçları öğrenmede yeni stratejiler geliştirilmesinde öncülük etmektedir. "Öğrenme Psikolojisi" adlı bu kitap, alandaki en temel ve güncel araştırma bulgularını da kapsayarak eğitim, edebiyat ve tıp fakülteleri gibi değişik alanların birçok programında lisans ve lisansüstü düzeyde kullanılabilecek şekilde hazırlanmıştır.
Okuyucu merkezli olarak hazırlanan bu kitap, tüm yaşlardaki öğrenicilerin bilgi ve becerileri nasıl edindiklerini ve öğrenme sürecinde etkili olabilen inanç, motivasyon, tutum ve tavır gibi faktörleri kapsamaktadır.
Öğrenme konusunda bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen okuyucunun, temel bir psikoloji bilgisine sahip olması ön koşulu yoktur. Kitapta öğrenme kuramlarının tarihsel temellerinden başlayarak güncel öğrenme yaklaşımlarına rahatlıkla geçiş yapılabilir. Alandaki bir profesör, öğrenme ile ilgili en son araştırma bulgularına bu kitapta ulaşabilirken; üniversite eğitimine yeni başlamış bir öğrenci de öğrenme ile ilgili en temel konulara rahatlıkla erişebilir.

In the present technological framework, the AI that could participate in the creative processes, is characterized by being what can be defined as artificial narrow intelligence, which is specifically dedicated to certain tasks. The technological innovations produced by the AI are based (a) on a preliminary phase presided  by man with a (more or less extensive) address and stimulation of the machine; (b) a subsequent stage of processing the results and/or directed to carry out the required tasks, performed entirely by the machine and its artificial intelligence algorithm, totally unrelated to any intervention by the operator and completely opaque to the possibility to disclose the methods by which the result was obtained (so-called black box); and (c) a later and final moment in which the human operator, using the AI (in a more or less structured way) examines and selects the innovative results provided by the machine. The point of equilibrium between patent system in its general lines and innovations produced by the AI is precisely directed to identify whether this technical possibility of improving the creative phases still leaves room for stages chaired by man that are not directly ordinary. Consistent with this technological framework, the analysis on the presence of the patent requirements can (and must) be focused only on these phases subject to human intervention. These moments, in fact, are always characterized by being i) endowed with wide space of choice by the human operator in sorting the information to be given to the machine; ii) shaped on the basis of re-search projects that require economic investments and technical-scientific competences not easily to obtain.

This paper research contains further developments and studies of my report given at the conference AIDA “Intelligenza artificiale e proprietà intellettuale” held in Milan (Italy) on September 21, 2019 and the subsequent essay (in Italian) Ex Machina. La novità e l’originalità dell’invenzione “prodotta” dall’IA, published in AIDA – Annali Italiani del diritto d’autore, Giuffrè 2018, 3 e ff., isbn 9788828809807;  also available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com//sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3401421

This paper aims at reading The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock with respect to T.E.Hulme’s argument in Romanticism and Classicism. The researchers try to apply T.E.Hulme’s notion of Romanticism and Classicism on dramas and poems. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock poem will be examined and illustrated from two differing but independent classical and romantic perspective based on Hulme’s definitions. It shows that the poem contain characteristics of both classical and romantic art forms. The effect of Hulme’s notion can be seen particularly clearly in the works of T.S.Eliot and other poets of the 1930’s.  T.E.Hulme’s insistence on order and exactness sowed the seed of ‘Classical revival”, to which Eliot contribute a great deal in his poems.

The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (hereafter referred to as the TRIPS agreement) is a World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement that was negotiated in the Uruguay Round of negotiations from 1986 to 1994 by the members of the WTO1 (80% of the world's nations and the vast majority of the world's trading nations) that sets out certain rules regarding intellectual property rights. Once the member countries agreed to the provisions, it became an official agreement of the WTO that must be ratified by member country governments in their own parliaments. The effect of this was to create a world standard of intellectual property protection. In April 1994, Uganda signed the agreement establishing the World Trade Organization and ratified the same in October 1994. By 31st December 1994, Uganda had fulfilled all the conditions necessary to become a founder member of the WTO. The purpose of the TRIPS agreement is to establish a uniform set of rules across the globe that would provide adequate standards of protection for intellectual property rights which it recognises as private rights and to ensure that measures and procedures to enforce them do not themselves become barriers to legitimate trade.2 This paper will focus on the TRIPS agreement as it relates to Uganda's Industrial Property Act, 2014. Before the enactment of the TRIPS agreement, international intellectual property rights were governed by the Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883. This Convention was inadequate to address modern issues of concern in industries such as information technology and biotechnology: there were few rules dealing with patents, no minimum period of patent protection, and no mention of the exclusive rights of patent-holders. The extent of protection and enforcement of these rights varied widely around the world; and as intellectual property became more important in trade, these differences became a source of tension in international economic relations. New internationally-agreed trade rules for intellectual property rights were seen as a way to introduce more order and predictability, and for disputes to be settled more systematically. The Uruguay Round achieved that with the TRIPS agreement.3 The TRIPS agreement came in to solve this problem; it took, as its foundation, the provisions of the Paris Convention and the majority of the provisions of the Berne Convention for the 1 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm The WTO's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), negotiated in the 1986-94 Uruguay Round, introduced intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system for the first time.