Welfare Economics

We investigate the relationship between height and some economic-development indicators in modern Spain by means of a recently constructed times series of data on conscripts.We estimate a Vector Autoregressive EquilibriumCorrectionModel (VECqM) to quantify the height and GDP per capita response to various living-standard indicators.
We observe that conditions that perpetuate an elevated level of sickness and mortality and that raise the relative price of consumption goods tend to impede human growth, as reflected in a decline in average adult height,whereas factors that promote the purchase of health services and that help to open up the economy to international trade and ideas have tended to have an opposite effect from the 1850s onward. Our results also indicate that neither the level of per capita GDP nor its growth rate has a unidirectional relation to various measures of living standards, chiefly adult stature. Instead, our findings suggest that there may be behavioral factors (e.g., emphasis on health services), political factors
(e.g., degree of openness), and economic factors (e.g., relative consumer costs to GDP deflator) whose affects may have been influenced the level of GDP, over the sample period.

This research is intended to study how does the implementation of education and training, government assistance, business partnership, and government regulation effect business ability and business success? The sample of this research 174 small business units in east java province and selected by using stratified cluster sampling technique. 
Applying structural equation modeling analysis, the research findings are as follow. First, education and training with indicator charisma an instructor, instructor team cooperation, accuracy of method teach, motivation follow,according to its items have an effect on positive tobusiness ability but have not an effect to success of small business with indicator production efficiency and production extension. Second, government assistancewith indicator, technical assistance, guidance, management, financial and tuitionhaving an effect on positive  to ability and success of small. Third, business partnershipwith indicator, trade cooperation, network, contract sub, technological cooperation and vendorhave an effect on positive tobusiness ability  with indicator attitude, emotional intelligence, skill and knowledge  but have not an effect to success of small business. Fourth, regulation of governmentwith indicator, quota, tariff, licensing and market information have an effect on positive tobusiness ability with indicator attitude, emotional intelligence, skill and knowledge but have not an effect to success of small business with indicator production efficiency and production extension. Fifth, business ability have an effect to  success of small business. 
From the finding 1 to 5, the researcher conclude that, to increase small business success is needed five variables observed (education and training, assistance, partnership, and regulation and  business ability) and to increase business abilityis needed of the four variables observed ( education and training, assistance, partnership, and regulation)

La poblacion de esta investigacion estuvo conformada por un total de 479 trabajadores de una empresa de construccion en el nororiente ecuatoriano. Se tomo una muestra de 24 trabajadores que ocupan los puestos de albanil, fierrero y motosierrista, quienes han laborado por al menos 06 meses en la empresa. Se uso el Cuestionario Nordico de Kuorinka, la historia clinica laboral, y exploracion fisica especifica, para determinar la prevalencia de los TME, evidenciando que en el grupo de albaniles un 88,3% presentan molestias musculo esqueleticas, de estos el 50% son en la region lumbar y el 30% en miembro superior. En el grupo de fierreros el 88,8% presentan molestias y de ese porcentaje el 75% son en la region lumbar, y el 25% en miembro superior. En el grupo de motosierristas el 100% presentan molestias musculo esqueleticas en la region lumbar. El metodo de evaluacion ergonomica postural REBA se aplico para la evaluacion de 3 tareas principales en cada puesto, y se evidencio que para el...

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays an important role in the socioeconomic advancement of developing countries. In the last decade, FDI inflows from China into Côte dʼIvoire have grown rapidly. Using quarterly time series data from 2003Q1 to 2017Q4, this study probes if China FDI has any significant welfare impact on the citizens of Côte dʼIvoire vis-à-vis if a causal relationship exists. The policy outcome is to stimulate further discourse that will reduce poverty and enhance the living standard of the population. The study uses vector autoregressive (VAR) and the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) modification of the non-Granger causality test to determine if a causal relationship exists and the direction of causality. The empirical analysis provides evidence of a unidirectional causality from China FDI to social welfare (proxied by the human development index [HDI]) but no indication of causality between China FDI to economic welfare (proxied by real gross domestic product per capita [GDPPC]). This study, which is borne out of empirical curiosity, fills a lacuna in the FDI literature. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is a novel contribution that examines the FDI-welfare nexus between China and a developing economy like Côte dʼIvoire. Thus, policies that will further stimulate FDI inflows from China must be carefully crafted to attract funding to the most productive sectors of the economy in order to improve both social and economic welfare. By extension, the policies may be adapted by developing economies with similar characteristics to Côte dʼIvoire.

The paper deals with the possibility of forecasting the tourist  impact by using the Gini Index inequality coefficients , under conditions, especially in small rural areas, in order to form “flexible” development policies. The author argues for a  critical interpretation of the data and techniques used to quantify and analyze tourist income distribution under the prism of an  innovative transfer from national to regional level  First, the fluent theoretical  Gini index  basis is given , in relation with  local development procedure. Then  two issues involving the application of inequality measures, such as Gini index are assessed : How  Gini output  could support forecasting the  tourist impact and how this  forecasting could support the suitable  local development policy, which is  the paper contribution.

In a recent edition of Perspectives on Politics, Larry Bartels examines the high levels of support for tax cuts signed into law by President Bush in 2001. In so doing, he characterizes the opinions of “ordinary people” as lacking “a moral basis” and as being based on “simple-minded and sometimes misguided considerations of self interest.” He concludes that “the strong

Welfare economics gives an introduction to the economic analysis of welfare programs. Welfare programs focus on alleviating risks that individuals encounter during life, such as not being able to support oneself due to sickness, unemployment or old age. In the book economic tools are used to analyse different ways of co-operation that mediates such risks, their efficiency and income distribution effects.

This paper is divided in two strictly distinct entities : a. The behavioral analysis b. The pure economic analysis Part I: Behavioral Economic Energy the psychological Factor What do I think of Western civilization? I think it would be a very good idea. Mohandas K Gandhi, (1869-1948), known as Mahatma, which means 'Great Soul' The concept of our joint paper in this second part is the human behavior on "environmental protection" be highlighted in two different axes: 1. As a really educational problem and 2. As a game-bargaining instant reflection problem, thus meeting the human behavior within and during any re-active human action

This survey article (in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) offers an introduction to the field of social choice theory. It covers: (i) the history of social choice theory; (ii) three formal arguments for majority rule (procedural, epistemic, and utilitarian); (iii) preference aggregation; (iv) welfare aggregation; (v) judgment aggregation; and (vi) other topics.
Available at: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-choice/

The COVID-19 pandemic mitigation policies were often justified on benefit-cost analysis (BCA) grounds, where the value of a statistical life (VSL) measures the benefit of saving lives. I argue that a BCA and VSL framework is not a value-neutral basis for pandemic policy, for two reasons. First, its characterization of labor-market behavior as mere choices regarding money and mortality risk implicitly endorses the institutions that constrain those choices. I illustrate this point using economic conditions under the pandemic. Second, it assumes individuals have just one “true” valuation because preferences are exogenous, and thus ignores how subjectivity is constituted by capitalist institutions. I use VSL estimates in pandemic scholarship as an illustration of the search for a single valuation regarding elderly life. I further argue that the “good” of human life warrants valuation in our capacity as citizens in democratic institutions, rather than as agents in a market. Lastly, I use the language of overdetermination to highlight the contradictory effects of the mutual constitution of institutions and the individual subject.

This paper looks at answering the research question: “What accounts for the difference in people’s level of support for government programs to help people economically?” It does this by means of a quantitative research, correlating the dependent variables of ‘support for welfare spending’ and ‘support for more government involvement in income redistribution’ with independent variables: ideology, party affiliation, income category, region, education and weather the respondents are born in the US. The paper finds significant data, supporting most previous literature, but also challenging the importance of some factors, traditionally regarded as important.
The research paper finds that political ideology and party affiliation are the two most predicting factors for support for welfare spending and income inequality redistribution, with liberals and democrats being most supportive. It also finds that income category has a weak correlation with welfare spending and a moderate correlation with income redistribution with lower income categories being most supportive. Some correlation is seen between education (no high school being most supportive) and weather the respondent was born in the US (those who were not born in the US being most supportive) with income redistribution.
The paper concludes with a short analysis of the differential in public opinion based on the social/cultural connotations in the semantic meaning of "welfare" and "income redistribution", concluding that the choice of words can have an impact on the reactions of the public.

This textbook of Economic Policy is made of four parts:
1. Methodological questions;
2. Welfare Economics;
3. Economic models in a closed economy
4. Economic Policy in an open economy.

La Politica Economica è la disciplina che studia il processo decisionale delle istituzioni economiche e finanziarie interne di un paese, come il mercato, lo Stato, la banca centrale, e i comportamenti aggregati degli operatori economici, come le famiglie e le imprese, con riferimento agli effetti delle politiche micro e macroeconomiche destinate a modificare l'andamento del sistema economico per raggiungere obiettivi prestabiliti.
Il corso di Politica Economica, previsto negli ordinamenti didattici delle lauree di primo livello in Economia, Scienze Politiche, Giurisprudenza, Statistica, Ingegneria, risponde all'obiettivo di dotare di una preparazione professionale, oltre che culturale, soggetti destinati a svolgere studi specialistici di economia, compiti di carattere direttivo o ad assumere posizioni di elevata responsabilità nelle istituzioni e nelle amministrazioni pubbliche e private, come pure in organismi imprenditoriali e associativi operanti in settori che implicano relazioni con organismi pubblici o richiedono competenze riguardanti atti e costi della regolamentazione.
Le lezioni contenute in questo volume indicano i filoni principali del pensiero teorico che ha seguito i successi e gli insuccessi dell’azione dei mercati e dei poteri pubblici sui sistemi economici. Il piano dell’esposizione è articolato in tre parti. Alle questioni metodologiche principali della ricerca economica e delle relazioni della politica economica con le altre discipline, segue, nella prima parte, la trattazione dell’economia del benessere, ovvero l'analisi di tipo normativo delle regole che orientano il sistema economico al suo miglioramento. La seconda parte è dedicata ai modelli principali con cui il pensiero economico ha affrontato i problemi posti dal perseguimento degli obiettivi macroeconomici in economia chiusa. La terza parte tratta gli stessi temi, ma nel contesto di un’economia aperta alla internazionalizzazione dei mercati in presenza dei vincoli posti dalla loro progressiva globalizzazione.

Indice generale

Premessa
Indice dei grafici
Indice delle tabelle
Acronimi
Piano delle lezioni

Lezione 1-Introduzione

Questioni di metodo

Lezione 2-I limiti dello studioso e la varianza comportamentale
Lezione 3- Errore e non prescrittività delle proposizioni di politica economica
Lezione 4-Analisi economica e principi di politica

Parte prima: l’economia del benessere

Lezione 5-Paradigmi e modelli di politica economica
Lezione 6-Le preferenze sociali
Lezione 7-Miglioramento e ottimo paretiani
Lezione 8-I limiti dell’economia del benessere paretiana e i tentativi di superarli
Lezione 9-La teoria delle votazioni
Lezione 10-Funzioni del benessere, ottimo sociale e teorie della giustizia
Lezione 11-Il mercato e lo Stato
Lezione 12-I due teoremi fondamentali dell’economia del benessere e quello del second best
Lezione 13-I limiti del mercato per gli obiettivi microeconomici
Lezione 14-Il teorema di Coase e le sue critiche
Lezione 15-I limiti del mercato per gli obiettivi macroeconomici

Parte seconda: i modelli di economia chiusa

Lezione 16-La neutralità della moneta
Lezione 17- La Grande Crisi e l’economia di Keynes
Lezione 18- La sintesi neoclassica
Lezione 19- La Nuova Macroeconomia Classica
Lezione 20- Le rifondazioni keynesiana e neoclassica e le relazioni tra disoccupazione e inflazione
Lezione 21- La programmazione economica
Lezione 22- I limiti dell’intervento pubblico
Lezione 23- Le politiche micro: obiettivi e strumenti
Lezione 24- Le politiche micro: alcune applicazioni
Lezione 25- L’analisi costi benefici: aspetti teprici
Lezione 26- L’analisi costi benefici: le fasi procedurali
Lezione 27-La moneta e l’economia monetaria
Lezione 28-La politica monetaria: obbiettivi e strumenti   
Lezione 29-La politica di bilancio: aspetti storici e teorici
Lezione 30-Le politiche del debito pubblico
Lezione 31-La politica dei redditi

Parte terza: la politica economica in economia aperta

Lezione 32-Le teorie del commercio internazionale
Lezione 33-Le politiche commerciali e le giustificazioni del protezionismo
Lezione 34-Bilancia dei pagamenti, regimi valutari e operazioni finanziarie
Lezione 35-Le politiche di riequilibrio della bilancia dei pagamenti
Lezione 36-Il modello di Mundell-Fleming
Lezione 37-Le politiche di mercato aperto

Bibliografia
Indice dei nomi

It is generally recognised that indicator-based research forms a substantial part both of the everyday practice and of the current theoretical pursuits in an extensive set of different scientific fields that relate to the socio-economic and the environmental sphere. However, the lack of an endogenous indicator's theory hinders the enhancement of indicator's research into an autonomous scientific field and subdues the indicators study to the broader ecological, social, or economic context. Thus, scientists are often bounded to the study of indicators within their specialisation area, as evidenced by the very limited number of interdisciplinary studies on the use of indicators that have been published. Based on this deficiency of the current literature, the paper elaborates on the use of indicators in the socio-economic and the environmental area, focusing on fields in which indicators are essential to their practice. Namely, the paper reviews quality-of-life, macroeconomic, environmental, welfare and sustainability indicators in order to detect similarities and differences, pertain to their practice and to the theoretical frameworks in which indicators are utilised. The study concludes that quality-of-life, welfare and sustainability indicators are supported by weak theoretical foundations, as a result to the choice of the respective fields to exploit the possible benefits of an empirical interdisciplinary perspective, a fact that leads the use of indicators to methodological inconsistencies. In contrast, macroeconomic and environmental indicators are supported by a coherent theoretical body, which is reflected in their well-organised structure and leads to their sound practice. Last but not least, the study suggests that the way the aforementioned two fields utilise indicators can provide useful guidance to the formation of future objectives in the quality-of-life, welfare and sustainability indicators’ research. Specifically, their corresponding fields should moderate their interest on composite indicators and, instead, their future research should be focused, so much on the identification of their field's key indicators that play a crucial role to the interpretation of the complex phenomena studied, as on the identification of the relationships that link these key indicators together.

International remittance is now one of talking issues around the world as it has been playing a vital role in socioeconomic development of the developing countries like Bangladesh since last few decades. Thus, the present study explores the impact of international remittances on household poverty and welfare in Bangladesh. To achieve this objective, the study analyses primary data collected from 360 households from Cumilla district of Bangladesh. To find out the impact of remittances on poverty, the study employs the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index. On the other hand, a one way ANOVA test is used to examine the impact of remittances on household welfare. The paper finds that the incidence, depth and severity of poverty among remittance recipient households is quite less than that of remittance non-recipient households. Empirically, the study finds that about 6 percent of remittance recipient households lives below the poverty line while this rate is 48 percent for non-recipient households. The study also finds that the average gross per capita expenditure of remittance receiving households is three times higher than that of non-recipient households which interprets that recipient households enjoy higher level of welfare. Thus, it is found that remittances have significant influence on household welfare. The study recommends nursing international remittances as an important tool in reducing poverty and enhancing welfare.

The concept of the paper is to produce the scientific dialogue on the thematic SMEs networking alongside a small place. It seems like the integrated endogenous local development program, but in this case is quite different: Capacity building is a key-factor which forms “social transformations”, by doing networks, around an  “open discussion theme” called “flag theme”, thus influencing local development procedure.  The frame is defined by what we call “the bargaining problem” which provides us with the strategic material of “trends” alongside the network, by forming new equilibrium points, new balances, or destroying the existing, doing step-by-step new networks or transforming the existing ones. By its turn, bargaining problem is depended on both “instant reflections” and pure individual or SMES “winning strategies” based on    “information given” in relation with “expectations”. By its turn, information given may be the “output” of knowledge creation, according to the “New Innovation Theory”, influencing social behaviour  and by this, individual strategies.

1. Solution of this video in the context of Bangladesh
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe0bXAIuk0&feature=youtu.be)
2. Are We Still Friends? A Tale of Facebook, MySpace and Friendster
3. Mauricedale Game Ranch and Hunting Endangered Animals to Save them
4. Welfare State Entrepreneurs

The market-bank writes this additional capital into its assets
Banks-as it is known- are interested more, to write a new loan
than to payoff This “radical idea” based on this reversal in any
bargain is examined in the frame of Nash Bargaining Theory
(1950) and its famous Nash Solution, toward the
SENSITIZATION PROCESS for a global “social welfare”
based on the “wealth-loan” perception, and can coexist with
the capitalist economic model, if and only if it will prepare the
“Sensitized Citizen Identity (SCI)That presupposes a
continuous process of Sensitization, in a world base An
example of this global sensitization process is given by the
world question of natural environmental protection, or even in
the “no-smoking campaigning” This work intends to approach
the bargaining problem by the extension of the Nash
Equilibrium (win-win) so that a new bargaining (win-win-win)
Equilibrium the will be The “Pareto optimality in a 3D space
according to which ,the 3 players (the COMMUNITY
included), form a state of allocation of resources from which it
is impossible to reallocate so as to make any one individual or
preference criterion better off without making at least one
individual or preference criterion worse off Finally , the
“Queen’s Evidence” strategy could be applied, for wealthloan’s
game interpretation: two people who reflect or react
between wealth-loan This situation is examined by the
‘prisoner’s dilemma’.
Fundamental assumptions
 The wealth that one owns: a loan given to him/her by
the community - the global community
 It must be returned to the community (the world
society), by its interest
 Work, as compulsory interest- donations and benefits
as optional interest
 The bigger the loan from society, the higher the
interest to be paid to the society
 In a post-capitalist society, communities will be rather
private - they will have the ability to accumulate
capitals as a commonplace of human inquiry
 the capital that a person holds independently, whether
it arises from him/her self or his/her family (heritage),
is a loan which the rest of the society has given him to
survive in dignity and to raise his/her children
 Labor market is the BANK, where people exchange
wealth (loan) and labor (the interest of wealth)

This dissertation is about the exploration of the traits of the Maltese welfare state in comparison to the mainstream welfare regimes. Many studies have taken place to determine the various characteristics of several welfare regimes which capitalist countries comprise in relation to their welfare state. Furthermore, the three main welfare regimes established by these studies are the Conservative, Liberal and Social Democratic; and eventually the Southern European welfare state. This study deduces that Malta has no clear-cut traits that replicate one particular model of welfare. Moreover, Malta has a hybrid system of welfare as a result of certain factors such as Malta’s colonial history, the country’s geographical location, the importance of the Church, EU membership; among others.

RESUMEN Los sistemas de bienestar en Europa han facilitado altos grados de prosperidad económica y cohesión social desde la segunda guerra mundial. Tras el crack económico de 2007-08, la cues-tión a ponderar es si la presente Edad de Bronce del welfare (2008-¿?) podrá mantener los rasgos constitutivos del bienestar social consolidados en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. En el contexto global, la lógica del Modelo Social Europeo (MSE) contrasta con la de otros sistemas de desarrollo económico y protección social alternativos: el «neoesclavismo» emergente asiático, el cual propone el dumping social como valor añadido de crecimiento económico, y la remer-cantilización individualista anglo-norteamericana, que auspicia la compra del bienestar por los propios ciudadanos. De la sintonía y acuerdo de las grandes corrientes ideológicas europeas (cristianodemócratas y socialdemócratas, principalmente) dependerá en buena medida el futuro del MSE y el mantenimiento de los sistemas europeos de bienestar.
ABSTRACT
Welfare systems in Europe have made possible high degrees of economic prosperity and social
cohesion since World War II. After the financial crack of 2007-08, the question to ponder is
whether the present Bronze Age of welfare development (2008- ?) would maintain the levels
of welfare development and social policy provision achieved during the second half of the XX
century. At the global context, the rationale of the European Social Model (ESM) is confronted
by alternative systems of economic development and social protection: Asian emergent
“neo-slavery” practices and Anglo-North American individual re-commodification. The former
proposes social dumping as an added value to achieve economic growth and the latter
advocates the purchase of welfare services by the citizens themselves. Depending upon the
general agreements among the main European ideologies and parties (Christian-Democrats
and Social-Democrats, principally) the maintenance of the welfare systems and the ESM can
be envisaged in the future as we have known them until now.

Abstract
Readymade garments (RMG) industry of Bangladesh is now under threat due to collapse of the buildings of Rana Plaza and fire accident of Tajrian Fashion. RMG sector is now claimed that employing over 50% of the industrial workforce and having 75% of the total export earnings of Bangladesh.Thus, this study is to focus and consider for implement for following comprehensive factors related arrangement for safe and healthy working environment and ensure desired production/outcome of a RMG: first aid arrangement, buildings, medical examination, foot protection, protective clothing, safety glasses, safety inspection, health and safety committee, safety evaluation plans, obligation of employees. The objectives of the study are to improve the overall standard of safety and health at work; to integrate the concept of safety and health in the overall management of the factory; to develop good manufacturing practices with emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness of the factory; to ensure inside and outside arrangement of garment industry. In this study, the overall arrangements of ten different garment factories with particular attention to following aspects: health & hygiene, work environment and safety are discussed. A method can be adopted for collection and analysis of data of this study: review of secondary information, inspection of existing safety arrangement of  RMG industries.  As a result, this study can be a guide line for compliance health ,safety and welfare issues  of garments sector.
Keywords: Safety; Compliance; Forecasting, Welfare and Health.

Keberhasilan Pembangunan Nasional sering diukur menggunakan GNP dan GDP. Negara yang sejahtera adalah negara yang mampu meraih angka GNP dan GDP. Suatu negara dapat dikatakan maju jika penduduknya memiliki pendapatan per kapita lebih dari US $3000. Kemudian lahir Indeks Kebahagiaan di tengah kesadaran global bahwa pembangunan suatu negara sebaiknya tidak hanya fokus kepada pencapaian pertumbuhan ekonomi (GDP) semata. Ide tersebut pertama kali digagas pada tahun 1972 oleh Raja Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck yang memasukan kebahagiaan rakyat atau Gross National Happiness (GNH) sebagai target pencapaian pemerintah. Apa yang dimaksud GNH? Bagaimana dengan Indonesia dan Pandangan Islam tentang GNH?

“..A branch of economics that focuses on the optimal allocation of resources and goods and how this affects social welfare
Welfare economics analyzes the total good or welfare that is achieved at a current state as well as how it is distributed. This relates to the study of income distribution and how it affects the common good.

Welfare economics is a subjective study that may assign units of welfare or utility in order to create models that measure the improvements to individuals based on their personal scales.
Welfare economics uses the perspective and techniques of microeconomics, but they can be aggregated to make macroeconomic conclusions. Because different "optimal" states may exist in an economy in terms of the allocation of resources, welfare economics seeks the state that will create the highest overall level of social welfare.

Some people object to the idea of wealth redistribution because it flies in the face of pure capitalist ideals, but economists suggest that greater states of overall social good might be achieved by redistributing incomes in the economy”.

The field of welfare economics is associated with two fundamental theorems:

Fundamental Theorems
There are two fundamental theorems of welfare economics. The first states that any competitive equilibrium or Walrasian equilibrium leads to a Pareto efficient allocation of resources. The second states the converse, that any efficient allocation can be sustainable by a competitive equilibrium. Despite the apparent symmetry of the two theorems, in fact the first theorem is much more general than the second, requiring far weaker assumptions.
The first theorem is often taken to be an analytical confirmation of Adam Smith's "invisible hand" hypothesis, namely that competitive markets tend toward the efficient allocation of resources. The theorem supports a case for non-intervention in ideal conditions: let the markets do the work and the outcome will be Pareto efficient. However, Pareto efficiency is not necessarily the same thing as desirability or even more general definitions of "efficiency"; it merely indicates that no one can be made better off without someone being made worse off. There can be many possible Pareto efficient allocations of resources and not all of them may be equally desirable by society.
These ideal conditions, however, collectively known as Perfect Competition, do not exist in the real world. The Greenwald-Stiglitz Theorem, for example, states that in the presence of either imperfect information, or incomplete markets, markets are not Pareto efficient. Thus, in most real world economies, the degree of these variations from ideal conditions must factor into policy choices.[1]
The second theorem states that out of the infinity of all possible Pareto efficient outcomes one can achieve any particular one by enacting a lump-sum wealth redistribution and then letting the market take over. This appears to make the case that intervention has a legitimate place in policy – redistributions can allow us to select from among all efficient outcomes for one that has other desired features, such as distributional equity. However, it is unclear how any real-world government might enact such redistributions. Lump-sum transfers are difficult to enforce and virtually never used, and proportional taxes may have large distortionary effects on the economy since taxes change the relative remunerations of the factors of production, distorting the structure of production. Additionally, the government would need to have perfect knowledge of consumers' preferences and firms' production functions (which are in fact unknowable[2]) in order to choose the transfers correctly. In addition, this remedy cannot be expected to work if large numbers of people do not understand the economy, and how to make effective use of any transfers they receive.

২০০৯ সালে ভোক্তা অধিকার বিরোধী অপরাধকে সুনির্দিষ্ট করে প্রণীত হয় ভোক্তা অধিকার সংরক্ষণ আইন ২০০৯।বাংলাদেশে এমন আইন প্রথম হওয়ায় তা প্রশংসার দাবী রাখে। কিন্তু কার্যকারিতার অভাবই আইনটির মূল দুর্বলতা বলে প্রতীয়মান হয়েছে।
এতদ রচনাটি জাতীয় ভোক্তা অধিকার সংরক্ষণ অধিদপ্তর কর্তৃক আয়োজিত রচনা প্রতিযোগিতার জন্য লেখা।

Effective utilization of healthcare services is important because it restores individual’s health stock depreciated by an illness, healthy individuals are efficient investors in their own health, they are able to work and earn income thus contributing to improved welfare and economic productivity of the country. The main of objective of this study was to empirically analyze factors influencing healthcare utilization in rural Uganda, A conditional utility maximization framework was adopted and using the Uganda National Household Survey data, (UNHS, 2009/10) conducted by Uganda Bureau of Statistics; we fit a multinomial logistic model. The results indicate that illness severity, cost of care, age, access to information, welfare index, distance to facility, marital status and to some extend education level, have a high association with healthcare utilization in rural Uganda. From the policy stand point of view, policies aimed at increasing school enrollment and efficient ways to learn, rural poverty eradication, staffing rural health centers and health workers motivation, improvement in rural infrastructure and intensification of rural electrification programs, may presumably have a tangible impact on healthcare utilization in rural Ugandans