Trade Marks

The trade mark is often the first thing that a consumer would notice when getting in touch with a new brand and usually the last thing that will forget about an old one. The trade mark’s unique feature to distinguish between different products and services has an enormous social and economic value which is further strengthened by today’s ever raising global consumerism. Trade marks enable people to attach particular associations to particular brands like, among many other things - quality, origin and publicity.1 All these important trade mark’s features inevitably lead to aggressive practices of corporations to win and secure bigger shares of the market and to promote their products more successively.

Although the process for registering domain names is a separate one from trademark registration, many countries have reached the conclusion that there is a strong need to take precautionary measures to prevent conflicts between trademarks and use of domain names.  Nigeria has, with the recent passing of the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, Etc) Act 2015 joined the moving train in adapting its trademarks protection framework to the exigent demands of participating in the network of computers on the World Wide Web. This paper examines the concept of trademark infringement, cybersquatting and the use of domain names, as well as considers the appropriateness of an action for trademark infringement or passing off in the event of a dispute arising from use of domain names. The paper also examines the criminalization of cybersquatting in Nigeria and makes a bold attempt at imploring the judiciary to join the moving train in the fight against trademark infringement even as technology advances.

Trademarks will be a source of competitiveness that can last a long time and can be a producer of cash flow for the company in the long run. Products that have strong brands will be difficult to imitate because consumers' perceptions of value or certain brands will not be easy to create. Brands are signs in the form of images, names, words, letters, numbers of color arrangements, or a combination of these elements which has a distinguishing power and is used in the trading of goods and services. Whereas purchasing decisions are a process of integration that combines knowledge to evaluate two or more alternative behaviors and choose one of them. The method in this study uses the field reserch method to obtain primary data in the form of observations, interviews and questionnaires and the library reserch method to obtain secondary data in the form of library data from scientific works, thesis, thesis, dissertation and books relevant to the research title. The purpose of this research is to find out whether there is a trademark influence on purchasing decisions of Honda motorcycles. The results of his research are: For simple linear regression analysis the results are: b = 0.43, a = 18.28, then Y = 18.28 + 0.43 X. Correlation Test, the result: r = 0.56. The results of the coefficient of determination analysis = r2 = 31.36%. Hypothesis testing is to find out the significance of the trademark influence on purchasing decisions, namely the results t count = 2.866, as for t table with an error rate of 5% (0.05) sample of 20 people and the result is t table = 2.101, then t count is greater than t table then Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected, which means there is a significant influence between the trademark on the purchase decision of Honda motorcycles at PT Abadi motor, Indonesia.

Актуальні проблеми інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права: матеріали П’ятої міжнародної науково – практичної конференції (Львів, 28 травня 2021 р.). – Львів: Юрид. ф–т Львів. нац. ун–ту ім. І. Франка, 2021. – 224 с.
У матеріалах Збірника представлені результати науково – практичних досліджень науковців провідних вищих навчальних закладів України та практичних працівників з основних проблем права інтелектуальної
власності, інформаційного ІТ та Інтернет права.
Видання адресоване науковим співробітникам, викладачам юридичних факультетів та вищих юридичних навчальних закладів, аспірантам, здобувачам, студентам, а також працівникам суду, патентним повіреним, адвокатам, іншим практикуючим юристам та усім небайдужим до осягнення нових знань у сфері інтелектуального, інформаційного, ІТ та Інтернет права.

У матеріалах Збірника представлені результати науково – практичних досліджень науковців провідних вищих навчальних закладів України та практичних працівників з основних проблем права інтелектуальної
власності, інформаційного ІТ та Інтернет права.

Lack of information on paintings on copper in seventeenth-century Antwerp inventories gives the impression that such paintings were rare. The coppersmiths who supplied the painters with plates were organized within the blacksmiths' guild. Even though legislation on the marking of copperware was passed in 1585 and 1602, and mentions certain guidelines for how objects should be marked, no document refers specifically to the marking of copper plates for paintings. However, marks of the Antwerp coppersmith Peeter Stas have been found on a number of plates from the early seventeenth century. A chronology of his securely dated marks enables us to date plates showing only his house-mark.

Sokolov I.A. Tea and tea trade in Russia: 1790 – 1919: [Monograph]. – Prod. the 2nd, reslave. and additional – M, 2012. – 499 pages. – ISBN 978-5-9973-2074-4 (demo)

This monograph is the first complex history work about tea and tea trade in the Russian empire in XIX – beginning ХХ centuries.
The book mentions history of occurrence of tea to Russia, its distribution on empire territory. The analysis of process of distribution of tea drinking in various social strata is held.
The system analysis of tea as Russian sociocultural phenomenon is given. Attempts of struggle against tea, dynamics of relations of Russian Church to tea, a tea role in household culture and influence of this product on Russian are considered. The tea place in struggle for sobriety is in detail considered.
The big place is given consideration of process of formation of tea trade and formation of the all-Russian market of tea. Accumulation of capitals on trade in tea and their overflowing in the industry is shown. Process of formation of merchant dynasties, change of patterns of ownership of firms is tracked. Exhibition trade in tea is shown.
The big place is given the analysis of advertising innovations of the firms trading in tea. Research is supplied by the extensive bibliography, a terminological directory on tea trade, the index of the prices for tea. The data about real estate tea traders in Moscow is presented.
Influence of trade by tea on economy, external and internal policy of the Russian empire, culture, linguistics and other spheres of life of a society is analyzed.
This book will be useful for experts of Russian history, genealogy, searches of capitalist relations, economists, sociologists and others.

Монография создаёт целостную картину проникновения чая в Россию и его распространения по территории империи с конца XVIII века до первых лет советской власти в ХХ веке. Исследование построено на анализе огромного массива научной литературы и архивных материалов, содержит богатый статистический материал, блок терминологии, библиографический блок. Книга рассчитана как на специалистов по истории России, так и на широкий круг читателей. Значительная часть материала данной монографии будет востребована историками, экономистами, социологами, культурологами, работниками пищевой промышленности, краеведами, сфрагистами, учителями средних и высших учебных заведений, специалистами в области рекламы и генеалогии.

This paper deals with the registrability of non-conventional marks after the EU reform of trade marks and some technological developments, including the Internet of Things (IoT). Even if olfactory marks (scents or smells) are the chosen prism, most considerations apply also to other non-conventional marks, such as holograms, movements, and tastes. In the UK, whereas in theory olfactory trade marks can be registered, there have not been successful applications since the EU Court of Justice's decision in Ralf Sieckmann v Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt. This paper suggests that scents may be more easily registered in the near future as a consequence of the EU reform of trade marks and of technological innovation. The impact of Brexit is critically assessed and the implementation of the EU reform is foreseen.
The yet-to-be-transposed Trade Marks Directive introduces a new definition of trade marks where the graphic representation of the mark is no longer required. Under the new regime, those who want to register a smell will only need to represent it ‘in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor’ (art 3(b)). Some difficulties may remain because the Trade Marks Directive incorporated the so-called Sieckmann criteria, that the (then graphical) representation must be ‘clear, precise, self-contained, easily accessible, intelligible, durable and objective’ (recital 13). However, even not going as far as arguing that ‘the amendments will abolish the Sieckmann judgement’ (Sahin 2016, 513), it is not excluded that the seven criteria may be interpreted differently in the future, for example as meaning that a combination of description, chemical formula and sample may meet the new requirements for registration. Indeed, with the new definition of trade marks there is a shift from the ‘how’ to the ‘who’. It is immaterial how the trade mark is represented (whether graphically or otherwise), as long as the competent authorities and the public can determine the subject matter of the protection. Arguably, the said combination of description, chemical formula, and sample may suffice from the authorities’ perspective. When it comes to the public, it is likely that this requirement will be absorbed by the distinctiveness. An unusual scent used consistently on a range of products or services of a single undertaking and accompanied by heavy advertising would easily put the public in the position to determine the subject matter of the protection, especially if distinctiveness is acquired through use; thus, the requirement could be easily made out. One could foresee a return to the case law ante Sieckmann that valued the customers’ viewpoint and stated, for instance, that an olfactory mark described as freshly cut grass will be recognised immediately by anyone, reminding ‘of spring, or summer, manicured lawns or playing fields, or other such pleasant experiences’ (Senta Aromatic [14]). The customers’ scent-related power of imagination cannot be underestimated. A number of scents can evoke clear memories and feelings.

Sokolov I. Russian and foreign tea-trade companies on the tea-market of the Russian Empire: 1790-s – 1920-s (their trade marks, seals and terminology). – Moscow, 2013. – 203 p. – ISBN 978-5-9973-2501-5

This guide is a list of the most significant Tea Trading Firms of the Russian Empire of all forms of property: Trading Houses, Partnerships, Sales Offices, Joint-stock Companies, Consumption Companies, etc.
The firms of employers from different ethnic groups (Russian, Jewish, migrants from France and Germany, employers from Caucasus and Central Asia) are viewed.
The information on the change of the names of some Tea Trading Firms in the period of theirs activity is presented. There are not only the official names in the book but also everyday, conversational and common versions.
The handbook contains the identifier of trademarks of Tea Trading Firms and includes a lot of illustrations. There is a list of sources on the history of tea and tea-trade in Russia at the end of the book. The great part of the book is devoted to the section of terminology of Russian tea-trade of the XIX – the beginning of ХХ centuries.
The book will be useful for historians, economists, sociologists, cultural studies scholars, antiquarians and collectors, workers of food-processing industry, students of local lore, teachers of secondary and higher educational institutions, specialists in the field of advertising and genealogy.

CONTENIDO
La presente guía ofrece una lista de compañías distribuidoras del té de mayor renombre del Imperio Ruso que pueden ser identificadas según el tipo de propiedad como Casas Comerciales, oficinas de ventas, sociedades comanditarias, anónimas y de consumo.
En la guía se someten a examen  compañías  pertenecientes a empresarios que representan varios grupos étnicos: rusos, judíos, naturales de Francia y Alemania, de  Cáucaso y Asia Central.
Se  da  información sobre el cambio de denominación de algunas compañías durante el tiempo de su actividad. Además de las denominaciones oficiales se dan a conocer nombres de uso corriente, coloquiales y tergiversados.
La guía cuenta con un índice de marcas comerciales de una serie de compañías distribuidoras del té y dispone de un gran número de ilustraciones. En la parte final del libro se da la bibliografía y se citan libros  dedicados a la historia del té y de la venta de éste en Rusia. Una parte importante del libro contiene terminología en el ámbito de la distribución del té usada en Rusia en el siglo XIX y a principios del siglo XX.
El libro será útil a los historiadores, economistas, sociólogos, culturólogos, anticuarios y coleccionistas, trabajadores de industria alimenticia, etnógrafos, profesores de enseñanza media y superior, expertos en publicidad e genealogía.

This paper looks into the relationship between freedom of expression and IP, particularly copyright and trade mark which generally and largely concern visible expressions communicated to the public, to see how they coexist with or rival each other through the lens of the laws of Hong Kong and the UK, with reference to the EU laws applicable to the UK.

Sokolov I. Tea trade in Russia: firms: reference book. – Moscow, 2016. – 499 pp., ill. – (Series «Russian tea»). – ISBN 978-5-9973-3783-4 (DEMO)

書中總結(书中总结)

本书为俄罗斯帝国时期重要茶叶贸易公司名录。其中大部分公司经营中国茶叶贸易。本书研究了当时所有的茶叶贸易公司形式及所有制形式，如：商行、合伙经营、股份公司、买卖事务所、消费合作社等。同时，书中展列了茶贸公司商标、售茶商店外观及在俄茶贸术语。书中大部分关于中国茶叶的资料为首次公开，图文资料皆十分罕有。内有图鉴可帮助读者通过商标辨清经营中国、印度和锡兰茶的俄罗斯贸易公司的差别。此书价值独特，可为历史学家、经济学家、社会学家、文化学家、古董商、收藏家、食品工业从业者、方志学家、印象学家、中高等院校教师、广告及历史沿革专家的研究提供助力。茶叶贸易经营者（尤其是中国茶叶贸易经营者）亦将从此书中极大受益。

Китайский чай в России: В 3-х тт. [Монография] [Текст] / И.А. Соколов. – М., 2015. – Том II. – 498 с.: илл. – Серия «Русский чай». – ISBN 978-5-9973-3282-2

Chinese tea in Russia: in three volumes [monograph] /Ivan Sokolov. - Мoscow, 2015. - Volume II. - 498 pp.: ill. - The series "Russian tea". - ISBN 978-5-9973-3282-2 (DEMO)

It is often said that new beginnings should begin with out with the old and in with the new. Whilst there has been a lot of new with free markets bringing more goods from across the world on our doorstep, our experience accumulated over the years as consumers has not been ignored. As early as 1866 it was recognised that the knowledge of consumers was an important matter to be utilised in disputes over trade mark. Such an approach was not only adopted by the English courts, it was also utilised in a number of other jurisdictions over the centuries including New Zealand, Germany, the United States, the European Union among others.

1988 is the year which is pinpointed for giving the knowledge of the consumer a label – the average consumer. In the case of Gut Springenheide, the ECJ defined average consumer being a 'reasonably observant and reasonably well-informed and circumspect'.

Over the years there have been numerous discussions whether the test should be an empirical one, statistics, an analysis of perception or a mixture of empirical and analysis. Whilst the discussion is likely to continue for many years to come, importantly it has been recognised that the average consumer is likely to have different characteristics based on geographical location, relevant product or market. This is an important recognition because bearing in mind the multitude of products an average consumer has access to over a short period of time such characteristics need to be considered. One relevant issue is the impact of the internet which may very much change perceptions of consumers, eliminate geographical differences. However, more access may dilute a consumer ability to recognise may decrease or there may be a greater risk of confusion turning a reasonably informed consumer to an ignorant one.

The development of the concept of average consumer proved to be a necessity in order to strike a balance between consumer rights and a free and competitive market. As a basic formula it is an important one for a starting point but it is important to recognise that other characteristics may be necessary depending on the product, the market or geography.

Соколов И.А. Торговцы чаем, сахаром и кофе [лимитированное издание] [Текст, изображения] / Соколов Иван Алексеевич. – М., 2017. – Том II. – 499 с.: илл. – ISBN 978-5-9973-4613-3 – (Серия «Русский чай»).
Sokolov I.A. Traders: tea, sugar & coffee.  [Limited edition] [text, images] / Sokolov Ivan Alexeevich. - Moscow, 2017. - Vol. II. - 499 p. - ISBN 978-5-9973-4613-3 - (Series «Russian Tea»).

Соколов И.А. Торговцы чаем, сахаром и кофе [лимитированное издание] [Текст, изображения] / Соколов Иван Алексеевич. – М., 2017. – Том I. – 498 с.: илл. - ISBN 978-5-9973-4479-5 – (Серия «Русский чай»).
Sokolov I.A. Traders: tea, sugar & coffee.  [Limited edition] [text, images] / Sokolov Ivan Alexeevich. - Moscow, 2017. - Vol. I. - 498 p. - ISBN 978-5-9973-4479-5 - (Series «Russian Tea»).

Китайский чай в России: В 3-х тт. [Монография] [Текст] / И.А. Соколов. – М., 2015. – Том I. – 497 с.: илл. – Серия «Русский чай». – ISBN 978-5-9973-3281-5 (ДЕМО)

Chinese tea in Russia: in three volumes [monograph] /Ivan Sokolov. - Мoscow, 2015. - Volume I. - 497 pp.: ill. - The series "Russian tea". - ISBN 978-5-9973-3281-5 (DEMO)

This multi-volume edition is devoted to people who were selling tea in the Russian Empire. It includes tea sellers’ biographical materials. Data about their family members, relatives, descendants is given as well. The edition also contains tea sellers’ biographies from different ethnic and culture groups: the Russians, the Jews, the French, the Germans, the Chinese, the Tatar, etc. Everybody who sold tea in the Russian Empire. The book describes the period from 1700s till 1930s.
The edition covers distributers of such types of tea as: Chinese, Indian, Ceylon, Russian. Besides, from this book you can learn about coffee, sugar, Yerba mate, confectionary goods and wines dealers if these people were involved into selling tea.
The materials for the book were gathered from the archives, rare editions from libraries, private collections, family assemblages, periodic publications of 19 – early 20 century.
This edition enables the reader to retrace the evolution of merchant capital assets and tea-selling dynasties. Biographies describe the evolution of merchant capital assets and dynasties in the tea business.
Tea capitals would convert distributors’ children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren (3-4 family generations) into representatives of creative and culture elite. Descendants would leave merchandising for sci-tech and creative clerisy.
Tea-sellers had family ties with many outstanding Russian researches, artists, writers. The Shchukins, Fet, Dostoevsky, and many others were their family hood.
The collected data helps to retrace commercial connections between tea dealers. Big part of the book is devoted to their relations with big enterprises, such as Russian-American company.
Tea business representatives had big impact on the development of transport systems. Due to tea commerce ″Great Tea Road″ was founded, which was further north than ″Great Silk Road″. Tea cargo was carried by the Trans-Siberian railway and by sea.
The money, accumulated from tea trade, led to the explosion of Russian economy and culture. Tea capitals were redirected to the chemical industry, metallurgy, agriculture, fabric industry, gold mining, books publishing, ect.
Tea-dealers also invested their money into paintings and objects of art, estate property. They donated money to culture, building of churches, mosques, synagogues, helped the sick, the poor and the old.
The book has a big appendix with unique materials on the history of tea and tea business in Russia, history of Chinese tea.
This book will be interesting to tea traders, historians, advertising and genealogy specialists, researches of business relations, economists, sociologists, etc.

Dalam perdagangan barang atau saja, merek sebagai salah satu bentuk karya intelektual yang penting bagi kelancaran dan peningkatan perdagangan barang atau jasa. Merek memiliki nilai yang strategis dan penting bagi produsen maupun konsumen. 2 Penggunaan merek merupakan kunci dari suksesnya menggiatkan usaha perdagangan yang dilakukan oleh suatu korporasi dalam memenangkan persaingan usaha di pasar yang menjadi target dimana produk tersebut didistribusikan. Selain itu, fungsi dari merek sendiri merupakan selain dari suatu aspek dari hasil karya intelektual yang memiliki nilai ekonomis juga merupakan suatu simbol atau tanda yang menjadikan penanda dari suatu produk yang dihasilkan oleh suatu badan usaha ataupun perusahaan sehingga dapat dikenali oleh masyarakat selaku konsumen atas produk tersebut. Merek sendiri dalam hal posisinya pada persaingan usaha memiliki perannya tersendiri yang cukup strategis dalam membedakan antara produk satu dengan produk yang lain yang memiliki bentuk serupa akan tetapi dihasilkan oleh suatu bdan usaha yang berbeda. Dari pokok pikiran tersebut sudah semestinya melekat dari apa yang telah dihasilkan oleh produsen dengan produk yang memiliki bentuk dan jenis serupa akan tetapi melalui pembedaan merek dagang tersebut tersirat kualitas dan spesifikasi yang berbeda pula sehingga memiliki daya pembeda atas merek yang berbeda dengan produk yang sama dalam persaingan usaha atas banyak merek dagang di pasar. Bagi konsumen, merek selain mempermudah pengidentifikasian juga menjadi simbol harga diri..

Fancy some Nike trainers or a Lacoste shirt? If you're shopping in Kosovo, the chances are that it isn't the brand-name item you imagined. Some 90 per cent of so-called "brand-name" clothes being sold in Kosovo are likely fakes, Kosovo's customs service warms. Officials confirm what many in Kosovo long suspected, which is that most bargain items purporting to be from Adidas, Lacoste, Nike, Versace, Calvin Klein and Chanel are cheap knock-offs. A customs report covering 2001 to September 2012 found that 20 million kilograms of clothes were imported into Kosovo over this period. More than 90 per cent came from China, followed by Turkey, Kosovo Custom's spokesman Adriatik Stavileci said. Most of these clothes entering the country for clearance by Customs had no commercial label, "so you cannot tell whether it's original or not," Stavileci told Balkan Insight. "We don't know to which brand it belongs, so it's simply cleared as 'textile'." The items only get brand names after clearing Customs, it appears. Customs inspectors have seized thousands of designer labelsmany in rollsthat officials

Sokolov I.A. The History of Tea: new documents and materials [Limited edition] (DEMO)

Издание вводит в научный оборот документы и материалы по истории чая. Представлены рецепты XIX в. в которых чай смешивается с алкогольными напитками, материалы о чае в Японии, чае в русской живописи XIX - XX вв., цены на чай в дореволюционный период и в советских ресторанах периода «застоя», реклама, редкие документы Советской Эпохи на чайных этикетах начала ХХ в. Большой блок иллюстраций: семейные фотографии XIX - XX вв., рекламу и упаковку чая царского и советского периода, гравюры, карты, рисунки, фотографии чайных пломб, талонов на чай, фотографий и рисунков Китая эпохи Цин. Книга будет востребована историками, экономистами, социологами, культурологами, работниками пищевой промышленности, краеведами, сфрагистами, учителями средних и высших учебных заведений, специалистами в области рекламы и генеалогии.

The essay brings into focus the phenomenon of the massive explosion of the new visual culture that sprang from the fiercely competitive publicity campaign comprising product labels and trade marks, calendars and advertisements resulting from the world-altering economy of the Indo-British cotton and cottongoods trade. This powerfully impacted the Indian social and religious practices generating modern urban aspirations, life-style and above all, a unifying nationalist sentiment.

Sokolov I. Chinese tea in Russia: [limited edition]: monograph: in three volumes. – Moscow, 2015. – 469 pp., ill. – Vol. 3. – (Series «Russian tea»). – ISBN 978-5-9973-3318-8 (DEMO)

This research is devoted to the history of tea and consists of three volumes. It covers the period from the 17th to the 20th century. This book focuses on the influence of Chinese, Indian and Ceylon tea on Russian history, economy and culture.  The book also deals with the appearance of tea in Russia, directions of its deliveries and the variety of Chinese teas from the 16th to the 20th centuries. Among the additional topics are the propagation of tea culture in different social groups of Russian society, anti-tea and temperance movement. The author pays attention to the tea-trading companies, their owners, advertisement, and innovations. The study bases on a vast array of archival sources, museums and private collections, including rare ancient books and previously unknown materials of private collections. The book also contains a large block of statistics, reference and auxiliary materials, terminology, bibliography, data on prices in the market. This edition is useful for historians, economists, sociologists, collectors, cultural theorists, food industry managers, teachers in secondary and higher education, experts in the field of advertising and genealogy.

Markalar bakımından tecavüzün önlenmesi
önem arz etmektedir. Marka hakkına yönelik
tecavüzün önlenmesi hakkındaki esaslar,
6769 sayılı Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nda (SMK)
düzenlenmiştir. Marka hakkına tecavüz
denildiğinde akla, tescilli bir markanın
yetkili olmayan kişilerce hukuka aykırı olarak
kullanılması gelmelidir. İltibas nedeniyle markaya
tecavüz suçunda korunan amaç, tescilli marka ile
aynı veya benzer olan mal ve/veya hizmetlerdeki
kullanılan işaretlerin, tüketici üzerinde yanılgı
oluşturması ihtimali karşısında, bir zarar
doğmasının engellenmesidir. Çalışmamızda,
marka hakkına tecavüz konusu 6769 sayılı Sınai
Mülkiyet Kanunu kapsamında incelenecektir.
Ekonomik gelişmeler bakımından marka
bilinci oluşturmanın önemi her geçen gün daha
da artmaktadır. Güçlü ekonomilerde markanın
değeri arttıkça benzer ticari markalar ticari
arenaya girmekte bu da işletme sahiplerine ve
tüketicilere aynı şekilde zarar veren karışıklıkların
artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’de marka
hakkına tecavüz olarak değerlendirilebilecek
haller SMK’da düzenlenmiştir.
Tecavüz kavramı, yetkili olmayan bir
kimsenin başkasının hakkına el uzatması
anlamına gelmektedir. Marka hakkına yönelik
tecavüz olarak adlandırılabilecek eylemler,
SMK’nın Marka Hakkına Tecavüz başlıklı 6.
kısmının 29. maddesinde düzenlenmiştir.
Dolayısıyla, SMK’nın 29. maddesindeki koşulların
mevcut olması halinde, marka hakkına tecavüz
gerçekleşmiş olmaktadır. 29. maddenin (a)
bendine göre, marka sahibinin izni olmaksızın,
markayı 7. maddede belirtilen biçimlerde
kullanmak tecavüz sayılacaktır. Dolayısıyla 7.
maddede geçen haller gerçekleştiğinde markaya
karşı tecavüz meydana gelmiş olacaktır.
Çalışmamızda son olarak marka hakkı
tecavüze uğrayan hak sahibinin, ileri sürebileceği
hukuki talepler ele alınacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Marka Hukuku,
İltibas, Fikri Mülkiyet Kanunu, Karışıklık Yoluyla
Marka İhlali.
ABSTRACT
It is important to prevent rape in terms of
trademarks used to distinguish between goods and
services. Principles on the prevention of trademark
infringement have been laid down in the Industrial
Property Law No. 6769 (SMK). When trademark
infringement is called, a trademark registered should
be used illegally against unauthorized persons. The
intention is to prevent harm from occurring in the
face of the possibility that the marks used in the
goods and / or services that are the same or similar
to the registered trademark may cause the public to
be mistaken. The issue of trademark infringement
will be examined with the Industrial Property Law
No. 6769.
Trademark/branding becomes more important
everyday especially during the prosperous economic
developments. As trademark’s value increases in
a solid economy, analogous trademarks enter the
arena of commercial. This in turn results in increase
in confusion which ultimately damages firm owners
and consumers in the same manner. Breaching
acts against trademark rights are regulated by the
Industrial Property Law No. 6769.
In the same legislative body, using the trademark
in the manner specified in item 7 will be considered
trademark infringement. Therefore when conditions
set in the article 7 exist, then breaching against
trademark can be thought to become a fact.
Finally, in our article, the legal claims that the
rights holder of the trademark right may propose
will be dealt with.
Keywords: Trademark law, Confusion,
Intellectual property law, Violation of Trademark
right Through Confusion

Turkish trademark law is regulated under the decree of law No. 556 of 1995.  This Decree is largely consistent with EU TM Directive (89/40) and CTM Regulation (40/94) as well as TRIP’s.
Infrigement of a trademark right is a criminal act and tort.
The litigation expenses are very low; the number of cases is too high.  Expert report has an important role in general

The functions theory continues to be one of the most contentious issues in contemporary European trade mark law. In this article, I propose a reading of the CJEU jurisprudence by emphasising the theoretical distinction between trade mark use doctrine, as a defensive theory of immunisation, and functions theory operating through a contextual assessment. By focusing on confusion-based claims, I argue that the development of the functions theory is intertwined with and most productively understood alongside the increasing role of context in trade mark infringement. It should be seen as a doctrinal device that, together with a more realistic (or hybrid) construction of the average consumer, enabled infringement assessment to be infused with market realities, in response to the problems of abstraction that an expansionary trade mark doctrine had created. The emerging approach to the origin function has important lessons for how other functions ought to be assessed during infringement analysis.

A new collection of materials about Russian tea culture, youth Russian tea subcultures. A significant place in the book is devoted to the history of Chinese tea in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The book contains a large block of photographs of the period of the USSR and the Russian Empire introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, materials on the history of tea in China in the 19th - early 20th centuries.

Country names function like biometric data that
help consumers identify not only the authenticity
of the source of goods and services in the global
market place, but also their perceived reputation
for quality. The practice of co-branding with
country names to heighten the distinctiveness of
local brands, as well as their adoption as marks
for unconnected goods and services has left consumers
confused and countries disgruntled.
 Historically, an unfair competition prevention
approach has been adopted vis-a-vis international
IP protection of official country names. This article
considers the extent to which broader issues
of sovereignty and nation branding have not been
given due credence in the debate on the legitimate
use of country names in trade.
 It is argued that there has been a paradigm shift in
the significance of country names in international
commerce, which has prompted discussion of the
need for increased IP protection to embrace nation
brands as a unique genus of property, rather than
mere descriptors of origin or indications of quality.

The article takes its cue from a recent judgment of the Court of Milan, which elects the sole provisions of the code of industrial property as a parameter for evaluating the conduct consisting in the use of a famous name and a famous sign in the absence of the owner’s consent and in such a way as to mislead the consumer public about the existence of a sponsorship relationship. The reflection focuses on the tendency, which seems to emerge in the most recent practical jurisprudence, to assign primary importance to the interest of the owner of the famous name and sign to the remuneration of the investment in its fame, but above all to the need to protect the public of consumers from deception and to safeguard competition through the prevention, inhibition and sanction of counterfeit and parasistic conduct, combining the need for compensation with that for sanctions and deterrence.

This article aims to fill a gap in current studies on the semantics of branding. Through the analysis of a number of well-known international brand names, we provide ample evidence supporting the claim that a finite set of cognitive operations, such as those of domain reduction and expansion, mitigation, and strengthening, among others, can account for the drawing of inferences on the basis of the cue provided by the brand name. Such conceptual mechanisms are often randomly and unconsciously used in the process of building a new brand name. Nevertheless, this article argues that their systematic use results in (i) an increase in the degree of suggestiveness and semantic richness of the brand name, (ii) a lower risk of generating negative associations and connotations, and (iii) higher cognitive economy in the interpretation of brand names on the part of the potential consumer. In doing so, these cognitive operations arise as powerful tools for the task of creating safe and successful brand names.

Un possibile percorso alla ricerca di un parallelismo tra gli obbiettivi del progetto europeo "Imperiituro" e l'ipotesi di una funzione "comunicativa" racchiusa nelle immagini emblematiche della mostra, che  sono pervenute nella fase propedeutica al brief creativo. Gli studenti del secondo e terzo anno  dell'Accademia di Bologna insieme alla docente di Progettazione Grafica Marina Gasparini, hanno potuto raccogliere suggestioni e chiarire i dettagli del progetto dalle curatrici del catalogo Maria Pia Ghermandi e Silvia Urbini e dalla ricercatrice e coordinatrice tecnica del progetto Manuela Pereira dell'Istituto Beni Culturali della Regione Emilia Romagna . Sono stati analizzati alcuni marchi contemporanei di associazioni ed istituzioni culturali e grande attenzione si è prestata anche alle simbologie e alla funzione sociale ed economica del marchio nel Medioevo durante un' esperienza di ricerca finalizzata alla realizzazione di alcune proposte per il marchio della mostra.

"Defining a sign as a 'mark' means revealing part of its meaning, since these signs are signatures on products of every type intended for the market" The book by Adrian Frutiger, Segni e Simboli (1996), from which the above quotation was taken, features hundreds of symbols used over the centuries to formalize different communicative demands through a graphic sign. This modern compendium of graphics proved to be the most suitable guiding tool for undertaking a possible quest for a parallelism between the objectives of the Imperiituro project and the potential 'communicative' function contained in the emblematic images of the exhibit, which we received at the preliminary stage as a basis for preparing the creative brief. The actual briefing took place in a meeting at the Accademica di Belle Arti in Bologna, during which second and third year graphic design students-about fifty altogether-had an opportunity to gather suggestions and receive a clarification of the project details from representatives of the Istituto Beni Culturali (Cultural Heritage Institute) of the Emilia Romagna Maria Pia Guermandi, and  Silvia Urbini, curators of the catalogue, and Manuela Pereira (researcher). Several present-day logos of associations and cultural institutions were analyzed and a great deal of attention was also focused on the symbols and social and economic functions of marks in the Middle Ages

Sokolov I.A. The era of Chinese tea in Russia. Tea and tea-trade business in Russia in 1790 - 1919 years. - Wuhan: WHCBS, 2016 г. - 306 p., ill. – ISBN 978-7-5582-0918-5 - (on chinese language)
Соколов И.А. Эпоха китайского чая в России. Чай и чаеторговля в России в 1790-1919-м годах. - Ухань: WHCBS, 2016 г. - 306 p., ill. – ISBN 978-7-5582-0918-5 - (на китайском языке).

This article examines to what extent early modern guilds’ trade marks can be considered (modern) brands. It is argued that guilds could have firm-like functions the visual manifestation of which was a ‘brand’, but small manufacturing masters could just as well control and sanction branding practices themselves. While helping to solve problems of information asymmetry, the collective mark then objectified product quality by locating it in the political standing and ‘quality’ of guild-based masters. The crucial shift at the end of the Ancien Régime, was the disappearance of this link between the status of urban ‘freemen’ and the cultural identity of their products.

The Government of Singapore recently introduced a Bill to amend the tobacco control law with a view of prescribing plain packaging for tobacco products. The amendment was passed into law on 11 February 2019, with an expected implementation date in 2020. The consequence, of course, is a complete prohibition on the display of any trade marks, symbols, promotional images or logos on tobacco packs. In this article, we consider the constitutionality of this legislative measure, given that trade marks are, in essence, commercial expressions that attract constitutional free speech rights. Given that the constitutionality analysis requires an assessment of whether plain packaging is necessary or expedient in the interest of public order, which has been broadly defined to include the wider and larger interests of the country, we also conducted an empirical study to determine the effectiveness of plain packaging. Our study focused on the impact of package plainness and brand familiarity on smokers’ package evaluation and quitting intentions.