Import

Internationally active firms rely intensively on trade credits even though they are considered particularly expensive. This phenomenon has been little explored so far. Our theoretical analysis shows that trade credits can alleviate financial constraints arising from asymmetric information because they serve as a quality signal and reduce the uncertainty related to international transactions. We use unique survey data on German enterprises to test the effect of the use of trade credits on firms' exporting and importing behavior, both at the extensive and intensive margins. Our results support the assertion that trade credits have a positive impact on firms' exporting and importing activities.

This paper reviews the situation of second car trading in Thailand covering on various aspects. First of all, the imports of second hand car to Thailand are limited by laws that cannot serve the commercial purpose. One importer can import only one used vehicles for the personal purpose for example for those used by himself, used in organization, or temporary uses in case the car’s owners much live in Thailand for a certain period of time. This paper also extends the consumer sentiment as well as impact of second hand car market to Thailand’s economic and social wellbeing. In addition, the analysis of environmental concerned of second hand cars including regulation and law imposed by the Thai government are discussed. The government regulations on the environmental issues are discussed on both the standard of emission, inspection, and current environmental controlled by the government

This book will take you through the past, the present and into the future of the flagship institution of the international customs community: the World Customs Organization (WCO).

Our purpose is to present to you, in a comprehensive, orderly and synthetic manner, the enormous contributions that this prestigious and recognized institution has been making to the secure growth of world foreign trade.

In the development of the text, special consideration has been given to the instruments relevant to day-to-day customs work and which constitute the flagships of the WCO (the Harmonized System Convention, the Revised Kyoto Convention, the SAFE Framework of Standards, among many others), as well as to those issues which are currently of particular relevance to the WCO, to those issues that are currently of special interest to the world Customs community (Cross Border Electronic Trade, Trade Facilitation, the Future Customs Agenda, to mention but a few), trying to reconcile the various practical aspects of Customs operations with their theoretical underpinnings.

In short, these pages will be of great interest to all foreign trade operators, in particular to customs officials, customs brokers, carriers and international forwarding agents, managers of importing and exporting companies, as well as to all those (professionals and students) who wish to deepen their knowledge of the exciting world of Customs and International Trade.

SUMARIO: I.- Introducción. II.- El Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio. Antecedentes históricos. Evolución. III.- Principales aspectos. IV.- El rol de las Aduanas en su desarrollo e implementación. V.- Beneficios. VI.- La Facilitación del Comercio en el MERCOSUR. VII.- El Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio en cada Estado Parte del MERCOSUR. VIII.-  Conclusiones.
Comenzó la cuenta regresiva para que entre en vigencia el Acuerdo de Facilitación del Comercio (AFC) suscripto por los países miembros de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC) en la ciudad de Bali (Indonesia) en el mes de diciembre de 2013. Los cuatro Estados Parte fundadores del MERCOSUR han presentado su voluntad de adherir en la denominada Categoría A.
El Acuerdo contiene disposiciones para agilizar los despachos aduaneros y el flujo internacional de mercaderías, transparencia y difusión de los regímenes aduaneros, cooperación entre todos los organismos nacionales que intervienen en los procesos de importación y exportación de bienes y pautas sobre asistencia técnica y creación de capacidades, entre otras cuestiones. ...

Foreign trade plays a very important role in the economy of India. India import and export large number of products and services with many countries all over the world. As it has been seen that COVID-19 pandemic has affected the global economy severely and as such global trade. So, an attempt has been made to study the impact of COVID-19 on foreign trade of India. The study is made to know the trend of India's foreign trade during and before the pandemic and also to make a comparison on the growth of foreign trade with corresponding period of the preceding year. The nature of the study is descriptive and analytical. The data have been collected from secondary sources on foreign trade from government websites and analysed with the help of graphs and tables prepared in Microsoft Excel. The study revealed that the pandemic has negative impact on India's foreign trade. Massive contraction has been seen in the export and import specially in the month of April. But during this crisis India earns surplus trade balance for the first time after liberalisation. This surplus is observed due to decline in import rather than escalation in export.

Fancy some Nike trainers or a Lacoste shirt? If you're shopping in Kosovo, the chances are that it isn't the brand-name item you imagined. Some 90 per cent of so-called "brand-name" clothes being sold in Kosovo are likely fakes, Kosovo's customs service warms. Officials confirm what many in Kosovo long suspected, which is that most bargain items purporting to be from Adidas, Lacoste, Nike, Versace, Calvin Klein and Chanel are cheap knock-offs. A customs report covering 2001 to September 2012 found that 20 million kilograms of clothes were imported into Kosovo over this period. More than 90 per cent came from China, followed by Turkey, Kosovo Custom's spokesman Adriatik Stavileci said. Most of these clothes entering the country for clearance by Customs had no commercial label, "so you cannot tell whether it's original or not," Stavileci told Balkan Insight. "We don't know to which brand it belongs, so it's simply cleared as 'textile'." The items only get brand names after clearing Customs, it appears. Customs inspectors have seized thousands of designer labelsmany in rollsthat officials

The obol of the Nauheim type is one of these rare Celtic coins found at the Stradonice oppidum. It is the second known specimen. The obol of the Nauheim type with ´bird man´  on reverse belongs to the group of quinars of the Nauheim type appearing in the Hessen region in Germany most frequently. The obol of the Karlstein type represents another small  coin from Stradonice. This type differs from the general series of this type by  size of the  flan ( some 11 mm)  and a specific image of horse. An obol with wreathed head to right on obverse and horse rider to left on reverse is another interestinng coin in this group. There is no analogy for this coin in literature.

The paper presents the results of the non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis of a group of fibulae from the burial grounds of the Kama-Vyatka region. Because of bad condition, it was possible to establish the composition of a metal alloy for 67 of 262 artifacts. Most of them (56) were made of brass (alloy of copper and zinc). This fact is due to the practice of using broken metal things for re-melting and re-use. Comparison of the types of alloys and dates of fibulae showed a tendency to increase bronze products (alloy of copper with lead or tin) at the turn of the 4th – 5th centuries AD. The author supposes that most likely raw materials for such products could fall into the Kama region in the form of ingots, which is a kind of prototype of money. The composition of some of them, found in the Tarasovo burial ground, has a classic lead-tin bronze recipe.

Although Mozambique has considerable agricultural potential, rural poverty remains extremely high. This paper examines the extent to which global and domestic price distortions affect agricultural production and national poverty. We develop a computable general equilibrium (CGE) and micro-simulation model of Mozambique that is linked to the results of a global model. This framework is used to examine the effects of eliminating global and national price distortions. Model results indicate that agriculture is adversely affected by current trade distortions due to policies in the rest of the world. While a removal of all merchandise trade distortions would reduce import prices, it would also raise agricultural production and reduce poverty. By contrast, removing only agricultural price distortions abroad would have little effect on Mozambique’s agricultural sector. Model results indicate that Mozambique’s own distortions are also biased against agriculture, with producers of processed ...

This paper examines the cointegration and causality among exchange rate, export, and import for Turkey during the period of 1998-2006. The econometrics results show that there is a cointegration between exports and import, but direction of causality is bi-directional between these two variables. The impulse response functions also supports that there is a trade-off between exports and imports; for example, when imports are high, there is smaller exports at that time. This study supports few investigators who find no negative effect of exchange rate volatility on trade volume since it is found that exchange rates cannot determine the variation in exports and imports.

Crude oil importation is a major drain on the economy of Ghana, yet no study has attempted to analyse the determinants of crude oil imports. This paper brings to the fore an understanding of the key drivers of crude oil import demand. Using the autoregressive distributed lag modelling framework (ARDL), we estimate variant short-run and long-run import demand models for crude oil using time series data over the period 1980-2012. The results show that demand for crude oil is price inelastic in both the long and short term. Other important drivers of crude oil import are the real effective exchange rate, domestic crude oil production and population growth. Furthermore, real economic activity is found to be the most robust and dominant driver of crude oil demand with mixed estimates of inelastic and elastic coefficients in the short-run and long-run, respectively. Policy implications of our results are discussed.

International co-operation or integration among countries is quite common in today’s world. India and the ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) countries have an illustrious history of mutual cooperation for more than 25 years with a shared goal of economic prosperity through strategic convergence. The deepening of ties in mutually beneficial trade between India and ASEAN nations is reflected in the continued buoyancy in trade figures recently ($ 142 billion in 2018- 19). This paper tries to shed some light on the most recent trends and patterns in the trade scenario between India and ASEAN-5 nations (inter-industry as well as intraindustry). Here, the five original members of ASEAN are considered (i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand which also are the largest economies among ASEAN members. The status of trade among these countries is important because there has been increase in total trade among these countries recently. Many reports and surveys have confirmed a potential increase in economic integration in future which will contribute to economic growth in these regions. Furthermore, the Revealed Comparative advantage (RCA) index is constructed for the commodities in which simultaneous imports and exports has been taking place during the study period that is 2000-2017. The RCA index gives the result whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of a certain commodity or not. The study seeks to answer the research question whether the level of intra-industry trade increase when a country has revealed comparative advantage in case of the production of certain commodities?

Following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. government implemented a number of inbound cargo security programs it described as "pushing the border outward" or "expanding [the U.S.] perimeter of security." Are these statements rhetorical flourish, or do these programs materially affect international cargo trade? This article argues that far from being mundane or rhetorical, these cargo security programs are transforming how U.S. borders operate from both a conceptual and practical perspective. Specifically, by moving certain aspects of border functionality to locations well-removed from the physical U.S. border, these programs make U.S. regulation of inbound trade significantly more extraterritorial. These changes affect not only U.S. national security, but also the very patterns and growth of international trade in goods. In order to fully explore this thesis, this article first summarizes these programs and analyzes them through the lens of ear...

The thesis is a complex generalized study of the material culture of Tyras of the 1st – early 5th centuries AD, in which various categories of items have been systematized, their typology and chronologization have been made. The specificity of the material culture of Tyras’ population, directions and dynamics of cultural and trade relations, influence of Rome and the Roman provinces, as well as the barbarian culture, importance of local production have been determined. Some issues regarding Tyras’ history during the Roman era have been examined and specified. Based on analysis of the corpus of sources, several periods of development of the material culture during the Roman era, generally corresponding to basic historical stages of the city's development, have been determined.

The supply of process steam in combination with power for natural gas export compressors was investigated using exergy analysis. The existing system with three 12.32 MW direct drive gas turbines each with a HRSG delivering 19.2 kg/s high-pressure steam was compared with an alternative where the gas turbines were replaced with new turbines. The exergy efficiencies were 46.7% and 48.6%,