Exports

This study investigates the relationship between exports, foreign direct investments (FDI) and economic growth in five Eurozone countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Italy) using panel data for the period 1970 to 2011. The panel data causality results revealed that there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic development, while there is no causality between economic growth and FDI nor between FDI and exports.

Il presente lavoro costituisce il primo risultato di un progetto di ricerca sull'attività di esportazione delle imprese orafe artigiane. Il paper presenta nella prima parte la metodologia d'indagine seguita dal Ceris nell'analisi dei settori della cosiddetta Italia competitiva, di quei settori cioè, spesso etichettati come tradizionali, che principalmente sostengono la bilancia commerciale italiana. Sono presi in considerazione le caratteristiche, i punti di forza e di debolezza e le attuali sfide competitive per tali settori e in particolare per il settore orafo. Nella seconda parte è riportata un'analisi sintetica del commercio internazionale nel settore orafo, mostrandone la rilevanza per lo sviluppo settoriale successivo, la dinamica nel tempo, la localizzazione geografica. [This paper is the first result of a research project, which is in progress at present, on the export activity of goldsmith craftsman firms in Italy. It shows, in the first part, the research methodology followed by Ceris research unit to analyse the industries of competitive Italy, that are those industries often labelled as traditional that most sustain Italian commercial balance. Characteristics, point of strength and weakness and competitive challenges for those industries and for the goldsmith industry in particular are considered. In the second part of the paper a synthetic analysis of international trade of the Italian goldsmith industry is presented. The relevance of exports for the development of the industry is shown and a description of time tendencies and geographical destination is given.]

The aim of the study is the relationship between foreign direct investments, exports and economic growth. The analysis of this study included E7 (Emerging 7) the so-called developing countries are Turkey, Mexico, China, India, Brazil, Russia and Indonesia in the analysis in this context. This study covered the period of 1992-2018. Pesaran (2007) panel unit root test was used for the analysis of the series stationary. Panel ARDL approach, which allows short and long term relationship, is used for series with different levels of stationary. According to the results of the error correction model established for all panel, any shock in the gross domestic product equation was adjusted by approximately 0.86 % within the first year. Error correction models were estimated for all units, and error correction terms for all units expect India were obtained as negative and statistically significant. As a result of the panel causality test, one-way causality findings were found between economic growth and exports. Additionally, there was a causality relationship with foreign direct investments and exports.

Indian Textile industry is playing an essential role in the world after China and it is contributing growth towards GDP, employment, exchange reserves, exports, total production etc. It investigates the investment decision factors, risk, and growth factors of CMIE registered Indian Textile companies from the state of Tamil Nadu. The study has used regression analysis to know which investment factor is highly impacting on the financial performance and which risk factors are highly impacting on the textile finance companies. Factor analysis used to explore the growth factors of textile companies and have identified four factors from pilot study using SPSS. The study finds management outlook is the highest impact factor on the performance of textile companies from the investment factors, it also find that the competitor risk is the highest impact among the risk factors of textile companies. Further the study suggests that the companies first emphasize on utilizing the resources efficiently to improve the performance through up-gradation of new technology, make changes in the textile policy by the local government, generate quality products with less cost, focusing on sustainability in order to boost the overall efficiency.

Los puntos de control fronterizos son centros de condensación de cargas y personas en donde convergen numerosos sectores e intereses, nacionales e internacionales, y toda iniciativa que procure agilizar los flujos internacionales, debe prestarles prioritaria atención.
La Gestión Coordinada de Fronteras (GCF) precisamente implica la coordinación de los Servicios Públicos y del Sector Privado con el objetivo de mejorar el control fiscal, la seguridad fronteriza y la facilitación del comercio, así como el tránsito de personas, en un marco de eficacia y eficiencia en el uso de los recursos.
En el presente artículo se analiza dicha situación con todas las fronteras terrestres de la República Argentina, incorporando asimismo un Mapa Infográfico de localización.

The present study aims at reviewing researches conducted in the area of determinants of and factors affecting the export performance of textile industry. The tools used by the various researchers and their findings are studied in order to establish the academic contributions made by these studies to the existing body of knowledge, new models developed and also to highlight method adopted or suggested by researchers for conducting researches in the area of export performance of manufacturing industries with special focus on textile sector in developing countries. The article analyzed researches carried out in China, India, Sri Lank, Bangladesh and Pakistan. These economies are the dominant textile exporters in the international trade. The review highlights that most of the studies have been carried out on establishing the relationship between GDP, exchange rate, labor, capital (FDI) and technology with export performance of textile industry. Most of the researchers found a positive relationship between the above said variables and textile exports.

This book will take you through the past, the present and into the future of the flagship institution of the international customs community: the World Customs Organization (WCO).

Our purpose is to present to you, in a comprehensive, orderly and synthetic manner, the enormous contributions that this prestigious and recognized institution has been making to the secure growth of world foreign trade.

In the development of the text, special consideration has been given to the instruments relevant to day-to-day customs work and which constitute the flagships of the WCO (the Harmonized System Convention, the Revised Kyoto Convention, the SAFE Framework of Standards, among many others), as well as to those issues which are currently of particular relevance to the WCO, to those issues that are currently of special interest to the world Customs community (Cross Border Electronic Trade, Trade Facilitation, the Future Customs Agenda, to mention but a few), trying to reconcile the various practical aspects of Customs operations with their theoretical underpinnings.

In short, these pages will be of great interest to all foreign trade operators, in particular to customs officials, customs brokers, carriers and international forwarding agents, managers of importing and exporting companies, as well as to all those (professionals and students) who wish to deepen their knowledge of the exciting world of Customs and International Trade.

La performance à l’export de la PME suscite un intérêt croissant en marketing d’exportation. Les travaux récents intègrent diverses dimensions internes considérées comme cruciales pour la réussite des PME des PME à l’export. La présente recherche intègre, dans un modèle conceptuel et analyse au moyen d’une modélisation par équations structurelles, l’impact des caractéristiques de la PME sur la stratégie marketing et la performance à l’export telles que perçues par ses dirigeants. Les résultats montrent l’absence d’effet des avantages organisationnels, des obstacles internes et de l'âge de l'entreprise sur l'adaptation de l'adaptation de la stratégie marketing. Les avantages technologiques ont par contre un effet positif sur l’adaptation de la stratégie marketing qui agit sur la performance à l’export.h

During the past decade the Bulgarian furniture industry has witnessed a high growth of its exports, maintaining almost invariably a positive trade balance. In the context of intensified global competition, the aim of the paper is to present an assessment of the current situation and international competitiveness of the Bulgarian furniture industry for the period 2003-2012. A systemic analysis is conducted by using competitiveness indices such as international market share, relative trade balance, revealed comparative advantage and others. The results show that Bulgaria has a comparative advantage in the furniture manufacturing but still falls behind its competitors in terms of quality and unit price. The paper employs a SWOT analysis of the furniture industry, suggesting measures to enhance its international competitiveness.

L'articolo affronta le principali criticità connesse alla pianificazione ed erogazione di servizi reali all'internazionalizzazione (SRI) da parte degli enti pubblici nazionali e locali. Gli autori effettuano una rassegna dei contributi accademici nell'ambito dell'international business, della strategia e del marketing con l'intento di evidenziare a) il ruolo dei servizi reali alla luce delle mutate esigenze competitive connesse alla dimensione globale e b) le differenze nei fabbisogni delle imprese in relazione ai differenti stadi del processo di internazionalizzazione. Il lavoro si conclude con alcune indicazioni utili ad una corretta pianificazione e valutazione del service portfolio: in particolare, dalla review emerge la necessità di adottare un approccio bottom-up per l'analisi dei fabbisogni delle imprese,la selezione e il profiling dei segmenti più rilevanti per le azioni di supporto e la definizione di un service-mix specifico per ciascuno di essi. Parole chiave: strategie di internazionalizzazione, servizi reali, supporto pubblico The article focuses on the managerial issues related to the definition and planning of export promotion activities by national and regional governments. It provides a review of academic literature on international management, strategy and marketing in the aim of a) emphasizing the evolving role of public policies to promote firm internationalization in the contemporary globalized context and b) underlining the differences in needs for assistance by firms in different stages of the internationalization process. The article concludes with some suggestion for the definition of a more suitable portfolio of export assistance services: in particular, public institutions should adopt a bottom-up approach in order identify and analyze the most relevant needs of firms targeted for export assistance, select the most important target segments and design apersonalized service-mix for each of them.

Insurance cover is an important tool for the risk associated with the shipment of goods for international trade. It covers risk such as the risk of damage, destruction or by the means of perils of the sea. Every ship runs with the dreary list of hazards such as; fire, storm, collision, theft,

The paper is a contribution to the debate about the theoretical aspects, the structure, and the competitiveness of Italian industrial districts. The work first examines the theoretical strand on industrial districts ranging from Marshall to Becattini, and focusing on the contemporary distrettualism of Giacomo Becattini, where the district is essentially a socioeconomic construct and an important localized productive system. Furthermore, the paper offers an updated picture of the Italian industrial districts as they are represented in the 2011 Census by the National Statistics Institute. Finally, this study underlines the resilient competitive capacity of this typical form of industrial organization. Then, through empirical literature, it analyzes the Italian district companies, and their performance and success in foreign markets, especially with regard to " Made in Italy " products.

The growth of horticulture crops has become one of the driving forces for overall development of agricultural sector in India. With the emergence of urbanization and modernization, changes in cropping pattern from traditional to high value cash crops, especially the horticultural crops has been initiated in Indian agriculture. Horticulture is perhaps the most profitable venture of all farming activities as it provides ample employment opportunities and scope to raise the income of the farming community. It also has tremendous potential to push the overall agriculture growth to more than the targeted 4 per cent. It is the fastest growing sector within agriculture. It contributes in poverty alleviation, nutritional security and have ample scope for farmers to increase their income and helpful in sustaining large number of agro-based industries which generate huge employment opportunities. Keeping these understandings in mind, the present study estimates growth rates and value of output of the major agricultural crops, including the horticultural crops. The study reveals that the growth of area, production and yield of horticulture crops in the country was found to be statistically significant. Within the greater horticulture sector, the value of output for fruits and vegetables was found to be at the highest, accounted for 26 per cent of the total agricultural value of output. However, despite impressive output growth, the yield growth rate of fruit crop was found to be statistically insignificant.'

La présence des produits de l’industrie camerounaise sur les marchés internationaux constitue à l’ère de la mondialisation des économies, l’une des principales clés de l’émergence du pays. Cette assertion vibre en phase avec cette recherche dont l’objectif principal est d’analyser la compétitivité des entreprises manufacturières camerounaises à l’exportation au Nigéria et dans la communauté des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (CEEAC). Précisément, il s’agit d’examiner dans quelle mesure cette compétitivité peut être accrue. L’hypothèse principale de cette étude qui postule que les entreprises manufacturières camerounaises (à l’instar de BIOPHARMA S.A, SCRM Maya, CHOCOCAM, AZUR S.A, LA PASTA S.A et MEDCEM S.A) peuvent être plus compétitives à l’exportation au Nigéria et dans la CEEAC a été vérifiée. En effet, la compétitivité des entreprises camerounaises manufacturières à l’export est déterminée par la disponibilité et l’organisation de leurs ressources et compétences à l’international. La compétitivité-prix est fortement influencée par la demande et la concurrence sur les marchés internationaux ainsi que de l’importance des coûts associés aux procédures administratives, fiscales, douanières et mesures protectionnistes relativement déguisées dans les différents pays. Ainsi, BIOPHARMA S.A, MEDCEM, AZUR S.A, SCRM MAYA et CHOCOCAM peuvent être plus compétitives à l’export grâce à une stratégie d’export ambitieuse mise en œuvre par des ressources humaines qualifiées en marketing et logistique international, une pression fiscale et douanière adaptée aux besoins et réalités des entreprises, une mise en commun des moyens des entreprises à travers des clubs exports et des réseaux inter-organisationnels où elles bénéficient des effets de synergie sur les marchés internationaux et enfin, à plus de négociations commerciales étatiques visant d’une part à éliminer les barrières au commerce et à promouvoir les exportations camerounaises au Nigéria et dans la CEEAC d’autre part.
Mots-clés : Compétitivité, exportations, entreprises manufacturières, entreprises camerounaises, Nigéria, CEEAC. Mots-clés : Compétitivité, exportations, entreprises manufacturières, entreprises camerounaises, Nigéria, CEEAC.

This paper discusses Japanese motor vehicle manufacturing investment and state intervention measures in the Australian market. Australia’s auto industry is an extension of global motor vehicle manufacturers with a small number of domestic manufacturing firms that form a part of the global supply chain.  Toyota Motor Corporation, Mitsubishi Motor Corporation, General Motors Corporation and Ford Motor Company all have had extensive investments in the Australian market.  In the past, the Australian market was also a host to investments from Volkswagen AG, Chrysler LLC, Nissan Motor Company Limited and British Leyland Motor Corporation.  The size of the industry has shrunk recently with the March 2008 shut down of manufacturing by Mitsubishi Motors Australia Limited (MMAL), not long after the company’s emergence from a long and significant restructuring.  Still, the auto industry remains the largest single manufacturing sector in Australia both in terms of investment levels and the number of people employed.  Thus, Japanese auto manufacturing investment in Australia require an evaluation, now that the federal government has completed the 2008 ‘Review of Australia’s Automotive Industry’.  The paper focuses on Toyota Motor Corporation Australia (TMC Australia) in Victoria and (the recently shut down) MMAL in South Australia.

A research project submitted to Chinhoyi University of Technology, School of Business Sciences & Management, Department of Marketing, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the bachelor of science degree in International Marketing Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe YEAR: 2013

Fancy some Nike trainers or a Lacoste shirt? If you're shopping in Kosovo, the chances are that it isn't the brand-name item you imagined. Some 90 per cent of so-called "brand-name" clothes being sold in Kosovo are likely fakes, Kosovo's customs service warms. Officials confirm what many in Kosovo long suspected, which is that most bargain items purporting to be from Adidas, Lacoste, Nike, Versace, Calvin Klein and Chanel are cheap knock-offs. A customs report covering 2001 to September 2012 found that 20 million kilograms of clothes were imported into Kosovo over this period. More than 90 per cent came from China, followed by Turkey, Kosovo Custom's spokesman Adriatik Stavileci said. Most of these clothes entering the country for clearance by Customs had no commercial label, "so you cannot tell whether it's original or not," Stavileci told Balkan Insight. "We don't know to which brand it belongs, so it's simply cleared as 'textile'." The items only get brand names after clearing Customs, it appears. Customs inspectors have seized thousands of designer labelsmany in rollsthat officials

Foreign missions have been the pillars of trade promotion and in particular, of export and export-oriented investment. In Sri Lanka, the potentiality in export promotion to Germany is immense. However, it is discernible that there is no coordinated effort in promoting trade in Sri Lanka by foreign missions. Therefore, this research examines the role of foreign missions in promoting international trade between Sri Lanka and Germany especially focusing on Electrical and Electronic Sector. The case study is based on the empirical evidence of Sri Lankan foreign missions promoting electrical and electronic exports in Germany. Potential growth-enhancing factors will benefit from increased global economic integration through trade promotion activities undertaken by the host country and the foreign mission. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the stakeholder perspective of the role of foreign missions. Analysis of data collected through semi-structured interviews (13) derived the results that trade fairs and Business to Business meetings as the most effective trade promotion activities. Findings of the study confirms six (6) vital roles of a foreign mission which are internalizing industries, promoting, business intelligence, stakeholder communication, building strategic relationships and intergovernmental engagement respectively. The paper points out managerial and policy implications such as pro-activeness of the head of foreign missions and strategic and trustworthy relationships between the countries. The study concludes that the activities carried out by the Sri Lankan Foreign Mission in Germany does not satisfy the exporters" expectations and requirements. Further this study recommendations are provided to both German and Sri Lankan Governments and foreign missions.

Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) or river shad is an anadromous fish species widely distributed in the North Indian Ocean, mainly in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Hilsa is the national fish of Bangladesh and it contributes 10% of the total fish production of the country,with a market value of $1.74 billion. Hilsa also holds a very important place in the economics
of West Bengal of Indiawith 12.5% of the catch and also tops the marine capture in Myanmar. During the last two decades Hilsa production from inland waters has been stable,whereas marine yields in the BoB increased substantially. In order to sustainably manage the trans-boundary stock of Hilsa, the taxonomy, distribution, habitat,
migration patterns, population dynamics, fisheries and socio-economics aspects of the fishery have been reviewed here. To achieve a successful trans-boundary management for the Hilsa stock, complete ban on undersize fishing, well-targeted temporal and spatial bans, creation of protected areas in strategic points, incentive for Hilsa fishers and ecological restoration of Hilsa habitats and more work on technological development of Hilsa aquaculture are recommended.

Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Moscow kvinnelige daglige leder driver den mest lønnsomme butikken i Europa. Burde norske eksportfirma satse på en kvinnelig daglig leder eller eier med stort ansvar i dagens Russland? En forskjell er at i den norske modellen har norske eksportforetak satset på dealerbedrifter i utlandet utelukkende ledet av menn, mens britene ansatte en kvinne som daglig leder av RR i Moskva. Det har aldri vært en kvinnelig leder av Norges handelsrepresentasjon verken i Sovjetunioen eller senere i Russland. Per dags dato er det en god del norske bedrifter som er mer eller mindre aktive i Russland. Kanskje kunne noen kvinnelige ansatte der eller andre steder tenke seg å øke innsatsen sin og gjøre et nytt skritt i karrieren?

Textile sector plays very important role in the economy of Pakistan. It contributes in the form of foreign remittances receipts for textile products exports to international markets. At present global environment, the Pakistan textile sector is not fully apply the latest marketing tools to increase exports and market share in the international markets. In this paper, we presented the E-marketing development model which explained the whole process of e-marketing application like environmental scanning, review marketing goals, and with considering all 4 Ps to make effective decisions for the textile organizations. This model comprehensively guides the companies for effective decision making regarding the application of e-marketing in the textile sector of Pakistan. This current work attempts application of e-marketing in the textile sector of Pakistan and how this e-technology can be rewarding to promote the textile business of Pakistan in the local and foreign markets. This paper also guides the managers to implement e-marketing model in the organizations practically for effective decision making.

El propósito de este artículo es ofrecer una metodología cuantitativa para la selección de mercados para pequeñas y medianas em-presas (PYMES), de fácil implementación y comprensión que pondera factores de costo, logística, barreras comerciales, y cultura. En dicha metodología se analizan variables que determinan de un modo objetivo la selección de un mercado para la exportación de mercancías. Para validar la metodología propuesta, se estudia la selección de mercados internacionales para bebidas carbonatadas desde Colombia, concluyendo que el Reino Unido es el mercado más apropiado de acuerdo a las ponderaciones asignadas a las variables y factores. Palabras clave Selección de mercados internacionales, PYMES, internacionalización, exportaciones, toma de decisiones.

The paper investigates the relationship between innovation and export behaviour across manufacturing and services firms in Africa. The study is based on the general premise that innovation has a positive effect on firm's exports (self-selection hypothesis) and the complementary assumption that internationalisation drives firms to innovate (learning-by-exporting hypothesis). To test this complex, two-way link between innovation and exports, the study contributes to the existing literature by analysing the complementarity effects between product and process innovation in their relationship with exports. A combination of process and product innovation is expected to have a greater impact on the likelihood of firms entering the foreign market and on their export performance. Using data from 45 African countries, from 2006 to 2020, the multinomial probit and two-stage least squares models are estimated. There is support for the learning by exporting and the self-selection hypotheses for African firms. The findings also reveal the need to improve the business environment across African economies to foster greater exports and innovation.

The current study aimed mainly to identify the extension needs of Orange farmers in the field of export
farming. The study was carried out in the following governorates: Behira, Dakhalia, Ismailia and Elmenofia.
Farmers' extension needs were assessed on the basis of farmers’ assessment of competencies and importance of
the practices depending on their point of view. A random simple sample of 112 farmers was selected for data
collection. Data were collected by using questionnaire through a personal interview during the period from
September 2017 to February 2018. Frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson
correlation were used to analyze data statistically. The main findings of the study indicated that most studied
practices (77.8%) were considered important from farmers’ point of view. Weighted discrepancy scores indicated
that the six highest ranked extension needs were: pests control, transportation, storage, type and size of orange’s
boxes, packaging method and disease control. The findings also revealed that there was a significant positive
relationship between educational status and respondents’ extension needs, as well as there is a significant
negative relationship between years of experience in agriculture, years of experience in cultivating Orange and
type of land tenure as independent variables and respondents’ extension needs as the dependent variable.

Abstract

The study aimed at measuring the impact of exports on economic growth, where exports are one of the most important areas of interaction between the local economy and the economies of the world, which lead to improving local productivity based on modern technology, that in turn contributes to increasing investment, providing hard currency and providing necessary resources for the production process. That enables countries to increase the competitiveness of the economy which play a vital role in increasing economic growth. The study showed that there is a positive relationship in the short and the long term between exports and GDP at a significant level of less than 0.005. A %1 increase in exports contributes to an increase of % 0.13in GDP. Exports have a strong impact on GDP and therefore on economic growth.

The current paper analyzes the underlying relations between Foreign Inflows, Trade and Economic Growth in the case of Turkey over the period 1970-2019. The novel technique of ARDL is applied to investigate the presence of a long-and short-run relationship amongst Foreign Inflows, Trade and Economic Growth. The findings revealed the existence of a cointegrating relationship among the variables. Further, outward inflows and export are the key elements of economic progress in the long run in Turkey. Many important inferences can be made from the estimation results in the study such as the concerned authorities should focus on increasing stockholders' confidence in the country by reducing political uncertainty and providing a favorable environment to foreign investors. Further attention should be paid towards the amount and productivity of external investment flowing in the country in such a way that optimum growth can be achieved.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the changes in the dynamics of Bulgarian international trade before and after EU accession. To achieve this it studies the main trends in the dynamics of the value and volume of trade flows, the openness of the economy, the value and share of trade with other EU member states and third countries and the terms of trade.

La economía de las poblaciones de la costa vasca, y la cantábrica en general, estuvo volcada en gran medida hacia el mar por lo menos desde la Edad Media. Sin embargo, dada a la amalgama de cambios socio-económicos, el apogeo de esta economía llegó en el siglo XV y tuvo repercusiones durante las siguientes centurias. Los puertos del Cantábrico se posicionaron dentro de una jerarquía que, como veremos, hacia finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVII vivió drásticas alteraciones sin que ello suponga la existencia de una crisis general, al contrario de lo que tradicionalmente se ha dado a conocer. En este caso, trataremos de entenderlo mejor mediante el ejemplo concreto de Bermeo, Lekeitio y Ondarroa.

A large part of the Basque economy and, in general, that of all the Cantabrian region focused on maritime economic activities, at least since the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, the apogee of this economy came in the 15th century, thanks to the combination of socio-economic changes, having consequences in the next centuries. The northern ports were positioned in a ranking, which lived a drastic shift around the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, but not a general crisis, as traditionally has been stated. With the purpose to understand this period, we will study the specific cases of Bermeo, Lekeitio and Ondarroa.

Odisha’s economy is predominantly agriculture driven. Exports from mining industries remained a significant source of foreign exchange. However, over a period, aquaculture exports have also emerged as a lucrative possibility. It is a perfectly suitable sector considering the long coastline, rivers and water bodies and labor intensive nature of the industry. From an individual or community level of operation, aquaculture developed the characteristics of industry in the early 1970s.<br><br>This descriptive research paper investigates the history of the aquaculture industry in Odisha over the past 50 years. The aquaculture industry in Odisha started two decades later than Kerala (another southern state of India), in the form of an experiential learning and opportunity-seeking process by the early players. The subsequent dominance of local players, consolidation, and expansion of the export market proves the natural resource advantage of the State.<br><br>The stu...

Probably the only study ever done on trade and competitiveness in residential building services and building materials in Australia.

Very few housing firms operate in more than one state, and none abroad. Residential building abroad is done by construction companies who do not do residential building in Australia, as they state they cannot compete against efficient small builders.

Construction materials firms on the contrary have been aggressive in expanding abroad usually through local joint ventures. Australian companies control cement and concrete production in several US states. Material produced in Australia however, is only "dumped" abroad when there is a surplus, because of the far greater competition and lower profits in international markets.

The study provides all available information on the exporting sector and the mode of operation of exporting firms, many of whom were (grudgingly) interviewed, It has a large Appendix listing the characteristics and history of all Australian companies involved n export in this sector.

La empresa "Nutricel S.R.L." es una empresa íntegramente argentina. La misma fue fundada en el año 2012 por cinco socios. "Nutricel S.R.L." se dedica principalmente a la producción y comercialización de productos lácteos 100% libres de contaminación de gluten en todas las etapas que conforman el proceso productivo. Los fundadores de esta empresa comenzaron este negocio con entusiasmo y con la finalidad de lograr una mejor calidad de vida para todas las personas, llevando adelante la producción con un mensaje de responsabilidad en el cuidado de la salud.
En sus inicios, la empresa se dedicó íntegramente a la producción de leche líquida, entera y descremada. Unos años después se comenzó a producir leche en polvo, también descremada y entera. Para ello fue necesario realizar una expansión de la planta. Por último, en el año 2016, "Nutricel S.R.L" añadió a su línea de producción el yogur bebible.

Assimilation into the world economy and trade is essential for development, employment, and poverty eradication. Therefore, employment in the recent economic era brought out to be a burning issue in the emerging economies. Employment has social, economic, and environmental relations in any society. The improvement of export initiatives can boost the employment level up to a new rise. The main focus of this study is to find out the impact of exports of goods and services on the labor force of Afghanistan by applying the bounds testing (ARDL) approach to cointegration for the period 2004 – 2016. The tests suggest that the variable of exports of goods and services is bound together in the long-run when employment is the dependent level. The associated equilibrium correction was also significant confirming the existence of the long-run relationship. The results indicate also that there is no significant Granger causality from exports to employment and vice-versa. In addition, all diagnostic tests met the requirement of no rejection of null hypotheses such as using no specification, Ramsey's RESET test, Jarque-Bera test, and White Heteroskedasticity test. Moreover, the CUSUM and CUSUM square test shows that the model is structurally not stable. The study suggests various postulations such as supporting more investment in various sectors of the economy by providing loans, banking facilities and incentives and tax relief for manufacturers that provide employment. Notwithstanding, the study also proposes such productive and supportive policies for trade and foreign sectors to encourage the increase of exports.

Although coffee constitutes the largest share of exports, producers in Ethiopia have historically received a small percentage of the export revenue from the price of green coffee. Reasons often mentioned are heavy government intervention and high marketing and processing costs. Before 1992, government regulation of the domestic coffee market in the form of fixed producer prices and the Ethiopian Coffee Marketing Corporation's monopoly power put a substantial wedge between the producer price and the world price of coffee by imposing an implicit tax on producers. Having liberalized the market and adopted a floating exchange rate regime to boost exports (coffee) as the country struggles with foreign exchange shortages, not much has improved in exports (coffee) or foreign reserve availability. This paper utilizes monthly data from 2010-2015 to develop a multiple regression model to determine the impact the exchange rate has on coffee export if there is any. The empirical findings indicate that the exchange rate is not significant in determining or influencing exports but the prices of the two famous coffee types (Arabica and Robusta). Corroborated by the research outcome, we suggest that policymakers do not rely on the depreciation or devaluation of the ETB (Ethiopian Birr) as a tool for export promotion and growth.