Thailand

Principles of Thai Business Law is aimed at students, researchers, and practitioners who wish to familiarize themselves with the legal environment for their academic or professional activities. It offers both a comprehensive overview and selected details of contemporary business law in Thailand in a clear and straightforward manner. The main goal is to provide an understanding of the initial techniques of legal reasoning and legal analysis, legal institutions, concepts, and processes of the Thai legal system.

The book is built up in several layers, starting from the general rule to the gradually more specific ones. Chapters encompass not only the legal system, starting from the Civil and Commercial Code and emphasizing the substantial changes that have been introduced in the past decades, but also the deep influence of doctrine and case law. The areas of business law covered include legal persons, things, property and real rights, intellectual property, contract, tort, businesses and companies, and employment law—a knowledge of which is essential in doing business in Thailand.

The fourteen chapters in this book are the selected proceedings of the 6th Language & Development Conference which was held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 2003 with the theme 'Linguistic Challenges to National Development and International Cooperation'. The chapters discuss language policy issues in Azerbaijan, India, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Uzbekistan and elsewhere.

The mid-first millennium CE represents a crucial period in the emergence of early polities in Southeast Asia. However, disagreement remains between archaeologists and art historians as to the precise dating of this shift from prehistory to history. This article focuses on the Dvaravati period and re-evaluates evidence in Thai and Western language publications. A growing number of sites excavated over the past two decades in particular show occupation from c. the fourth to fifth century onwards while others provide a continual sequence stretching back well into the Iron Age. I argue that evidence from these sites makes a strong case for postulating a proto-Dvaravati period spanning c. the fourth to fifth centuries. In doing so this article proposes this period as the timeframe within which the nascent traits and characteristics of what becomes Dvaravati in the seventh to ninth centuries are present and gradually developing.

Though traditionally regarded as a peaceful religion, Buddhism has a dark side. On multiple occasions over the past fifteen centuries, Buddhist leaders have sanctioned violence, and even war. The eight essays in this book focus on a variety of Buddhist traditions, from antiquity to the present, and show that Buddhist organizations have used religious images and rhetoric to support military conquest throughout history.

Buddhist soldiers in sixth century China were given the illustrious status of Bodhisattva after killing their adversaries. In seventeenth century Tibet, the Fifth Dalai Lama endorsed a Mongol ruler's killing of his rivals. And in modern-day Thailand, Buddhist soldiers carry out their duties undercover, as fully ordained monks armed with guns.

Buddhist Warfare demonstrates that the discourse on religion and violence, usually applied to Judaism, Islam, and Christianity, can no longer exclude Buddhist traditions. The book examines Buddhist military action in Tibet, China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, and shows that even the most unlikely and allegedly pacifist religious traditions are susceptible to the violent tendencies of man.

Thailand is among the world-leading rice producer and exporters with a long-time rice industry. Since its first market liberalization, Thailand's rice industry has experienced significant changes in terms of economic performance, policy development, and domestic politics. The fact that the rice farmer population accounts for over 10% of the country's total population implies both economic and political significances which no Thai policymakers can ever ignore. However, the recent trend shows a substantial decline for the Thai rice industry which raises the question of what impacts Thai rice policy has on its performance.
The article studies the development of the Thai rice policy in connection with the structural problems of Thailand in terms of policy and implementation. Its finding is a modest attempt to improve our understanding of Thai rice policy and the underlying problems of the rice issue as an integral part of Thai people and politics.

Is it still possible today to call for the fulfillment of the historical avant-gardist objective to integrate art and life? This paper, partly grounded in Peter Bürger's seminal Theory of the Avant-Garde, considers the question by turning to the work of two contemporary artists: Thai biennial stalwart Rirkrit Tiravanija and Spanish provocateur Santiago Sierra. Providing a new angle from which we can analyze Nicolas Bourriaud's Relational Aesthetics, I argue that an artist like Tiravanija, in keeping his work within the bounded space of high art arenas, gives back to art a certain form of autonomy. This is in direct contradistinction to Santiago Sierra who can indeed be said to integrate art and life in his work, if only to evince its essential futility. Ultimately, this paper concludes that art—when integrated with an exploitative, degrading, neoliberal life—will manage to be nothing more than exploitative, degrading, neoliberal art. 2

As an incredibly diverse religious system, Buddhism is constantly changing. The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism offers a comprehensive collection of work by leading scholars in the field that tracks these changes up to the present day. Taken together, the book provides a blueprint to understanding Buddhism's past and uses it to explore the ways in which Buddhism has transformed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

The volume contains 41 essays, divided into two sections. The essays in the first section examine the historical development of Buddhist traditions throughout the world. These chapters cover familiar settings like India, Japan, and Tibet as well as the less well-known countries of Vietnam, Bhutan, and the regions of Latin America, Africa, and Oceania. Focusing on changes within countries and transnationally, this section also contains chapters that focus explicitly on globalization, such as Buddhist international organizations and diasporic communities. The second section tracks the relationship between Buddhist traditions and particular themes. These chapters review Buddhist interactions with contemporary topics such as violence and peacebuilding, and ecology, as well as Buddhist influences in areas such as medicine and science.

Offering coverage that is both expansive and detailed, The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism delves into some of the most debated and contested areas within Buddhist Studies today.

Ranging across the longue durée of Thailand’s history, Monastery, Monument, Museum is an eminently readable and original contribution to the study of the kingdom’s art and culture. Eschewing issues of dating, style, and iconography, historian Maurizio Peleggi addresses distinct types of artifacts and artworks as both the products and vehicles of cultural memory. From the temples of Chiangmai to the Emerald Buddha, from the National Museum of Bangkok to the prehistoric culture of Northeast Thailand, and from the civic monuments of the 1930s to the political artworks of the late twentieth century, even well-known artworks and monuments reveal new meanings when approached from this perspective.
Part I, “Sacred Geographies,” focuses on the premodern era, when religious credence informed the cultural alteration of landscape, and devotional sites and artifacts, including visual representation of the Buddhist cosmology, were created. Part II, “Antiquities and National History,” covers the 1830s through the 1970s, when antiquarianism, and eventually archaeology, emerged and developed in the kingdom, partly the result of a shift in the elites’ worldview and partly a response to colonial and neocolonial projects of knowledge. Part III, “Discordant Mnemoscapes,” deals with civic monuments and artworks that anchor memory of twentieth-century political events and provide stages for both their commemoration and counter-commemoration by evoking the country’s embattled political present.

Monastery, Monument, Museum shows us how cultural memory represents a kind of palimpsest, the result of multiple inscriptions, reworkings, and manipulations over time. The book will be a rewarding read for historians, art historians, anthropologists, and Buddhism scholars working on Thailand and Southeast Asia generally, as well as for academic and general readers with an interest in memory and material culture.

http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-9828-9780824866068.aspx

To determine the prevalence, molecular characteristics and hematological study of thalassemia in Tha Kradarn Subdistrict Chachoengsao Province. The present study population consisted of266 participants from Moo 19 Baan Na-Ngam, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. After blood collection, all samples were screened for thalassemia by initial screening with the OF and DCIP tests and additional testing by CBC, RBC indices, hemoglobin typing and determination of Hb A2 and Hb E. All common alpha-thalassemia mutations were determined using the PCR with allele specific primers and Gap PCR for common deletions. The prevalence of alpha-thal 1, alpha-thal 2 and beta-thal were found as 2.72%, 11.26% and 0.97%, respectively. Regarding the abnormal hemoglobins, the prevalence of Hb E, Hb Constant Spring and Hb Pakse was 38.45%, 3.69% and 0.78%, respectively. MCV and MCH were significantly different between P-thalassemia as well as a-thal 1 carriers and normal subjects. In all alpha-thal 1 traits, it ...

การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาบริบทของจังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยาในฐานะแหล่งท่องเที่ยวและศูนย์กลางนิคมอุตสาหกรรมที่ได้รับผลกระทบจากมหาอุทกภัย สำรวจความพึงพอใจของประชาชนที่มีต่อการบริหารจัดการปัญหาอุทกภัยของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ และแนวทางการเตรียมความพร้อมในการรับมือกับอุทกภัยในอนาคต กลุ่มตัวอย่าง คือ ประชาชนในเขตพื้นที่องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลธนู อำเภออุทัย จังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยา จำนวน 100 คน เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัย คือ แบบสอบถามในการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้านความพึงพอใจของประชาชนที่มีต่อการบริหารจัดการของหน่วยงานภาครัฐใน 4 ด้าน ได้แก่ ด้านการวางแผนป้องกัน ด้านการดำเนินการช่วยเหลือ ด้านการฟื้นฟู และด้านการติดตามประเมินผล หลังจากนั้นนำข้อมูลมาวิเคราะห์ด้วยโปรแกรม SPSS ค่าทางสถิติที่ใช้ ได้แก่ ค่าความถี่ ค่าร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย และค่าเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน
ผลการวิจัยพบว่า จังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยาได้รับผลกระทบด้านการท่องเที่ยว ในรูปแบบของค่าเสียโอกาสในการหารายได้  ด้านอุตสาหกรรม นิคมอุตสาหกรรม 5 แห่ง ได้รับความเสียหายรวมมูลค่าประมาณ 1 แสนล้านบาทหรือร้อยละ 1 ของผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมในประเทศ และจากการสำรวจความพึงพอใจของประชาชนที่มีต่อการบริหารจัดการปัญหาอุทกภัยของน่วยงานภาครัฐ พบว่า ด้านการวางแผนป้องกัน  ด้านการดำเนินการช่วยเหลือ      ด้านการฟื้นฟู และด้านการติดตามประเมินผล มีระดับความพึงพอใจ อยู่ในระดับมาก  นำไปสู่แนวทางการเตรียมความพร้อมในการรับมือกับอุทกภัยในอนาคต

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) plays an important role in nosocomial infections including those in communities. MRSA enables colonization in the nares and throats of healthy people. In this study, investigation of MRSA prevalence from the throats of healthy subjects in southern Thailand revealed that among 153 isolates, 2 showed mecA+ genotype by PCR. One mecA+ isolate was susceptible to methicillin, indicating a cryptically methicillin-resistant strain. Antimicrobial susceptibility test demonstrated that 43% were resistant to erythromycin. More importantly, two isolates had the propensity of reduced susceptibility to vancomycin. Other virulence genes harbored by 2 and 8 MRSA from healthy carriers and hospitals, respectively, exhibited that 3 clinical strains possessed coagulase gene while von Willebrand factor binding protein gene was present in one clinical MRSA strain. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A gene was found in 2 clinical MRSA isolates and Panton-Valentine...

Objective: To identify seroprevalence of varicella and the relationship with their histories of experiences of varicella diseases and to provide appropriate immunization against varicella, mumps, measles, rubella and hepatitis B to medical students. Material and method: All of the medical students were eligible for participation after informed consents. Immunization history against varicella, mumps, measles, rubella (MMR) and hepatitis B were obtained from a questionnaire. A blood sample was obtained from each student for IgG antibody against VZV by ELISA. Medical students with an uncertain history or no documentation of hepatitis B vaccination were tested for HBsAg and anti-HBcIgG by ELISA. Results: There were 383 medical students enrolled. The mean age at enrollment was 21.6 years (median 21.4 years; range 18-25.8 years). Of 383 medical students, 372 (97.2%) had documents of receiving MMR immunizations. The blood samples were obtained from 374 of 383 (97.6%) medical students to id...

A total of 6 lung fluke species have been documented in Thailand, of which P. heterotremus is the most important, since it affects humans. Although P. westermani is found as metacercariae in the same crab species as P. heterotremus in Thailand, human infections with P. westermani have not been confirmed. To accurately discriminate between the individual metacercariae of these two species, we established a multiplex PCR method. Using this method, two products each were amplified from the metacercarial DNA samples of P. heterotremus (ca. 310 and 520 bp) and P. westermani (ca. 140 and 520 bp). In contrast, 520-bp products alone were found to be generated from the DNA samples of P. siamensis, P. bangkokensis and P. harinasutai, 3 other species of lung flukes known to occur in Thailand. Digestion of these 520-bp products with the restriction enzyme ScrFI could unequivocally discriminate species by the number and size of the produced band(s): 3 bands (ca. 60, 210 and 250 bp) for P. harina...

Nakhon Phanom is a border province in the Northeast of Thailand. It is located alongside the bank of the Mekong River and is opposite to Kham Muon Province of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. In the past, Nakhon Phanom was the location of Sri Khotrabun Kingdom and it is one of the provinces where Vietnamese people migrated to and also was asylum of President Ho Chi Minh, the first president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, from 1928 to 1929. Nakhon Phanom is also ranked as the happiest province in Thailand of 2012. According to its geography and history, Nakhon Phanom has become a province of multiple ethnic groups and cultural identities - Thai, Lao and Vietnamese. This paper stands on Space concept of Henri Lefebvre to analyze the relation between social space and physical space that created the following social products, Thai-Lao Friendship Association, Nakhon Phanom Thais Race Vietnamese Associate, Thai-Vietnam Friendship Village and Nakhon Phanom-Hanoi Friendship Center. Besides, Lao and Vietnamese languages are put into the basic education courses. Even though each ethnic has individual identity in language, religion and culture, they have a strong collective identity through annual religion festivals namely; Phra That Phanom Worship Festival, Illuminated Boat Procession and New Year Festival. Those festivals represent the event in Pluralism concept of William James showing the acceptance of racial and cultural differences of all ethnic groups in Nakhon Phanom which leads to a unified community.

Between the gangsters, the beautiful girls, the vibrant nightlife and the gigantic scale of the city itself, full of its diverse millions and their struggles, the lurid and colorful world of Bangkok's notorious nightlife is brought to life in Chris Coles' series of Expressionist-style paintings. Broad sweeping lines and strong contrasting colors dominate in these artworks, portraying a chaotic edgy world of colliding intention and misplaced desire - lives out of balance, male-female compulsion, alienation and disassociation. At once beautiful and frightening, this collection of paintings is a vibrant celebration of the pyschedelic Bangkok Night and its many shades of noir...

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by Ehrlichia canis is of veterinary importance worldwide. In Thailand, there has been little information available on E. canis and its phylogeny. The objective of this study was to characterize and establish molecular structure and phylogeny of Thai Ehrlichia and Anaplasma strains. Genus-specific primers for Ehrlichia and Anaplasma were used to amplify the 16S rRNA gene from naturally infected canine blood samples, and these amplicon sequences were compared with other sequences from GenBank. Both homology and secondary structure analysis of 16S rRNA sequences indicated that they were novel E. canis and A. platys strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Thai E. canis strain was closely related and formed a single cluster with E. canis from different countries. A. platys found in this study showed close relationship with earlier report of A. platys from Thailand. To our knowledge this report represents the first molecular characterization of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene from E. canis in dogs from Thailand.

Stomach cancer is not common in Thailand but the life styles of the Thai population are changing to become more Western so that information for planning control programme of stomach cancer is necessary. The highest incidence rates of this neoplasm are found in Eastern Asia, ranging from age-standardized rates of 95.5/105 (men) and 40.1/105 (women) in Yamagata, Japan to 4.1/105 (men) and 2.1/105 (women) in Khon Kaen, Northeast of Thailand. In Thailand, the estimated age-standardized incidence rates in 1993, 1996 were 4.9/105, 4.1/105 in men and 3.0/105 , 2.6/105 in women. Risk factors for stomach cancer in Thai population are unclear, but possibly include low intake of vegetables and fruits, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and high intake of salt. To investigate various aspects of dietary factors, smoking, and alcohol drinking in determining risk of stomach cancer in Thai population. A case-control study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand during 2002-2006, to study the role of th...

Three strains, RBY-1T, PHD-1, and PHD-2 were isolated from fruits in Thailand. The strains were Gram-negative, aerobic rods with polar flagella, produced acetic acid from ethanol and did not oxidize acetate and lactate. In phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS sequences, the strains formed a cluster separate from the type strains of the eleven species of the genus Gluconobacter. The calculated 16S rRNA gene sequence and 16S-23S rRNA gene ITS sequence similarities were respectively 97.7-99.7% and 77.3-98.1%. DNA G+C contents were 57.2-57.6 mol%. They showed high DNA-DNA relatedness of 100% with one another but low DNA-DNA relatedness of 11-34% with the type strains of the eleven Gluconobacter species. Q-10 was a major quinone. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data obtained, the three strains clearly represent a novel species, for which the name Gluconobacter nephelii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain RBY-1T (= BCC 3673...

Nhà phân phối chính hãng Máy hút bụi công nghiệp Hiclean giá tốt nhất thị trường HICLEAN là một trong những thương hiệu thiết bị vệ sinh công nghiệp uy tín hàng đầu tại Thái Lan. Máy hút bụi Hiclean hiện là một trong những dòng sản phẩm được tiêu thụ mạnh nhất tại thị trường Việt Nam và thị trường các nước châu Âu, đồng thời cũng là sản phẩm bán chạy nhất tại Điện máy Hoàng Liên. Máy hút bụi Hiclean có tốt không? Theo thống kê từ những nhà phân phối máy hút bụi, Hiclean luôn nằm trong TOP những thương hiệu bán chạy nhất. Vì vậy, bạn hoàn toàn có thể yên tâm về chất lượng cũng như giá cả của thương hiệu này.
Nguồn: https://dienmayhoanglien.vn/may-hut-bui-hiclean.html

The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the use of vasoactive drugs on morbidity and mortality in surgical critically ill patients. We conducted a multi-center prospective observational study in Thai university-based surgical intensive care units (SICU) over a 22-month period. Patient data were recorded by case record form in 3 main phases: admission, daily and discharge. Data collection included patient characteristics, pattern of vasoactive drugs use, and outcomes. Nine university-based SICU comprising 4,652 patients were included in the study. The vasopressor exposed patient group had 1,155 patients (24.8%). Either vasopressor or inotrope exposed group demonstrated significantly higher ICU mortality, 28-day mortality and new arrhythmia than the non-exposed group (p<0.001). In multivariable analysis, norepinephrine or epinephrine significantly increased risks of all unfavorable outcomes while dopamine significantly increased only new arrhythmia (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.0...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the efficacy and tolerability of the oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) containing 1 mg estradiol (E2) plus 2 mg drospirenone (DRSP) in Thai women with postmenopausal symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHOD Fifty-five Thai women with postmenopausal symptoms participated in this multicenter, open-label, non-comparative Phase IV study. The primary endpoint was the reduction of hot flushes after 12 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints included changes infrequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms as well as safety assessments after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Treatment with 1 mg E2 plus 2 mg DRSP reduced the frequency of hot flushes in 94.6% of women at the end of the 12-week treatment period. In 60% of women, the frequency of hot flushes was reduced to 10% or less, compared to baseline findings and 49.1% of women had no remaining hot flushes. Other postmenopausal symptoms such as vaginal dryness, urinary incontinence, dysuria, and dyspareunia imp...

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has been utilized for diagnosis in various cardiovascular diseases and most of those were performed on a 1.5 Tesla CMR system. Recently, a 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system has been introduced into clinical practice, however the clinical experience on cardiovascular examination using this system is limited. Therefore, the authors' institution has integrated a team for developing a CMR program on this 3.0 Tesla system. OBJECTIVE To describe the authors' experience on the 3.0 Tesla CMR system. MATERIAL AND METHOD The data on patients referred to the authors' CMR unit between August 2004 and October 2005 were reviewed. RESULTS One hundred patients were referred for CMR examination. The mean age was 56 years (2 month - 85 years) and 65 patients were male. The most common indication was to assess coronary artery disease (64 patients). The performed examination was divided into cardiac structure and function ...

Environmental cadmium contamination is present in some rural villages of Mae Sot District, Tak Province, northwestern Thailand. We compared the health of 751 persons aged ≥ 35 years living in 3 contaminated villages with 682 people from 3 non-contaminated villages with similar socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics in the same district. All the subjects were screened for urinary cadmium (a biomarker for long-term cadmium exposure), renal function, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, urinary tract stone disease and bone mineral density in 2012. The study renal functions included urinary excretion of β2-microglobulin (early tubular effect), total urine protein and glomerular filtration rate (glomerular effects). The geometric mean of urinary cadmium level was significantly higher among persons living in the contaminated areas (2.96 μg/g creatinine) than those in the non-contaminated areas (0.60 μg/g creatinine). Persons living in contaminated a...

In the present study, we investigated nutritional status and health-related factors in a multistage cluster sample of 3119 Thai urban and rural children aged 0·5–12·9 years. In a subsample, blood samples were collected for the measurement of Hb, transferrin receptor, vitamin A and vitamin D concentrations. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was higher in rural children than in urban children, whereas the wasting rate was similar in both rural and urban areas. Among children aged 3·0–5·9 years, the prevalence of overweight was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas and so was the obesity rate in children aged 6·0–12·9 years. Protein intakes of all age groups were relatively high in both the areas. Intakes of Ca, Fe, Zn and vitamin C were significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The prevalence of anaemia in rural areas was twice as high as that in urban areas, particularly in infants and young children. However, the prevalence of Fe-deficiency ...

A telecommunications regulator plays an important role in people communication and also in promoting capability development in other sectors such as manufacturing sector, trade and commerce sector as well as public and private service sectors. The distribution of Universal Basic Telecommunications and Social Services will minimize the gap in communication and technology access which will improve the quality of life of the people in remote areas and bring about the equality and fairness in standard of living for all citizens both in the city and the remote areas. This will finally affects the national competitiveness level. In The goal is to promote and improve knowledge and skill which will benefit to the public for the appropriated and efficient access to the basic telecommunications services. This paper aims to describe how the NBTC develop policy and strategy to achieve the objective of the NBTC's Notification Regarding Plan on Universal Basic Telecommunications Services and Social Services (B.E. 2555-2559) on research and development. The paper also demonstrates the organization structure and key management issues.