Spain

International standards highlight the steps required by risk assessment and involving first hazard identification, then risk evaluation and finally, if necessary, risk assessment. To check approach appropriateness to "risk evaluation" from manual patient handling through MAPO, a cross study was carried out in view of checking relationship between this new risk assessment model and occurrence of acute low back pain. After proper training the MAPO screening method was assessed in 31 wards, 411 exposed subjects of geriatric hospitals. At the same time health data were collected on occurrence of low back pain episodes during the last year both in the exposed subjects' group and the external reference group (n�237). Risk and clinical assessment data were tutored and checked by EPM research unit. The logistic analysis was used as a method to evaluate the relationship between risk index and acute low back pain. Investigating relationship between acute low back pain episodes a...

Martínez-Dávila, Roger Louis. “Spanish Online Resources for Latin American History.” Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies, Volume 41, Issue 1 (2016).

The mid-2010s are a challenging period to investigate digital collections precisely because they exist as patchwork of emerging collections that are incompletely indexed, and thus it is difficult to appreciate their significance. For diligent researchers who employ a robust digital search methodology, there are substantial opportunities to locate and reveal high-dispersed and fragmentary histories. This researcher proposes six essential approaches to researching electronic collections based on personal expertise in physically researching in almost thirty Spanish private, local, church, provincial, and national archives and libraries, as well as countless digital collections.
The essential online digital collections for Spanish and Latin American history in Spain are the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD)’s Portal de Archivos Españoles (PARES), the Biblioteca Nacional de España’s Biblioteca Digital Hispánica, and the Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia’s finding aids. Collectively, these three collections as well as a few additional national, provincial, and municipal archives, offer a meaningful access point to the growing body of digital records pertaining to Spanish and Latin American history. While digitized images of all manuscripts, maps, drawings, and art are not fully accessible through these online portals, their finding aids and catalogues are quite robust and provide sufficient guidance to researchers so that they can either electronically request copies or prepare for an efficient, on-site review of documents. Access to these resources on Spanish and Latin American history have largely been funded directly by the collective efforts of Spanish governmental entities and private foundational efforts sponsored by the Spanish telecommunications and banking sectors.
Equally important to locating these digital collections is the researcher’s use of specialized search techniques for each of these online sources. As one might imagine, simple and advanced search tools offered via PARES will not generate accurate or complete listings of available electronic documents. Rather, it is critical that researchers understand how archives such as the Archivo General de Indias have arranged their collections so that they can modify their search techniques to locate more resources.
Additionally, scholars should be aware of newly emergent digital collections that are brought to light via collaborative initiatives, such as the Revealing Cooperation and Conflict Project (RCCP), which involves international scholars and Spanish institutions. For example, the Ayuntamiento de Plasencia, Diócesis de Plasencia, Centro Sefarad Israel (Madrid), MECD, and ten universities are collaborating to generate transcriptions of cathedral and municipal records from the fifteenth though seventeenth centuries for communities such as Plasencia, Spain. This city as well as the province of the Extremadura is particularly important to Iberian history as key royal bureaucratic and church leaders who shaped American policy hailed from the region. Similarly, large numbers of Spanish American conquistador, explorer, and settler families hailed from this region and created a two-way trans-Atlantic bridge of peoples and documents during the colonial era.

Making use of the social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Spanish province of Huesca in 2002, updated following Junius and Oosterhaven's GRAS method and work by Lenzen and colleagues, we have estimated the water footprint of the region. The water footprint is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants plus the direct consumption in the households. We built an open Leontief model, which gives us the water embodied in the production of goods. The valuations concern the industrial, service, and domestic sectors’ water consumption, the embodied water imported from and exported to other countries, and the agrarian water use. This agrarian sector, clearly the sector that shows the greatest water consumption, is carefully examined, so it is disaggregated for the calculations into 31 irrigation land products, dry land, and 9 livestock classifications. As a consequence, the framework enables the observation of the relationships and flows of water taking place among all the sectors and activities in the economy. Finally, we also make use of the per capita water footprint estimations to get a clear picture of how the responsibility for water use is distributed once foreign trade is taken into account.

Publicado como introducción a Javier Moreno Luzón (ed.), Construir España. Nacionalismo español y procesos de nacionalización, Madrid, Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2007, pp. 13-24. En una célebre frase de 1979, el intelectual valenciano y catalán Joan Fuster afirmaba que, "en plan de broma, podríamos decir que España-no el estado, la 'ideología'-es una invención de don Marcelino Menéndez Pelayo". Fuster, con una evidente intención provocadora-lo que Pierre Vilar llamó "su inimitable capacidad panfletaria"-, venía en realidad a denunciar la presencia de un españolismo rampante no sólo en las derechas sino también en las izquierdas españolas. Lo mismo le daban los herederos de la dictadura franquista que los socialdemócratas o los comunistas. No obstante, y por encima de sus objetivos políticos inmediatos, aquel panfleto señalaba la enorme importancia de un tema apenas estudiado, el nacionalismo español, y la necesidad de abordarlo desde perspectivas múltiples y rigurosas. A su juicio, había que desentrañar la historia del concepto de España y de las ideas españolistas en sus distintas versiones, así como la dinámica de sus relaciones con el catalanismo y su interiorización por parte de los españoles, atendiendo tanto a los discursos más elaborados como a la cultura popular. Hoy, casi treinta años más tarde, pocos compartirían las premisas filomarxistas y pan-catalanas de Fuster. Pero éste tampoco podría detectar tantas carencias, porque los historiadores se han empleado a fondo en tareas como las que él recomendaba y las polémicas sobre el nacionalismo español y la nacionalización de los españoles ocupan ya un lugar preeminente en la historiografía 1. El Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales acogió, en mayo de 2006, un coloquio internacional sobre estos asuntos al que fueron invitados diversos especialistas con un fin fundamental: que sometieran a discusión los resultados de investigaciones en marcha. Vaya por delante nuestro agradecimiento a quienes participaron en ese foro, tanto a los ponentes como a los comentaristas que moderaron los debates: José Álvarez Junco, Andrés de Blas Guerrero, Carolyn P. Boyd y Alfonso Botti. Este libro es el fruto de la revisión, a la luz de aquellas sesiones, de las ponencias presentadas entonces. Ya es el segundo de estas características, después del que dirigió Carolyn P. Boyd y se publicó hace unos meses bajo el título Religión y política en la España

En la teoría política cristiano-occidental se ha entendido al
político como a un servidor que debía prestar a su señor auxilio y consejo.
Lo primero empezó siendo ayuda militar para después derivar hacia la
fórmula del servicio económico. Lo segundo era apoyar a dicho señor (casi
siempre un rey) en sus labores de gobierno y gestión. Así, los políticos, los
ministros, los oficiales, eran, primordialmente, consejeros, administraban o
intermediaban dicho servicio real o público. Las reflexiones sobre el particular,
desde la óptica del habitus, servirán para entender mejor los grupos
dirigentes y oligárquicos, y de su labor y justificación frente al aparato
real. De hecho, la tratadística sobre el consejo y los consejeros constituyó
todo un subgénero de la literatura política de la que participaron junto a
los castellanos otros tantos súbditos de la Monarquía Hispánica. En este análisis se trazan dos líneas no siempre fáciles de deslindar. Por una parte,
la consideración de los consejeros desde arriba, como apoyo al gobierno
principesco mediante el sistema polisinodial; aquí encontraremos a autores
como Furio Ceriol, Madariaga, Ramírez de Prado, Álamo de Barrientos
y Mártir Rizo, los cuales acusan numerosas influencias de Erasmo, Vives,
Bodin, Lipsio, Chokier de Surlet y Simancas. Y, por otra parte, los que
propugnan posturas más republicanas o ciudadanas, entre los que hay
que destacar a Costa Beltrán, Castilla Aguayo, Ballesteros Saavedra y
Acevedo Salamanca.

In the Christian-Western political theory has been understood
as a political server should provide his lord help and advice. The first
began as military aid and then drift into the economic service. The second
was to support this lord (usually a king) in their governance and management tasks. So, politicians, ministers, officers were primarily councillors, administered or intermediated this royal or public service. The reflections on the matter from the perspective of the habitus, helps understanding social leaders and oligarchies, and its work and justification against the real device. In fact, the treatises about the councillors was an entire subgenre of political literature of which the castilians participated with other subjects of the Hispanic Monarchy. In this work two not always easy to delimit lines are drawn. On the one hand, consideration of the councillors from above as support for the princely government by polisinodial system; here we find authors like Furio Ceriol, Madariaga, Ramirez de Prado, Álamo
de Barrientos and Mártir Rizo, all have numerous influences of Erasmus,
Vives, Bodin, Lipsius, Chokier de Surlet and Simancas. On the other hand,
those who advocate more republican or civic positions, among which we
should mention to Costa Beltrán, Castilla Aguayo, Ballesteros Saavedra
and Acevedo Salamanca.

The world is experiencing unprecedented demographic transformation. In the second half of the 20th century human populations expanded more rapidly than at any time in our history – from approximately 2.6 billion people in 1950 to 6.1 billion by 2000. Current estimates project that by the close of the 21st century there may be around 11 billion people alive on Earth (UNPD, 2017). Nevertheless, there is another story taking place behind this extraordinary growth. In 2018 nearly half of the world’s countries show lower than replacement human fertility, and 33 countries are experiencing decreasing populations (GBD 2017 Collaborators, 2018). This turnaround is mainly associated with a combination of higher levels of development and increasing urbanisation. In Asia, Japan is in the vanguard. Its Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has remained below population replacement since 1974 (MIC, 2019). Demographers knew then that, if conditions persisted and without replacement migration, Japan would experience ageing and, eventually, population decrease. Conditions have persisted and, sure enough, in 2008 Japan’s population began to decrease. Currently Japan is the only shrinking country in Asia, but others are following, including China and South Korea. Beyond Asia, much of Eastern Europe is shrinking, and the European Union is ageing and, cumulatively, anticipated to start shrinking before mid-century. Even immigration friendly countries such as New Zealand and Canada are experiencing sub-national processes of ageing and shrinkage (Jackson & Cameron, 2018; Sims & Ward, 2017) and some Latin American countries – Costa Rica, Chile and Cuba – now report below replacement fertility (UNPD, 2017).

Despite their numerous similarities, Marranos in inquisitorial Spain and Recusants (and the so-called ‘Church Papists’), English Crypto-Catholics, in the wake of the English religious reforms, have rarely been studied concurrently. In this paper I will argue that secrecy was a central feature of the daily lives of both these minorities, and it helped them function as groups despite their internal diversity, experiencing a wide array of expressions of belonging. The elasticity of the groups’ religious practices clearly contributed to the rise of new forms of worship and to the creation of new ritual objects which could be validated by diasporic belief systems. As a consequence, beyond criticisms, these communities functioned as significant vectors of change in how their entire religious groups practiced their faiths. Ultimately, it appears that both Crypto-Jews and Crypto-Catholics existed as cohesive groups as much because their members shared religious practices as due to the diasporic culture of martyrdom.

The focus of this comparative, pan-Iberian study is on the negotiation of identity and hybrid cultural production in early twenty-first-century Spain and Portugal. I identify here two subgenres of indie and electronic music scenes and analyze how the handful of musicians that comprise these burgeoning movements are fighting to keep their respective national cultural traditions alive in the face of iTunes, mp3s, and P2P filesharing that have universalized a certain form of pop music which cuts across languages and cultures. The hybrid musicians I interviewed for this project combine flamenco or fado with a variety of indie sounds: rock, pop, power pop, hip hop, trip hop, post punk, spaghetti western, shoegaze, or experimental electronic. The end result is a musical production which simultaneously attempts to voice their nationality as well as their generation. They are the torchbearers of tradition for an Iberian generation raised on The Velvet Underground, David Bowie, The Clash, The Replacements, Nirvana, and The Strokes. Their music references these and other global indie bands alongside those of twentieth century Iberian urban folk icons--Bambino, Camarón de la Isla, Enrique Morente, Amália Rodrigues, Alfredo Marceneiro, and Carlos do Carmo. I have developed a framework with which to contextualize and conceptualize the various issues addressed by these bands: authenticity, globalization, nostalgia, cultural capital, national-gender identity, and the economic crisis plaguing contemporary Europe.

Funding models influence provision and development of palliative care services. As palliative care integrates into mainstream health care provision, opportunities to develop funding mechanisms arise. However, little has been reported on what funding models exist or how we can learn from them. To assess national models and methods for financing and reimbursing palliative care. Initial literature scoping yielded limited evidence on the subject as national policy documents are difficult to identify, access and interpret. We undertook expert consultations to appraise national models of palliative care financing in England, Germany, Hungary, Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States and Wales. These represent different levels of service development and a variety of funding mechanisms. Funding mechanisms reflect country-specific context and local variations in care provision. Patterns emerging include the following: Pr...

Is it still possible today to call for the fulfillment of the historical avant-gardist objective to integrate art and life? This paper, partly grounded in Peter Bürger's seminal Theory of the Avant-Garde, considers the question by turning to the work of two contemporary artists: Thai biennial stalwart Rirkrit Tiravanija and Spanish provocateur Santiago Sierra. Providing a new angle from which we can analyze Nicolas Bourriaud's Relational Aesthetics, I argue that an artist like Tiravanija, in keeping his work within the bounded space of high art arenas, gives back to art a certain form of autonomy. This is in direct contradistinction to Santiago Sierra who can indeed be said to integrate art and life in his work, if only to evince its essential futility. Ultimately, this paper concludes that art—when integrated with an exploitative, degrading, neoliberal life—will manage to be nothing more than exploitative, degrading, neoliberal art. 2

Bireyler, meşruiyetini ve inanılırlığını kaybeden neoliberal rüyadan artık uyanıyorlar. Eşitsizlikten adaletsizliğe, işsizlikten güvencesizliğe neoliberalizmin ürettiklerini ve derinleştirdiklerini kendi bireysel hatası ya da suçu olarak değerlendirme illüzyonundan kurtuluyorlar.

Bireyler, henüz gözlerini açıyor olduğundan hareketlenip ayağa kalkmamış olabilirler. Ancak, kendi bedenlerini ve zihinlerini dönüştüren -gösterişli fakat doğal olmayan- yapının farkındadırlar. Bedenlerindeki kırmızı kurdelanın dikişlerin çözülmesini engelleyen birleşim yerinden ibaret olduğunu artık biliyorlar. 

Bu kitap, söz konusu uyanışı, bireylerin sosyal adalet algısı kapsamında tartışmaktadır. Bireylere göre bir toplumu adil yapan nedir? İnsanlar neye göre eşit sayılır: Bedenleri, akılları, düşünceleri, duyguları veya umutlarıyla mı?  Sosyal adalet tartışması neye odaklanmalıdır? Yeniden dağıtıma mı yoksa kurumsallaşmış eşitsizlik ve baskıya mı?

Bu sorular, neoliberal politikaların bir aracı olan aktif sosyal politikalara katılan bireylerin gözünden karşılaştırmalı bir perspektifle analiz edilmektedir. Türkiye ve İspanya'nın farklı bölgelerinden bireylerin çarpıcı şekilde ifade ettiği sosyal adalet talepleri ile günümüzde göze çarpan küresel değişim talepleri örtüşmekte ve ortak bir zeminde birleşmektedir.

Bu birlik ve ortaklık üzerine düşünmek isteyen ve uyanışını dayanışarak kutlamak isteyen herkes bu kitabı okumalıdır.

Uno de los aspectos más importante tras descubrimiento de América fue el proceso de conquista y ocupación del territorio que llevó a cabo la corona española. En este ámbito, el papel de las órdenes mendicantes (franciscanos, dominicos y agustinos) fue decisivo, ya que fueron las encargadas de llevar a cabo la empresa evangelizadora en el Nuevo Mundo.

Estas órdenes, con la ayuda de los indígenas, levantaron grandes conventos en el virreinato de Nueva España para expandir el cristianismo por este nuevo territorio y, partiendo de la misma tipología conventual occidental, desarrollaron una serie de nuevos conjuntos arquitectónicos que dejan de tener las características europeas. Se trata de una nueva arquitectura donde se fusiona la tradición occidental con la precolombina.

Se van generando así las primeras expresiones de arquitectura mestiza del siglo XVI, entendidas no como una mezcla de elementos de ambas culturas, sino como una nueva expresión donde se sintetizan las sensibilidades de ambos pueblos.

Lo que se plantea en este trabajo es el análisis y la demostración de este mestizaje mediante tres conventos, centrándonos en el legado que llevaban consigo tanto del fraile europeo como el indio mesoamericano.

Malnutrition related to illness and inadequate nutrition remains a matter of relevant interest in the member countries of the European Union because of its elevated prevalence and high costs. It is estimated to affect 30 million patients and cost 170 billion euros annually. The 2008-2013 strategy "Together for Health" put forward in the European Parliament urges Member States to develop, together with local and regional authorities, initiatives in the field of education of the population, training, investigation and good clinical practices. SENPE (Spanish Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) collaborates in different areas in the development of this strategy which aim to put malnutrition related to illness in the focus of the health system. One of its contributions has been the preparation of the Document of Consensus on the Coding of Malnutrition SENPE-SEDOM (Spanish Society of Medical Documentation). The agreements adopted have helped normalize the process of cod...

Children's pro-ecological behaviors are usually registered using scales based on the idea of a simple connection between attitudes and behaviors. However, this relationship seems to be more complicated. The Children's Ecological Behavior (CEB) Scale has been proposed as an alternative. Based on the Rasch model, it considers the different efforts needed to conduct a series of behaviors. This paper presents an improved adaptation of the CEB to Spanish population. We back-translated the CEB into Spanish, increased the number of behaviors and collected data from 6- to 12-year-olds, using a game format procedure. The scale can detect differences in the effort needed to perform various behaviors. Children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors are positively related. No relationship was found between parents' and children's pro-ecological attitudes and behaviors. The Spanish version of the CEB scale emerges as a reliable tool to measure children's pro-ecological ...

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been identified as a significant problem in goat production, especially in the arid and semiarid lowland areas of Ethiopia. Even though CCPP was reported in most of the goat rearing areas of the country, there is no adequate information on the disease in the Amhara Region. Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the districts of Western Amhara to estimate the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors for occurrence of the CCPP. The risk factors considered included age, sex, agroclimate, and districts. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was carried out on a total of 400 goat sera samples, out of which 34 samples were found seropositive for specific antibodies against CCPP, with the overall seroprevalence of 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) =5.8, 11.2). Among the epidemiological factors considered, age and sex of the goats were not significantly associated with CCPP sero...

The aim of this research is to understand the experience of the football sector on the use of artificial turf (satisfaction, safety, sporting feature, or the advantages and disadvantages). The study was conducted on a random selection of 627 male participants (404 amateur/semi-professional footballers, 101 coaches and 122 referees) that regularly train/compete on artificial turf in Spanish football leagues. The

Logistic regression was used to investigate potential feed-mill risk factors for the isolation of Salmonella. Feed mill intake pits were demonstrated to have an increased risk of culture-positive dust samples (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.7–15.1). The feed material used in the production of ...

Actes du colloque « Entre les choses et les mots : usages et prestiges des listes », organisé les 2, 3 et 4 février 2017 par le LECEMO, Les Cultures de l'Europe Méditerranéenne Occidentale (Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3), à paraître.

La liste et le guide de voyage permettent d’accéder rapidement et aisément à un savoir : la liste peut alors être considérée comme marqueur d’un message référentiel incontestable. Pourtant, le guide comme la liste offrent diverses perspectives. Après avoir évoqué le cas des guides-catalogues qui s’inscrivent dans une logique d’affirmation de la nation, cet article s’intéresse aux choix faits par les différents auteurs de guides. Le processus de sélection et de hiérarchisation des choses à voir n’est pas anodin et la liste participe à la création d’un espace et d’une identité figés, et aussi à la construction d’une image stéréotypée de la ville. Cet article s’interroge sur l’origine de cet inventaire de « choses à voir », tout en montrant que des publications se détachent de cette liste répétée à l’envi, en en rejetant la forme ou en la rendant plus originale.

Mutations in the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) have been found in familial early-onset Alzheímer’s disease (AD). DNA variants at several genes have been linked to the risk of developing the most common late-onset form of AD (LOAD). A few studies analyzed the contribution of APP variants to LOAD, with negative or conflicting results. We determined the variation in the 18 APP exons and flanking intronic sequences in a total of 350 LOAD patients from Spain. A total of 13 nucleotide changes were found and 6 were new and not found among 340 healthy controls, including the only missense change (D243N). The in silico analysis suggested that none of them would have an effect on pre-mRNA splicing or protein folding (D243N). Patients and controls were also genotyped for three APP promoter polymorphisms, and none of them was significantly associated with LOAD. We concluded that APP variants would not contribute to the risk of developing LOAD in our population.

The recently passed law 14/2014 on Maritime Navigation is the most important source of regulation on this subject in Spanish law. Despite the positive impulse that this law implies in terms of a badly needed simplification and rationalization in a so far disperse and incoherent body of regulation, the approach taken by the legislator will nonetheless let down those expecting an improvement also in the technical quality of the law. In this short analysis, the authors review some of the most relevant elements of the new law and point at the main hurdles that practitioners and academics might find in its application.

This paper analyses the role of educational interest groups in the context of current educational policy in Spain. The paper focuses on the historical and structural factors that are the basis for understanding the constitution of educa- tional interests. It argues that the historical educational dualism and the political opposition between public and pri- vate education explains not only the emergence and political position of each educational actor, but also the dynamics of interaction between them and their strategies to influence policy making and implementation. The final section of the paper analyses the relationship between interest groups and the State. It argues that the diverse and heterogeneous educational demands lead to a specific form of educational politics and explain the conditioned relative autonomy of the Spanish State in education policy making.