Andalus

This work discusses the term of “intra-school (intra-madhhab) schoolization” and different schools in Maliki School of law, especially the Maliki School of Iraq all of which appeared in a process continued until the mid III./VIII. century and accepted as the  formative period of the Maliki School of law. The work consists of an Introduction and two chapters. The Introduction deals with why and in which process the differences in the Maliki School of law occured and analyses the term of “intra-school (intra-madhhab) schoolization” which we use to convey these differences. In the first chapter we examines legal activites which was executed by students of Malik in different regions except for Iraq (as Madina, Egypt, Kairawan/North Africa and Andalus) and the Maliki schools which originated in that regions on the basis of that activities and the relationship between that schools and the Maliki School of Iraq, the main subject of the work. The second chapter is allocated for the Maliki School of Iraq. In this chapter, we firstly try to draw the cultural and scientific map of Basra, the cradle of that school, and study the venture of the Iraqi Malikiyya which was born in Basra and developed in Baghdad, in connection with political, theological and legal occurences of the region. In this context, the connections of the Maliki School of Iraq with the other Maliki schools which was studied in the first chapter, the differences of the Iraqi School from the other schools, the influences of the Iraqi School on that schools and contributions of it for the Maliki School of law as a whole body were tried to examine. The different Maliki schools are classified geographically and described chronologically, but also the methodological differences in all geographical schools are analyzed and this method of classification is described in the Introduction. // Bu çalışma, Mâlik ve öğrencileri ile başlayıp IV./X. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar devam eden ve Mâlikî mezhebinin “teşekkül dönemi” olarak kabul edilen süreçte Mâlikî mezhebi içinde ortaya çıkan “mezhep içi ekolleşme” olgusunu incelemekte ve ortaya çıkan farklı ekoller hakkında bilgi verip özellikle Irak Mâlikî Ekolü üzerinde durmaktadır. Çalışma bir giriş ve iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde, Malîki mezhebi içindeki farklılıkların nedenleri ve ortaya çıkış süreci ele alınmış, söz konusu farklılıkları ifade etmek amacıyla kullandığımız “mezhep içi ekolleşme” kavramı tahlil edilmiştir. Birinci Bölüm’de, Mâlik’in öğrencilerinin Irak dışında kalan dört bölgede (Medine, Mısır, Kayravan/Kuzey Afrika, Endülüs) yürüttükleri fıkhî faaliyetler ve söz konusu bölgelerde bu faaliyetler sayesinde ortaya çıkan bölgesel/coğrafî Mâlikî ekolleri işlenmiş, bu ekollerin tezin asıl konusunu teşkil eden ve İkinci Bölüm’de ele alınacak olan Irak Mâlikî Ekolü ile ilişkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci Bölüm ise Irak Mâlikî Ekolü’ne tahsis edilmiştir. Bu bölümde önce bu ekolün beşiği olan Basra’nın ilmî ve kültürel haritası çıkarılmaya çalışılmış, daha sonra Basra’da doğup Bağdat’ta gelişen Irak Mâlikîliği’nin tarihi serüveni, bölgedeki siyasi, itikadi ve fıkhî oluşumlar ile bağlantılı olarak incelenmiş, bu arada Irak Mâlikî Ekolü’nün Birinci Bölüm’de ele alınan diğer Mâlikî ekolleri ile ilişkileri, onlardan farklı yönleri, onlar üzerindeki etkileri ve Mâlikî mezhebine katkıları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ekoller bölgesel/coğrafî esasa göre tasnif ve kronolojik olarak tasvir edilmiş, her bir ekol içindeki metodolojik yaklaşım ve anlayış farklılıkları ise bu tasnif içerisinde ele alınmış olup, benimsediğimiz tasnif yöntemi Giriş bölümünde tahlil edilmiştir.

Identificación y estudio de los principales personajes pertenecientes a la familia de los Banū l-Aḥmar (fundadora de la dinastía y estado nazaríes) que nacieron en Arjona (Jaén) y Jaén. Se parte de la figura central del primer emir nazarí, Muḥammad I, y se revisan las dos generaciones previas a él, su propia generación y dos generaciones posteriores. Los resultados muestran personajes de la familia nacidos en Arjona y Jaén en estas cinco generaciones. Se revela la amplitud del grupo y la necesidad de vínculos familiares y redes de parentesco para la conformación de un nuevo estado. Aparece el factor geográfico-espacial (concentración) como factor de cohesión y destaca la relevancia política de los personajes (que desempeñan importantes cargos como emir, gobernador o jefe militar y conforman los enlaces matrimoniales que cohesionan la red de lealtades del grupo). Se demuestra la importancia y “operatividad” de los linajes, grupos familiares y élites locales en la sociedad andalusí y su desarrollo político en el siglo XIII.

Palabras clave: al-Andalus; Jaén; dinastía Nazarí; s. XIII; historia política; familia nazarí; redes familiares; élites locales.



"Emirs, princes, princesses and military leaders: The Naṣrid royal house of Jaen (jayyānīs members of Banū l-Aḥmar ‘s family and the political role of local elites in Andalusian society)"

Abstract:  This article focuses on the identification and study of the main characters belonging to the family of the Banū l-Aḥmar (founder of the Naṣrid dynasty that ruled Naṣrid Kingdom) born in Arjona (Jaén) and Jaén town. Taking as a starting point the figure of the first Naṣrid emir, Muḥammad I, the study analyzes the genealogical relationship of the two preceding and the two succeeding generations beside his own. The result shows a five generation family tree in which can be seen a significant amount of Naṣrid family members born in Arjona and Jaen. This reflects the size of the group and the need for family ties and kinship networks in order to create of a new state. Geographical proximity as well as the political relevance of many of the Naṣrid family members are two factors that contributed to group cohesion. This fact demonstrates the importance of lineages, families and local elites in the al-Andalus society and its political development in the 13th century.
Keywords: Al-Andalus; Jaén; Naṣrid dynasty; 13th century; political history; Naṣrid family; family networks; local elites.



"Émirs, princes, princesses et chefs militaires : la maison royale naṣride de Jaén (les membres jayyānīs de la famille des Banū l-Aḥmar et le rôle politique des élites locales dans la société andalouse)"

Résumé : Identification et étude des principaux personnages appartenant à la famille des Banū l-Aḥmar (fondateurs de la dynastie et de l’État de naṣrid) qui sont nés à Arjona (Jaén) et Jaén. On départ du personnage centrale, le premier émir naṣrid Muḥammad I, et on examine cinq générations : deux avant lui, sa propre génération et deux après lui. Les résultats montrent des personnages de la famille nés à Arjona et Jaén en ces cinq générations. Ils révèlent l'étendue du groupe et la nécessité de liens familiaux et de réseaux de parenté pour la formation d'un nouvel État. On trouve un facteur géographique-spatial (concentration) comme facteur de cohésion. Il ressort l’importance politique des personnages (ils exercent importants charges tels qu'souverain, gouverneur ou chef militaire et ils engagent des liens de mariage qui relient le réseau de loyauté du group). On établit l'importance et la « mise en oeuvre » des lignages, groupes familiaux et élites locales dans la société andalouse et son développement politique au XIIIe siècle.

Mots clés : al-Andalus ; Jaén ; dynastie des Nasrides ; XIIIe siècle ; histoire politique ; famille nasride ; réseaux familiaux ; élites locales.

The thesis explores on the Sufis of twelfth to thirteenth centuries Andalusia and how the beliefs and ideas during that time influenced the spirit and material culture of the geographical area. During the times of the Almohad administration a Sufi-laden doctrine called ‘The Doctrine of Divine Unity’ was made as an official governmental charter. This caused an effect on the artefacts that were produced during this time. On top of that, the nature of the Almohad government that encouraged intellectual development further enhanced and intensified the influence of Sufism. Two prominent figures were highlighted in this thesis are namely the founder of the Almohad administration, Ibn Tumart and the famous Andalusian Sufi and philosopher, Ibn Arabi. The thesis takes on a theological approach upon studying the artefacts. Inscriptions were analyzed and compared with Sufi texts that were produced during this time. The Ruh al-Quds and Durrat al-Fakhirah that were written by Ibn Arabi became the primary sources for the study besides ‘The Doctrine of Divine Unity’. In addition to that, a few key terms in Sufism itself were explained, problems raised by other art historian were discussed and a method to approach Sufi-themed art was introduced.

El origen de EL VINO DE JEREZ es un extracto del libro Karuo el secreto ibero, por el cual Enrique Cabrejas o Enric Cabrejas nos relata de modo llano su experiencia personal con lo extraordinario de un descubrimiento. El 21 de Abril de 2012 consiguió lo que parecía imposible: Descifrar la escritura ibérica. El hallazgo más relevante de la cultura universal en nuestro país de los últimos tiempos, sin lugar a dudas. Un hito en la historia de la escritura sin precedentes. Desde este mismo instante la obra Karuo de Enrique Cabrejas lo convierte en un referente destacado a nivel mundial en historia y lingüística. Los innumerables datos, explicaciones, pruebas y significados que nos reporta nunca conocidos antes, son una referencia obligada para todos aquellos que quieran comprender la historia, la lengua antigua e incluso también la moderna de nuestro país o para quienes en el futuro deseen estudiarla e investigarla en profundidad, más si cabe desde el mundo académico.

There have been many researches about the companion (sahabi) generation that is considered to be very important in all disciplines of Islamic studies. In these researches, it is discussed whether if some one is a sahaba or not, based on the reports from the narrations and historical data. Due to the nature of the genre, any produced work in the field must be linked to the previous literature. Written by an Andalusian hadith scholar in the VII. Century and being widest in the scope for identifying the companions, al-Cami did not gain enough attention in the later literature. In this article, Ruayni’s work al-Cami’s sources, systematic and impact will be studied.

This paper addresses the question of how conversos in eighteenth-century Newport, Rhode Island used funerary art both to create and sustain a transnational community and culture, as well as support ideologies of race, ethnicity, and religion. We argue that Newport conversos used gravestone iconography to unite the divided worlds of their lived selves. Although living in the British colonies and often attaining British citizenship, the Sephardic Jews of Newport maintained personal, religious, linguistic, and economic connections to family in Portugal, Amsterdam, Curacao, Barbados, and Jamaica. Upon arriving in Newport, many conversos underwent circumcision, remarried their wives, and openly took Hebrew names.  This study allows us to better understand the process of religious
change in colonial America and the fluidity of Sephardic self-definition. As David Graizbord notes, the “central predicament” of the early modern conversos “both inside and outside the Iberian peninsula” lay in the fact that they inhabited a cultural and religious threshold." Tombstones mark the intersection of these thresholds.  When conversos died, their families were obliged to account for their lives. We argue that for Newport conversos, gravestones used a shared iconography to unite the divided worlds of their lived selves.  While during their lives the identities of "Portuguese," "Jewish" and "colonial" were often at odds with one another, in their funerary art these identities were sublimated under a Jewish self that bridged national and religious boundaries.