Damascus steel

Obserwowany w ostatnich dekadach wzrost zainteresowania głowniami wzorzystymi wśród szerokiej rzeszy badaczy-historyków, metalurgów, archeologów, czy nawet językoznawców-spowodował lawinowy wysyp publikacji poświęconych temu zagadnieniu. Choć w opracowaniach specjalistycznych mamy do czynienia zazwyczaj z poprawnie stosowanym nazewnictwem, to jednak wobec znacznego rozwoju badań i postępującej specjalizacji używany obecnie podział zaproponowany przez J. Piaskowskiego jeszcze w latach 70-tych XX w. staje się nieco uciążliwy i niepraktyczny (np. mnożenie odmian i typów dziwerów). Ze znacznie gorszą sytuacją spotykamy się w przypadku publikacji popularnonaukowych, a wręcz katastrofalne jest użycie interesujących nas terminów w mowie potocznej, beletrystyce czy praktyce handlowej. Tam nagminnie są one mylone, zamieniane, a czasem można odnieść wrażenie, że używane są jako synonimy. Spowodowane jest to zarówno brakiem solidnych podstaw leksykograficznych (nawet rzetelne słowniki i encyklopedie podają często błędne lub nawet sprzeczne definicje interesujących nas terminów), jak też licznymi błędami translatorskimi popełnianymi przy okazji przekładów literatury obcojęzycznej. Nie mniej istotną przyczyną jest jednak skromny zasób fachowej literatury, która usystematyzowałaby wiedzę w tym zakresie i mogłaby stać się podstawą rzetelnych publikacji. Prezentowane opracowanie ma na celu z jednej strony uzupełnienie wspomnianych niedostatków, z drugiej - próbę zmiany zakresu pojęciowego niektórych ze stosowanych terminów i stworzenie bardziej przejrzystej klasyfikacji głowni wzorzystych.

ÖZET
Farklı özellikleriyle diğer çeliklerden ayrılan Şam (Damascus) çeliği, tarih boyunca en gözde
madenlerden biri olmuştur. Tarihte bu çeliğin kullanım alanlarından en önde geleni savaşlardır.
Şam çeliğini diğer çeliklerden ayıran en önemli husus çok sert olmasına rağmen kırılmaması
ve esnek olmasıdır. Bu yönleriyle yıllardır en çok tercih edilen çeliklerden biri olduğu
söylenebilir. Öte yandan Şam çeliğinin yapım tekniklerinden birisi de Türk Burgusudur. Bu
burgu yönteminde iki farklı karbon çeliği eşit ölçülerde onlarca kat halinde üst üste konulur,
kömür ocaklarında erime derecelerine getirilip örs üzerinde çekiç balyozlarla dövülerek
birleştirilip kare haline getirildikten sonra bükülerek tekrar dövülür ve lama oluşturulur. Daha
sonra belirlenen form haline getirilmektedir. Türk Burgusu ile yapılan Şam çeliğinin diğer
çeliklerden daha sağlam olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada Şam çeliğinin yaşam öyküsünden
Türk Burgusuna geçiş aşaması açıklanacaktır. Çalışma nitel bir durum çalışmasıdır ve amacı
unutulmaya yüz tutmakta olan Şam çeliğinin ve Türk burgusunun tarihsel kökenlerine ışık
tutarak günümüze kadar olan gelişimini açımlamaktır. Ayrıca bu çalışma bir kültürel miras olan
bu madene karşı farkındalık kazandırmayı hedeflemektedir. Sonuç olarak da hem el sanatları
hem de kültürel miras çalışmalarında Şam çeliği ve Türk Burgusunun gelecek kuşaklara
taşınmasına katkı sağlayacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Şam (Damascus) çeliği, Türk burgusu, kuyumculuk, çelik, altın.

Die oppositionellen Aufstände und die erfolgreichen Präsidentenstürze in Tunesien und Ägypten waren der entscheidende Impuls für die syrische Revolte, die vor einem Jahr – im März 2011 – begann. Im März 2012 besteht in Syrien weiterhin eine politische Pattsituation: Trotz aller Repressionen demonstrieren lokale Protestbewegungen weiter; Teile der Opposition haben sich bewaffnet, können aber das Regime nicht stürzen. Der Volksaufstand des Frühjahrs 2011 hat sich partiell zu einem bewaffneten Aufstand entwickelt. Eine Lösung, gar eine militärische Intervention erscheint angesichts einer befürchteten Eskalation des Konflikts in die unmittelbare Region hinein als ausgeschlossen. Die Autoren erörtern die strukturellen Ursachen der syrischen Revolte und zeichnen die nunmehr einjährige Konfliktdynamik nach. Dabei richtet sich das Augenmerk auf die Konfliktakteure, auf deren Interessen und Strategien. Am Ende des Beitrags werden mögliche politische Entwicklungsszenarien skizziert: Ein politischer Wandel liegt in weiter Ferne, bürgerkriegsähnliche Zustände zeichnen sich ab.

For hundreds of years, swords made of Damascus steel have been famous for their flexibility, retention of a sharp edge and beautiful surface pattern. There are two broad categories of swords that are made of what is called Damascus, Damascene or Damask steel. One category was made by forging different strips of iron and steel together and is known as pattern welded Damascus steel. This method was used throughout Europe and Asia. The second category of some of the invaders who attacked the prosperous cities along Damascus steel was made from an ingot of crucible steel and the route and caused the downfall of many of them. is known as crucible Damascus steel. This method has hisThe recent dissolution of the Soviet Union has greatly faciltorically been associated with the Wootz steel made in the itated the exchange of scholarly information between the forIndian subcontinent. A reexamination of the sources of informer Soviet states and the rest of the world. This has allowed the mation ...

The arms and armor collection (see figg. 1 and 2) of Dr. von Hoffmeister shows high quality blades comprising patterned crucible steel blades from Iran, India and Ottoman Turkey, pattern-welded steel barrels and blades from Ottoman Turkey, India, Indonesia, Tibet and China, silver and silver filigree fittings from Iran, India, Sri Lanka, the  Caucasus,  Indonesia and Arabia,  solid gold fittings  from the Ottoman Empire and Arabia, maker marks from Iran, Arabia and India, gold-inlaid and chiseled inscriptions in Persian, Arabic, Gujarati, Ottoman Turkish and Chinese, gilded iron openwork on Tibetan pieces and many other high-quality decorative items. In the following twenty representative items of this exceptional collection will be explained and presented.

It is established that the ancient knife blade belongs to the Eastern group of Indo-Persian steel type genuine Damascus steel with a pattern of "Kara-Taban", which literally means black-shiny. The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and optical analysis show that the genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity non-alloy high-carbon steel with a high content of phosphorus. It is revealed that phosphorus, having a high segregation coefficient of impurity contributes to the process of segregation of carbon in the process of crystallization of crucible ingots. The main physical and chemical factors influencing morphology of structure formation of genuine Damascus steel are revealed. It is established the relationship between the structure and the nature of the destruction of the genuine Damascus steel under impact load.

Steel connections:1. CONNECTIONS IN STEEL STRUCTURES
2.  Connections are structural elements used for joining different members of a structural steel frame work.  Steel Structure is an assemblage of different member such as “BEAMS,COLUMNS” which are connected to one other, usually at member ends fastners,so that it shows a single composite unit.3.  Bolts  Weld ,4.  Connecting Plates  Connecting Angles, 5.  On the Basis of Connecting Medium.  According to the type of internal forces.  According to the type of structural Elements  According to the type of members joining, 6.  Riveted Connections  Bolted Connections, 7.  Welded Connections  Bolted-Welded Connections, 8.  Used for very long time.  Made up of: Round Ductile steel bar called shank. A head at one end The length of the rivet should sufficient to form the second head.  Design - very similar to bearing type of bolted connection.
9.  Heating of the rivet  Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.  Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round head.  On Cooling Reduces in Length–Clamping Force
10.  The introduction of high strength structural bolts.  The labour costs associated with large riveting crews  The cost involved in careful inspection and removal of poorly installed rivets.  The high level of noise associated with driving rivets., 11.  Fastened Together primarily by Bolts.  Bolts may be loaded in: Tension Shear Both Tension & Shear  Threads of bolts under shear force: Excluded - Increased strength Included - Decreased stregth.
12.  Bearing type bolts  High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG) , 13.  The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes, often referred to as 1. Black Bolts  Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.  Least Expensive  Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses, purlins etc, 14. 2. Turned Bolts  Similar to unfinished bolts.  Shanks - Hexagonal Rods  Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses, purlins etc  Expensive – Limited use – Structures with no Slippage Connections, 15. 3. Ribbed Bolts • Round head similar to Rivets. • Raised ribs parallel to the shank. • Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole • Tightly fit into the hole. • Popular - Economical in Material & Installation, 16.  Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear  High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the plates to be bolted together so that contact pressure developed between the plates being joined  Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied  Higher Shear Resistance., 17. Advantages 1. The bolting operation is very silent 2. Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire 3. Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting. 4. Less man power is required in making the connections. Disadvantages 1. If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in strength get loosened. 2. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non uniform diameter
18.  whose components are joined together primarily by welds. Welding Notations were developed by American Welding Society (AWS)., 19. • Groove ( More reliable than others)  Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and others)  Plug (expensive – poor transmission of tensile forces)  Slot (expensive - poor transmission of tensile forces)  Plug and Slot welds – stitch different parts of members together.
20.  Horizontal  Vertical  Overhead  Flat
21.  Economical – Cost of materials and labors.  Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75- 90%)  Fabrication of Complex Structures – Easy – like Circular Steel pipes.  Provides Rigid Joints – Modern Practice is of Rigid Joints.,22.  No provision for expansion or contraction therefore greater chances of cracking.  Uneven heating and cooling - member may distort - may result in additional stresses.  Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets
23.  Most connections are Shop Welded and Field Bolted types.  More Cost Effective  Better Strength & Ductility characteristics –Fully welded.
24.  Shear (semi rigid, simple) connections  Moment (rigid) connections
25.  Allows the beam end to rotate without a significant restraint.  Transfers shear out of beam  Most Common Types: Double clip Shear End Plate Fin Plate
26.  Designed to resist both Moment and Shear.  Often referred - rigid or fully restrained connections • Provide full continuity between the connected members • Designed to carry the full factored moments.  Principal Reason - buildings has to resist the effect of lateral forces such as wind and earthquake.
27. Bolted splice Moment Connection Field Bolted Moment Connection, 28.  Single plate angle Connections  Double web angle connections  Top and seated angle connections  Seated beam connections
29. Two Step Process  A plate is welded to secondary section (beam)  An Angle is welded to Primary Section (column or Beam)  single shear plate welded to secondary beam and bolted to Primary beam or column.
30.  Two angles welded or shop bolted to the web of a secondary beam.  After erection the angles are bolted or site welded to the primary member (beam or column).
31.  Generally used in case of moment connections.  Two angles are provided at top and bottom of the beam to resist moment.  Generally used for lesser moments where heavy loads are not acting
32.  Generally used in case of shear connections.  A seating angle - at bottom of secondary beam - shop welded to the primary member.  Seating angle resists vertical shear coming from the beam.
33.  Beam to beam connections  Column to column connections (column splices)  Beam to Column Connections  Column Base Plate Connections
34. Two Types  Primary Beam to Secondary Beam Connection  Beam Splice
35.  Connects column to column.  Column splice comes under this category.  Used to connect column sections of different sizes.  Splices - designed for both moment and shear unless intended to utilize the splices as internal hinges.
36.  Connects Beam to column.  Very Common  A wide range of different types are used Fin Plates End Plates Web or Flange Cleats Hunched Connections
37.  Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts through the web. End plate connections  single plate welded to the end of the beams  Bolted to the column flange or web - two or bolts pair. Fin plate connections  Single Plate welded to the Column.  Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts through the web.
38.  Steel plates placed at the bottom of Columns.  Function - to transmit column loads to the concrete pedestal.  The design of a column base plate: determining the size of the plate. determining the thickness of the plate
39.  A layer of grout should be placed between the base plate and its support for the purpose of leveling.  Anchor bolts should be provided to stabilize the column during erection or to prevent uplift.
40.  R Usually cost of fabrication and erection constitute as high as 50% of the total cost of steel structures, per tones of material used
41. BY NAVEEN ANKUR SWARNAKAR & AJEET SHARMA

1. Introduction
The present article investigates different terms describing arms and armor and their diverse typology in Persian martial tradition taken from a selected number of 48 dated Persian manuscripts from the 10th to the 19th centuries C.E.  Persian manuscripts often mention different types of arms and armor used by warriors on the battlefield.  To the readers of epic stories, historical books and manuscripts, and poems, these terms present an enigma as without a thorough understanding of the shape and function of different types of arms and armor and their proper historical construction and usage, readers will not be able to understand the texts in a proper way.  The goal of this article is to provide an accurate analysis of terms describing different types of arms and armor that appear in Persian manuscripts.  Forty eight Persian manuscripts ranging from the 10th to the 19th centuries C.E. were consulted to set up a reliable linguistic base for the study of different types of arms and armour.  These manuscripts include epics such as the 10th-century epic Šāhnāme [Book of Kings] by Ferdŏsi, antologies such as the 11th-century collection of poems Divān-e Manučehri Dāmqāni [Poems of Manučehri Dāmqāni] by Manučehri Dāmqāni, the travel accounts such as the 11th-century Safarnāme-ye Nāser Xosrŏ [Travel Accounts of Nāser Xosrŏ] by Nāser Xosrŏ, treatises on war and strategy such as the 12-century C.E. manuscript Ādāb al-Harb va al-Šojā-e [The Customs of War and Bravery] by Mobārak Šāh Faxr-e Modabbar, heroic stories such as the 15th-century manuscript Zafarnāme by Yazdi, historical manuscripts such as the 17th-century manuscript Tārix-e Ālam Ārāye Abbāsi [History of Abbāsi] by Eskandar Beyg Torkamān, geography and crafts books such as the 19th-century Joqrāfiyā-ye Esfahān [Geography of Isfahan] by Tahvildār Esfahāni, and period lexicons such as the 19th-century lexicon Farhang-e Jahānigiri [The Lexicon of Jahānigiri] by Anjavi Širāzi.  Normally, Persian epics refer to warriors who started the duel with archery.  Then they switched to the lance.  When the lance shafts were broken, warriors continued the fight with maces or axes.  Often due to heavy strikes the handles of maces were bent during the combat.  In this moment, warriors started to use their swords.  When the sword blades were broken, warriors then started to wrestle. A very frequently used technique was to throw the opponent on the ground.  Achieving this, the victor sat on the opponent's chest and killed his opponent using a knife or dagger.  Warriors also used different typs of armor to protect their body.

Title of the book: Persian Fire and Steel: Historical Firearms of Iran

Author: Dr. Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani

Publisher: Niloufar Books, Frankfurt am Main

Status:Printed in November 2018

Size: 200 x 302mm, Inner 297 x 210 mm (A4)

Number of pages: 258 pages (142 text with colored pictures and 108 pages with 112 artifacts in full color)

Over 220 pictures in the text part and 750 pictures in the catalog all in full color

Price: EUR 89,-

Orders can be taken

Contact: info@mmkhorasani.com



The book presents a thorough and detailed analysis of the introduction and development of historical firearms in Iran. The present book is a result of years of study on historical Persian manuscripts on firearms making, classification and usage and as well as an analysis of the Persian firearms kept in the Military Museum of Tehran. These artifacts are described, analyzed and presented in the catalogue by showcasing magnificent colored pictures of 100 artifacts which belonged to the personal royal collection of Nassereddin Shah Qajar. The first chapter of the book, titled "Matchlock Muskets", deals with the history of the introduction and development of matchlock muskets in Iran. The next chapter, "Flintlock Muskets", describes the flintlock mechanism and flintlock muskets. Then the third chapter, "Percussion Cap Lock Muskets", analyzes Persian muskets equipped with the percussion cap system. The next chapter, "Pistols in Iran", analyzes Persian flintlock and percussion cap pistols. The following chapter, "Gun and Pistol Accessories", describes the accessories to load the guns and pistols. Chapter six, "Cannons and Rockets", analyzes the history and development of cannons and rockets in Iran. The next chapter titled "Persian Manuscripts on Firearms" offers a complete translation, annotation and explanation of three important Persian manuscripts on firearms. The manuscripts are as follows:

a) An untitled Safavid manuscript on casting bronze cannons - This is the earliest known Persian manuscript on firearms from the Safavid period and deals with casting bronze cannons. This manuscript is kept in the Central Library of the University of Tehran with the number 2085. The end of the manuscript is signed with the inscriptions Kamtarin bande-ye dargāh Soleymān qurči-ye mezrāq (the Lowest Servant of the Court, Soleymān who holds and takes care of a short spear [for the king]). Thus it can be assumed that it is written by Soleymān. The manuscript consists of 51 pages and seventeen drawings.

b) Another manuscript is titled Resālei dar Fešang [Treatise on Rockets] and is written by Mohammad Rezā Tabrizi in 1256 hijra (1840 C.E.) who was a mohandesbāši (head of engineering units). This manuscript is a combination of a translation of two different Congreve manuscripts and the writer translates some parts directly and some parts are written and added by Mohammad Rezā Tabrizi himself as he says that he was under the impression that Congreve did not explain clearly and wanted to hide important aspects. It has ten plates. Although the paintings resemble the paintings of Congreve books on rockets, all soldiers in Tabrizi's book are depicted with Qajar-period uniforms of the Persian army holding the Iranian flag of the lion and the sun. The enemy is shown holding the Ottoman flag and wearing Ottoman uniforms. The manuscript consists of 99 pages.

c) Another Persian manuscript is titled Resāle-ye Qurxāne [Treatise on Arsenal] and  is written by Mohammad Bāqer Tabrizi in 1257 hijra (1841 C.E.). This manuscript is kept in the National Library of Iran with the number 1766. The first part consists of several chapters about the gunnery tools for cannons . This part offers a detailed account about how cannons were loaded and shot. Additionally, it provides information about how gunnery tools were made and how they functioned. It also provides information on mortars and howitzers. The second part is about the rockets and their accessories. This part offers valuable information about war rockets and how they were shot. Finally, the third part is about the fireworks that were used during celebrations. The manuscript has 258 pages.



At the end of the book some other important Persian manuscripts on firearms are introduced and explained briefly. The second part of the book has a catalogue describing and showcasing 112 examples of Persian firearms with colored pictures. These consist of matchlock muskets (26 examples starting from the ones made during the Shah Abbas period with the help of the Shirley brothers), flintlock muskets (26 examples) and percussion cap muskets (13 examples), flintlock pistols (5 examples) and percussion cap pistols (12 examples), bronze and iron cannons (11 examples), swivel guns (4 examples), mortars (2 examples), howitzers (3 examples) and gun accessories (10 examples of gunpowder and primer flasks, and gunpowder measure). The first part of the book has 220 pictures accompanying the text. The catalogue has over 400 colored pictures on 112 historical arms and armor from Iran. 100 items are from the Military Museum of Tehran (Saa'd Abad Palace Museum) and 12 items from the Military Historical Museum of Artillery in St. Petersburg (Russian Federation).

Accurately describing the techniques used to decorate a weapon is imperative for furthering research. This paper will primarily concentrate on the methods and materials used in Persia, Middle East, Central Asia and India to produce so-called “ Damascus Steel» weapons, as well as those used to embellish the weapon: i.e. inlay and koftgari. The benefits of systematically recording the process used to decorate
the blade leads to additional information about the object and this offers the potential to learn more about weapons «life history» and the lives of the people it touched.

The current conflict in Syria has created international discord and divergent views regarding what constitutes the most appropriate response to a humanitarian crisis of this kind. According to the United Nations (UN) over 60,000 Syrians have been killed,  more than 733,100 Syrians have registered as refugees or are awaiting registration,  over 2 million have become internally displaced  and 1 million Syrians are starving as a result of the ongoing conflict.  Given the intensity of the Civil War these numbers are rising by the day, further increasing the number of violations of humanitarian and human rights laws which have taken place throughout the conflict as a result of the actions of both State forces and opposition forces. Consequently, these rising figures raise the question of what is the role of the international community when mass human rights abuses, such as those witnessed during this ongoing conflict in Syria, are being committed? It also raises the query of what actions should the international community be adopting to satisfy this role? To date the international community has exerted minimal effort in providing support to the people of Syria. Has the time come, or is it possibly overdue, for this effort to be increased to a level of humanitarian intervention, i.e. proportionate threat or use of military force by international forces?

This research encompasses two parts. Part I outlines the current situation in Syria. It discusses the background to the conflict, the involvement of the international community and regional organisations and the development of the Syrian National Coalition for Opposition and Revolutionary Forces. It highlights the violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law committed by both State and opposition forces. It also suggests ways to ensure accountability for the atrocities committed during this conflict. Part II discusses the legality of humanitarian intervention in Syria. It outlines the definition, history and legal status of humanitarian intervention. It considers the reasoning behind arguments in favour and against humanitarian intervention in Syria.  Finally, conclusions and recommendations will be made with regard to humanitarian intervention and the conflict in general.

Öz Şam, yüzyıllar boyunca pek çok yıkım ve imar görmüştür. Bu makale şehrin XIX. asırda kaydettiği tarihsel sürece ilişkin bir panorama sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu şehir portresi aynı zamanda bir Osmanlı şehri olan Şam'ın politik, sosyal ve ekonomik tarihinin ilgili süreçteki durumunu da aksettirecektir. Şam'da XIX. yüzyıl boyunca tarım, sanayi ve ticaret gibi iktisadi faaliyetler icra edilmekte fakat bunlar arasında ağırlığı ticaret oluşturmaktaydı. Tarım için kullanılan tek su kaynağı şehrin içinden geçen ve Altın Nehir denilen Baradâ Nehri'ydi. Şehrin hac güzergahında yer alması şüphesiz ki onun gelişmesinde etkili olmuştu. Şam'ın sosyo-kültürel yapısı XIX. yüzyıl için birçok sıkıntı ve ayrılıklara sahne olmuş, vaktiyle kültürel bir zenginlik adına bir arada yaşayan farklı kimlikler, sermayeci aktörlerin elinde bir savaş silahı haline gelmişti. Abstract Damascus has seen many demolitions and zoning for centuries. This article is based on the city's XIX. century aims to present a panorama of the historical process. This city portrait will also reflect the political, social and economic history of the Ottoman city of Damascus. During the XIX century, such as industry and agricultural activities are carried out in economic activities, but among them was the weight of trade in Damascus. The only source of water used for agriculture was through the city and the Golden river called Baradâ. The city's location on the pilgrimage route had undoubtedly been instrumental in its development. The socio-cultural structure of Damascus has witnessed many hardships and separations for the XIX century, and different identities, which once lived together for a cultural wealth, became a weapon of war in the hands of capitalist actors.

It is established that the ancient knife blade belongs to the Eastern group of Indo-Persian steel type genuine Damascus steel with a pattern of "Kara-Taban", which literally means black-shiny. The methods of spectral, x-ray phase and optical analysis show that the genuine Damascus steel is a high-purity non-alloy high-carbon steel with a high content of phosphorus. It is revealed that phosphorus, having a high segregation coefficient of impurity contributes to the process of segregation of carbon in the process of crystallization of crucible ingots. The main physical and chemical factors influencing morphology of structure formation of genuine Damascus steel are revealed. It is established the relationship between the structure and the nature of the destruction of the genuine Damascus steel under impact load.

Abstract
The consequential, long tradition of creating arms and armor enabled Iranian artisans and weapon makers, especially sword smiths to reach an extremely high level of mastery and skills. They made swords and other edged weapons such as šamšir that became legendary not only in neighboring countries, but also their beauty and legendary efficiency were known to Russians and other Europeans.

These are the presentation slides given at the exhibition "The Power of Iranian Steel" which was given at the Cultural Institute of Bonyad in Tehran, Iran.  Dr. Khorasani worked as a historical arms and armor consultant for this exhibition. He guided the museum in selecting and describing 65 exquisite pieces of Iranians arms and armor including bronze and iron weapons, edged weapons (swords, qame, qaddare, daggers, knives), armor (shields, armguards, helmets), firearms (muskets and pistols) and some bowls and paintings depicting fighting scenes.

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