Caucasus

THE COURSE NAMED AS ' POLITICS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND CAUCASUS ' IS INCLUDED IN THE UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM OF THE ANADOLU UNIVERSITY , FACULTY OF DISTANCE LEARNING - INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DEPARTMENT. THIS CHAPTER OF THE BOOK PREPARED FOR THIS COURSE  AS 7TH PART. IN ITS UNIT, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION'S ENERGY POLICIES ON ENERGY RAW MATERIALS AND EXISTING ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE REGION; THE DOCTRINES FRAMEWORK UNDER WHICH RUSSIA FORMS NATIONAL AND REGIONAL 'ENERGY COOPERATION', ESPECIALLY THE EUROPEAN UNION(EU); THE CONSEQUENCES OF EUROPEAN AND ASIAN COOPERATION BASED ON RUSSIA'S' NEW INTERNATIONALISM ' APPROACH; THE TEXT AND EVALUATION OF RUSSIA'S CHANGING FOREIGN POLICY ARE INCLUDED.
AÖF - ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER LİSANS PROGRAMINDA YER ALAN 'ORTA ASYA VE KAFKASLARDA SİYASET' DERSİNİN 7. ÜNİTESİNDE, RUSYA FEDERASYONUNUN BÖLGEDEKİ ENERJİ HAMMADDELERİ VE MEVCUT ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ENERJİ POLİTİKALARI; RUSYA'NIN BAŞTA AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ(AB) OLMAK ÜZERE ULUSAL,BÖLGESEL 'ENERJİ İŞBİRLİĞİ'Nİ OLUŞTURDUĞU DOKTRİNLER ÇERÇEVESİ; RUSYA'NIN 'YENİ ULUSLARARASICILIK' YAKLAŞIMINDAN YOLA ÇIKARAK AVRUPA VE ASYA İŞBİRLİKLERİNİN SONUÇLARI; RUSYA'NIN DEĞİŞEN DIŞ POLİTİKASI'NA AİT METİN VE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ YER ALMAKTADIR.

The book is devoted to the analysis of ethno-linguistic and socio-cultural foundations of the identity of Dagestanis. The author discribres
particularities of  ethno-linguistic situation in the Mountainous and Lowland districts of Dageston, the influence of migration, urbanization, ethnic mixations on the cultural and language identity,  as well as the correlation of ethnic and religious identitues,  forms of actualization of ethnic and civil  consciousness,  ethnic stereotypes and other components of consciousness of Dagestanis. Special attention is paid to the problem of preserving the language diversity and cultural identity of the peoples of Dagestan.The book is intended for anthropologists, historians, philologists.
culture and a wide range of readers interested in Etnea-
takovymi and ethno-cultural problems.

According to William Zartman “Borders run across land but through people. On maps they appear
as fine one-dimensional lines, whereas on the ground they have many dimensions. Borders are
boundaries in depth, space around a line, place where state meets society” (Zartman 2010:16). It is
impossible to understand borders, without peripheral relations between the states and societies they
contain. Itself borders are zones in which people create special relationship with other people.
In this thesis, I plan to write about the case of a small minority group located on the periphery in
Georgia in order to understand how minorities find a place in an ethnically diverse and rapidly
changing society. Their responses to changing central policies and border conditions provide an
ideal opportunity to see how elements of the population not only respond to, but also actively
constitute, the conditions of a border regime and sovereignty.
Georgia is a state with a highly diverse population, and boundary conditions are everywhere in the
society. In addition, the country has complex borders with neighboring countries such as Russia,
where population groups are distributed across boundaries and have a long history of coping with
border conditions. Borderlands are “zones of varying widths, in which people have recognizable
configurations of relationships to people inside the zone, on both sides of the borderline but within
the cultural landscape of the borderlands, and, as people of the border, special relationships with
other people and institutions in their respective nation and state‟‟ (Donnan and Wilson 1994:8).
The post-independence period has been one of rapid change, which makes it possible to observe
the ways that sovereignty is formed in local contexts, and the role of elements of the population in
relations between the state and the population.
In case of the form of comparative analysis of the state border political changes, in this thesis I will
show socio-cultural and economic changes of ethnic minority in Georgia. I will show how borders
affect the groups living near them.

P.S.
First published
https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/8505/122858637.pdf?sequence=1

On Thursday 1, Friday 2, and Saturday 3 December 2022, the University of Bergamo, will host the annual conference of the Italian Association for the study of Central Asia and the Caucasus (Asiac). Please find attached the Call for Papers with all relevant information

Монография посвящена анализу ключевых административно-территориальных преобразований на Северном Кавказе второй половины XIX–XX вв., предопределивших современное состояние организации власти и границ региона. В ней рассматриваются основные реформы системы управления и соответствующие им территориальные изменения, выявляются их динамика и обусловленность, определяются принципы и формы взаимодействия центра и региона; прослеживается взаимосвязь между доктринальными представлениями управленческой элиты, потребностями развития страны и формированием административных практик интеграции региона в российское государственное пространство; выявляется роль профессионального сообщества в формировании бытующих на протяжении последних двух столетий представлений о разбалансированности власти и слабой управляемости регионом.

Bu çalışma, "Ardahan Kale ve Kuleleri" adlı kitabın bölümlerinden biridir. Bu kitap içi bölümde, Ardahan'ın Eskiçağ'dan Türk fetihlerine kadar tarihçesi üzerinde durulmuş ve şehrin isminin kökenine ilişkin bir başlığa yer verilmiştir.
  Son yıllarda yapılan bilimsel araştırmalarla birlikte Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ arkeolojik vaziyetinin Transkafkasya (Güney Kafkasya) arkeolojisiyle
oldukça örtüştüğü anlaşılan Ardahan, Doğu Karadeniz ve Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgeleri ile Transkafkasya’yı birleştiren stratejik bir coğrafi konuma sahiptir. Batıda Karadeniz sahil şeridinin son ili Artvin ile
komşu olan Ardahan’ın güneyinde Erzurum ve Kars illeri, kuzeydoğusunda Gürcistan ve doğusunda Ermenistan yer alır. Transkafkasya ülkelerinde, özellikle Tunç ve Demir Çağları kültürlerine ilişkin hatırı sayılır araştırma ve arkeolojik kazı yapılmışsa da bu bölgenin komşusu olan Kuzeydoğu Anadolu için aynı değerlendirmeyi ne yazık ki yapamamaktayız. Özellikle Ardahan ili, Anadolu coğrafyasında arkeolojik araştırmaların en az yürütüldüğü yerlerden biri olmuştur. Bu nedenle şehrin tarihi ve arkeolojik geçmişi üzerine toplanan veriler, akademik anlamda tatmin edici bir düzeye erişememiştir. Yine de inanıyoruz ki, 2008 yılında kurulan Ardahan Üniversitesinin bünyesinde gerçekleştirilmekte olan ve yakın gelecekte daha da kapsamlı bir şekilde sürdürülecek bilimsel çalışmalar, şehrin tarihi, sanat tarihi ve arkeolojik
dokusunu çok daha detaylı bir şekilde yansıtacaktır.

After the 1917 February Revolution, main expectations of the societies both in Russia and Georgia were related to the Constituent Assembly which, apart from the future form of the state, was to solve the truce, land and national issues. The socio-political spectrum of Georgia had a great trust in the Constituent Assembly.

Four major political forces acting in Georgia (Social-Democrats-Mensheviks, Socialist-Federalists, Socialist-Revolutionaries and National-Democratic Parties) actively engaged in the electoral process. Parties explained the essence, purpose and importance of the Constituent Assembly to the population. By means of their published political platforms, they informed the electorate about their promises and called for their support.

Unlike the socialist parties, National-Democrats talked about the model of future free Georgia instead of promises about democratic transformation of Russia.

Elections were held in the South Caucasus on November 12-18, 1917. 15 political organizations in the region took part in it. According to the received votes (27%) Social-Democrat Mensheviks won. The members of the Russian Constituent Assembly were: Noe Jordania, Isidore and Noe Ramishvili, Irakli Tsereteli, Karlo Chkheidze, Akaki Chkhenkeli, Evgeni Gegechkori, Grigol Giorgadze, Vladimer Jibladze and Arshak Zurabov. Ivane Lortkipanidze received the mandate of the SR party, - Federalists and National-Democrats remained without mandates.

After the Bolsheviks dissolved the Constituent Assembly and the hope of democratic development of Russia came to a stop, the political spectrum of Georgia switched to preparation of the local Constituent Assembly.

This book presents a neoclassical realist model for explaining foreign policy-unpacking how and why geopolitics, global factors and domestic politics combine in decisions on war and peace. The authors apply the model to the actions of forty countries in relation to the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Uniquely linking system, interstate (geopolitics), and intrastate (domestic politics) levels of explanation, and benefiting from the WikiLeaks revelations, official documents, and interviews, they offer an important new tool for foreign policy analysis and an original explanation of the war between Russia and Georgia.

Richard Cashman, "The Turkish Key to Greater Central Asia", A New Middle East and the Frontiers of a New Geostrategic Imagination, Caucasus International, Vol. 3 • No: 1-2 • Spring - Summer 2013, http://cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-3-no-1-2-spring-summer-2013

Last checklist of Diving Beetles of Georgia was published in 1953 by F. Zaitzev and included 80 species; since then taxonomic changes occurred and some new species were registered and described. For this reason, it was necessary to update records. Currently there are 25 genera and 85 species registered in Georgia.

Review of the genus Nalassus Mulsant, 1854 fauna of Daghestan with geographic distribution and ecology of each species is give. There are 4 species are distribute in Daghestan. Nalassus (Caucasonotus) avaricus sp. n. is a – new species from Southern Daghestan, closely related to N. (Caucasonotus) zakatalensis Nabozhenko, 2001, from which it differs in the form and punctation of pronotum, as well as in the structure of male genitalia. Male of N. zakatalensis is described. The lectotype of Helops impressicollis Faldermann, 1837 is designated.

Распад единого грузинского государства в 1460-х гг. не мог не сказаться на ослаблении влияния Грузии в соседних с ней странах и, в частности, позиций христианства в горной Аварии. Именно с этим связывается явное усиление во второй половине XV в. в Гидатле процессов исламизации местного населения и распространения их на западную и южную часть горной Аварии (нынешние Цумадинский и Тляратинский районы, соответственно). Ход этого процесса мы хотели отследить на примере биографии личности, сыгравшей в нем значительную роль, а именно, хаджи Удурата из Гидатля.

The Azerbaijani military portal Azerideffence.com recently published information about Baku acquiring French ASTER 30-SAMP/T and VL MICA air-defense missile systems. A representative of the company producing these missile systems—MBDA—confirmed the information. Several days later, the Russian newspaper Kommersant informed that Moscow had refused to sell Baku the Bal-E coastal missile system despite Azerbaijan’s huge interest in purchasing it.

https://www.amazon.com/Book-Wisdom-Lies-Georgian-Discover/dp/9941961670/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1546537186&sr=8-7&keywords=book+of+wisdom+and+lies

The presented edition of Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani's "Book of Wisdom and Lies" is a reprint of Sir Oliver Wardrop's translation that he published in 1894. The publisher was William Morris at the Jelmscott Press, in the County of Middlesex.The idea of republishing of this book was born, because it was Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani's 360th anniversary in 2018 and Georgia dedicated this year to his commemoration. There were made several editions in Georgian, including illustrated edition, by Nino Gambashidze, together with Academic Book Publishing (acad.ge). The international community expressed their interest to get familiar to this author, and in particular with this text. To meet this interest we decided to publish this translation with minor corrections, such as: 1. changing 2nd person singular (thou) into 2nd person plural (you); 2. changing symbol & with conjunction "and"; 3. making more paragraphs, then they were done in existing publication, e.g. distinguishing dialogues.On edition of the text worked Maya Gambashidze and Nino Gambashidze, and the students of Guivi Zaldastanishvili American Academy in Tbilisi: Sopo Kevlishvili, Ana Zamtaradze, Ana Kostava and Giorgi Iashvil.About the design of the book worked Giorgi Kakabadze, who tried to bring the visual side of the text closer to modern reader

Michail Lermontov (1814-1841) ist weltweit als russisches poetisches Genie und Romantiker. In diesem Artikel präsentiere und analysiere ich die Figur des Heldens in seinem aller berühmtesten Roman "EIn Held unserer Zeit".Die analytische Paraphrase des Werkes zielt darauf hin, sowohl die chronologische als auch die nicht-chronologische Reihenfolge der Geschehnisse darzustellen und die Struktur des Romans zwischendurch auch verdeutlichen.

The article deals with the patronage network of the first Caucasian Viceroy Michael Vorontsov. The research is based on the patronizing letters of the Viceroy to the Director of the Caucasian Committee Vladimir Butkov, as well as on the correspondence between Michael Vorontsov and employees and supporters.

Öz XVIII. Yüzyılın başlarına kadar güney ve kuzey Kafkasya, Osmanlı, İran ve Rusya'nın şiddetli bir şekilde rekabet ettiği bir bölge olmuştur. Bölgenin zengin servetlerini ele geçirmekte kararlı olan Rusya, Prut mağlubiyeti sonrasında tüm dikkatini Hazar'ın güney kıyılarına yöneltmişti. Rusya'ya göre Hazar gölü artık bir " iç denizi " haline gelmeli, Doğu ve Batı ticaret güzergahı üzerinde bulunan Azerbaycan ve Gürcistan tamamen ele geçirilmeliydi. Bunu gerçekleştirebilmek için öncelikle bölgenin Hıristiyan milleti olan Gürcistan üzerinde egemenlik sağlanmalıydı. Gürcistan hem güneye, hem de Azerbaycan'a açılan kapıydı. Üstelik XVIII. Yüzyılın başlarında iç çekişmeler nedeniyle güçsüz bir durumdaydı. Ayrıca Osmanlı ve İran baskınlarından da huzursuz oluyordu. Bu yüzden Rusya önce Doğu Gürcistan'a sahip olmaya karar verdi. Bu çalışmada, Ruslar ve Gürcüler arasındaki ilk temaslardan başlayarak Doğu Gürcistan'ın Çarlık Rusyasına bağlanmasına kadar geçen süreç değerlendirilmiştir. Bu nedenle dönemin yayınlanmış arşiv vesikaları ve kaynak eserleri titizlikle incelenmiş, konunun orijinal kaynaklar ışığında bilim dünyasına kazandırılmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Abstract Until the beginning of the 18th century, the southern and northern Caucasus was a region where the Ottomans, Iran and Russia compete vigorously. Russia, determined to capture the region's rich fortunes, had all its attention to the southern shores of the Caspian after Prut's defeat. According to Russia, the Caspian Lake should now become an "inner sea" and the whole of Azerbaijan and Georgia on the eastern and western trade routes must be completely seized. To be able to do this targer, first of all the sovereignty had to be over Georgia which was the Christian nation of the region. Georgia was the gateway to both the south and Azerbaijan. Moreover, in the early part of the 18th century, the sate was in a weak state because of internal strife. He was also disturbed by the Ottoman and Iranian raids. Because of this, Russia decided to have Eastern Georgia first. In this study, the process from the first contact between Russians and Georgians until the connection of Eastern Georgia to Tsarist Russia was evaluated. For this reason, the archives of the period published and the works of literature have been carefully examined and the care has been taken to bring the subject to the world of science in the light of the original sources.

Zviad Koridze, "Georgian Media and Georgian Facebook", Social Media in Politics and Foreign Policy: Can it Transform Eurasia?, Caucasus International, Vol. 1 • No: 2 • Autumn 2011, http://www.cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-1-no-2-autumn-2011

Fariz Ismailzade, "Overcoming threats to stability in Azerbaijan", The Caucasus in the International Arena: Regional & Global Perspectives, Caucasus International, Vol. 1 • No: 1 • Summer 2011, http://cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-1-no-1-summer-2011

Komeli Kakachia, "Shifting gears: Georgia’s Persian gambit and the logic of regional geopolitics", The Caucasus and its Neighbors: Towards the Future, Caucasus International, Vol. 2 • No: 1 • Spring 2012, http://cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-2-no-1-spring-2012

This article examines recent developments in Chechnya with a
particular focus on its leader, Ramzan Kadyrov, whose influence
has long surpassed the borders of the republic and whose further
provocative behaviour and uncontrolled actions may face
repercussions at the federal level. The research consists of two
major parts explaining the psychological, political, social, security,
and economic dimensions of the Kadyrov regime and its potential
for collapse. It employs a cognitive approach to analyse the
Kadyrov–Putin relationship as well as a behavioural perspective
focusing on individual–psychological factors. In addition, the study
thoroughly analyses Kadyrov’s regime and the elements of his
personal clout that remain heavily dependent on Moscow’s
assistance. The article concludes that, despite frictions, the
Kadyrov regime has been advantageous to federal authorities, has
mostly operated within Moscow’s comfort zone, and has pushed
forward Moscow’s interests. As long as the strategic partnerships
between Grozny and Moscow and Kadyrov and Putin continue,
there will be no significant steps taken to replace the regional
leader.

במאמר זה מוצג מחקר הבוחן את תפיסותיהם של יהודים עולים מצפון הקווקז ומזרחו (היהודים ההרריים) בנוגע למקומם ומעמדם בחברה הישראלית. עלייה ותהליכי השתלבות של עולים במדינה חדשה מלווים בקשיים הנובעים מהבדלי תרבות ומנטליות. מצב זה יכול להביא לתהליכים נמרצים במערך מאפייני הזהות של המהגרים הנדרשים להתאים את עצמם לחברה החדשה. עיקר חידושו של המחקר הוא בחשיפת ההתנגשות המתקיימת בין מאפייני זהות שונים שהתגלו במעבר מתרבות לתרבות ובחינת ההשלכות של מפגש הזהויות של בני העדה עם החברה הקולטת על הדימוי הקבוצתי והמעמד החברתי. המחקר נסמך על 30 ראיונות עומק עם בני העדה שהגיעו לישראל עם גלי העלייה של שנות התשעים. הממצאים מצביעים על קונפליקט תרבותי וחברתי בולט בקרב צעירים מהדור וחצי והדור השני, הנובע משלילתה ומאי- שילובה של תרבותם מהקווקז בחברה הישראלית. כמו כן עולים הבדלים בין מבוגרים מהדור הראשון לצעירים מהדור וחצי והדור השני ביחס לשיח הזהויות וההשתלבות החברתית- התרבותית בחברה הישראלית.

Najiba Mustafayeva, "The UN Security Council and the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict", 25 Years of Independence in the South Caucasus, Caucasus International, Vol. 7 • No: 1 • Summer 2017, http://cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-7-o-no-1-o-summer-2017

The Article provides an overview of the historiography of the description of Dagestan carpet-weaving as a component of the domestic economy, material culture and aesthetic consciousness, as well as some ornamental and compositional and technical characteristics of local varieties of carpets and rugs.
Analysis of literature data and field ethnographic materials suggests that Dagestan carpet-weaving is characterized by ornamental features and compositional diversity; by abundance of local centers which used to produce these carpets and rugs; by art and technical features of Dagestan carpets which visibly testified in which part of Dagestan, in what village they are woven. Actually, this seems the most impressive feature of the Dagestan carpet culture. It is noteworthy that many well known types of Caucasian rugs are named as Lezgi (Mirakh, Akhty, Kabir, Akhty, Zahur (Zeihur), Chi-Chi), Kumyk (Kayakent, Kumtorkala), Avar (Tlyarota) villages. In the World there are no analogues to ornamental and color composition of flat-weave carpet types "dum","davagin", "salmag" "soumakh ", which were woven in a certain Kumyk, Avar, Lezgi villages.
So, the particularly of Dagestan carpet-weaving is expressed by:
a) the abundance of original carpet designs, developed to canonical level of perfection and clearly localized in the districts and villages;
b) variability of the ornamental and technological characteristics:
с) plurality of local types of carpets;
g) fineness of weaving technique;
d) quality of wool of the Dagestan mountain breed of sheep;
e) coloring properties of the Derbent madder roots which, comparing with all known World species of this plant, has a superior content of the red colorant. All this, combined with the skillful, painstaking work of the weavers, determines the finesse of the Dagestan carpets, which is easily detected by the naked eye and without special knowledge.

The classification suggested by the author is based on 735 items, for 120 of wich the absolute date is knows. Is classification is an open one, and the inclusion of any new type of figurine woud not disrupt it. The suggested scheme does not solve the general problems of dating the figurines, yet it gives an idea on the time of many variants of anthropomorphic figurines testifies to the abundance and variety of cults in the Caucasus. Distribution of the figurines in the territory of Noth Caucasian and Transcaucasian archeological cultures show that the development of cults in the entire region followed a single pattern. It provided impossible to identify a set of figurines peculiar  to only one archeological culure, wich proves the supracultural character of the phenomenon wich can not be considered within a single archeological culture or region of the Caucasus.

Gulmira Rzayeva," A complicated Corridor: Gas to Europe - It's not just economics", The Caspian Energy Dance: Towards a New Age of Partnership?, Caucasus International, Vol. 2 • No: 2 • Summer 2012, http://cijournal.az/post/caucasus-international-vol-2-no-2-summer-2012

Статья посвящена введению в научный оборот нового источника по истории Дагестана и Чечни XVII-XVIII вв., которое условно можно назвать продолжение «Тарих Аргвани». Вместе с тем, в данном источнике описываются и события, не имевшие прямого отношения к Аргвани, как-то возникновение антиколониального движения шейха Мансура (1785-1791). Основное внимание в источнике уделено земельному вопросу, а также выяснению принадлежности тех или иных спорных территорий, расположенных большей частью вдоль современной границы Дагестана и Чечни. Также источник позволяет уточнить некоторые спорные моменты социальной истории северного Дагестана, а именно выясняется, что в Аргвани правили представители фамилии Турурал (Турловых), т.е. боковой ветви аварских нуцалов, правивших в северной части горной Аварии и восточной части предгорной Чечни.

This book explores the causes and dynamics of ethnic conflict and civil war, distinguishing between onset-based and process-based theories. He introduces a scheme of periodization which links the phase of low-scale inter-ethnic violence with the phase of sustainable organized violence, asserting the crucial importance of elites and their use of opportunity in power asymmetry as a key factor in instigating full-scale civil war.

This book also examines the relevance of major theoretical and methodological approaches currently dominating the field of ethnic conflict and civil war research, testing their efficacy by applying them to three major South Caucasus conflicts of the late 1980s and early 1990s.

As a merger of theoretical and empiricist approaches, this book focuses on the case-specific contextual richness of the local conflicts in Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia to draw solid theoretical conclusions as well as providing suggestions for the improvement of current theories.