Veterinary Medicine

In addition to his particular skill and knowledge in calming the goddess Sekhmet, the wab priest had other functions and abilities. In the sources we find him described both as an expert in making medical diagnoses by observing blood circulation and as the veterinarian responsible for the bull stables in the temples. He was the only one with the ability to distinguish the living hypostases of the god Apis and was enabled to certify the purity of the animals to be sacrificed. By the ritual slaughter and butchering of bulls under his supervision the prophylactic protection of Egypt was sought. However, the wab-priest of Sekhmet had a double role: he spread diseases and also cured them. This duality defined the priest as much as it defined the ambivalent goddess he served. Indeed, holding life and death in her hands, this goddess had the privilege of preserving life as well as the power to send calamities. The wab-priest could interact with Sekhmet since his purity immunized him from the dangerous effects of the goddess' fury. Once she had been pacified and ritually neutralized, Sekhmet's qualities were transferred to and assimilated by her officiant. The survival of these officiants into the Roman period is further proof of the cultural resilience of Ancient Egypt under Greco-Roman domination.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of imidocarb dipropionate and oxytetracycline-doxycycline combination therapy on the basis of improvement in clinical, haemato-biochemical parameters in ehrlichiosis in dogs. Total 12 dogs positive for ehrlichia were selected for the study and randomly divided into 2 groups. First group of ehrlichia positive dogs was treated with oxytetracycline @ 22 mg/kg body weight intravenously for 3 days followed by doxycycline @ 10 mg/kg body weight orally for 21 days along with supportive therapy. Second group of 6 ehrlichia positive dogs was treated with two doses of Imidocarb dipropionate @ 6 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly at 14 days intervals along with supportive treatment. The study concluded that both the drugs found effective against ehrlichiosis in dogs along with improvement in clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters. However, imidocarb dipropionate demonstrated faster recovery on the basis of improvement in clinical and haemato-biochemical parameters than the long-term treatment with oxytetracycline-doxycycline combination therapy in ehrlichia infected dogs.

Sound plays a key role in the environment from identifying to analysing. The production of sound signifies various aspects to produce a specific effect up-to a special distance till which it travels. The friction of materials leads a release of sound waves impacting a targeted zone. However, the waves produce is determined by a unit dB (decibals). Hence, a frequency of sound if crosses the level of standard dB of prescribed sound, lead in production of Noise / Sound pollution. The current research experiment is attempted to determine the sound/noise pollution by using a Digital Sound level meter in the environmental zone at Sundernagar; located in Malad (west), Mumbai, India. The research experiment successfully concludes the sound pollution produced by the vehicle with maximum and minimum limits of dB which is statistically proven and found to be significant at 0.05 and 0.01 levels by a test of One Way-ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA).

Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabı, öncelikle Veteriner Fakültesi öğrencilerine ders kitabı olarak hazırlanmıştır. Bilindiği gibi hastalıklar, canlı dokularda oluşan değişikliklerin, lezyonların bir sonucudur. Patoloji, canlı dokulardaki bu değişikliklerin oluşumunu yani hastalığın patogenezini, oluşan lezyonların patolojik-anatomik yapılarını makroskobik ve mikroskobik düzeyde değerlendirerek hastalığın nedenini belirlemeye çalışan bir bilim dalıdır. Bir hekimin bir hastalığı nasıl tedavi edeceğini kararlaştırırken, hastalığın patogenezini, dokularda oluşan lezyonları, yani o hastalığın patolojisini de iyi bilmesi avantaj sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle öğrencilerimize ve meslektaşlarımıza, başarılı bir veteriner hekim olabilmenin yolunun hastalıkların patolojilerinin de iyi bilinmesinden geçtiğini vurgulamakta yarar vardır. Ayrıca organlarda gözlenen değişikliklerin iyi yorumlanması, teşhisi kolaylaştırarak doğru tedavi sürecine erken başlanmasına ve önemli ekonomik kayıpların önüne geçilmesine yardımcı olacaktır.
Hazırlanan kitapla, ilgili organlarda anlatılan hastalık ve lezyonlar, çoğunluğu makroskobik olmak üzere mümkün olduğu kadar bol resimle desteklenerek görselliği artırılmaya çalışılmış, böylece öğrenmeyi kolaylaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Bu şekilde hem veteriner fakültesi öğrencilerine hem de akademisyen ve veteriner hekimlere önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmüştür. Kitapta kullanılan makroskobik ve histopatolojik resimlerin büyük çoğunluğu Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı rutin resim arşivi ile yürütülen tez ve projelerden sağlanmıştır. Bazı resimler Münih Ludwig-Maximilians Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Enstitüsü Direktörlüğü izniyle kullanılmış ve resim altında (LMU Münih’ten) şeklinde belirtilmiştir. Resimlerin bir kısmı ise Dr. Maarten Drost’un izniyle “http://www.drostproject.org” web sayfasından, Prof. Dr. S.Serap Birincioğlu (Türkütanıt) ve Prof. Dr. Zabid Yener’in doktora tezlerinden alınmıştır. Adı geçenlere resimlerin kitapta kullanılmasına izin vermeleri nedeniyle şükranlarımızı sunarız.
Doku ve organlardaki lezyonların kolaylıkla gözlenebilmesi ve organlardaki lezyonlara ait renk değişikliklerinin daha kolay fark edilebilmesi için resimler ilgili bölümlerde renkli olarak sunulmuştur. 
Veteriner Sistemik Patoloji kitabının I. Cildi “Sindirim ve Solunum Sistemleri Patolojisi”ni içermekteydi. Kitabın II. Cildi ise “Sinir Sistemi”, “Kardiyovaskuler Sistem”, “Hematopoietik Sistem, “Üriner Sistem”,“Dişi Genital Sistem”, “Erkek Genital Sistem” ve “Deri” Patolojisi konularını kapsamaktadır.
Veteriner Hekimlik eğitimine, akademisyenlere ve veteriner hekimlere patoloji alanında önemli katkılar sağlayacağını umduğumuz kitapta kullanılan resimlerin elde edilmesinde emeği geçen ve farklı zamanlarda Anabilim Dalımızda hizmet vermiş tüm Öğretim Elemanlarına teşekkür ederiz. Yeni öğretim yılına yetiştirebilmek için mevcut ders notlarının güncellenmesi ve renkli resimler eklenmesiyle kısa sürede hazırlanan bu ders kitabındaki eksik ve hataların tarafımıza bildirilmesi, sonraki baskının daha kusursuz hale getirilmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Yapıcı eleştiri ve önerilerini bizlere ileterek destek olacak tüm ilgililere ve meslektaşlarımıza şimdiden şükranlarımızı sunarız.


YAZARLAR
Mart 2016, Konya

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been identified as a significant problem in goat production, especially in the arid and semiarid lowland areas of Ethiopia. Even though CCPP was reported in most of the goat rearing areas of the country, there is no adequate information on the disease in the Amhara Region. Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the districts of Western Amhara to estimate the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors for occurrence of the CCPP. The risk factors considered included age, sex, agroclimate, and districts. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was carried out on a total of 400 goat sera samples, out of which 34 samples were found seropositive for specific antibodies against CCPP, with the overall seroprevalence of 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) =5.8, 11.2). Among the epidemiological factors considered, age and sex of the goats were not significantly associated with CCPP sero...

The study aimed to record the incidence, relieve and outcome of dystocia in cattle by either conservative treatment or caesarean section. A Total of 10 clinical cases of dystocia in cattle were screened in Veterinary College Hospital, Hassan for a period of six months from January 2019 to June 2019. Present study revealed the incidence of foetal cause of dystocia (60%) to be more common than maternal cause of dystocia (40%). Incomplete cervical dilatation (33%) was the most common maternal cause of dystocia followed by pre cervical torsion (10%). Lateral deviation of neck (30%) was the commonest foetal cause of dystocia followed by bilateral hock flexion (20%) and Anasarca (10%).The cases were resolved either by manual traction or by caesarean section and those attended in time resulted in an increased foetal survival rate (60%)

Anal atresia is defined as the lack of a complete communication between rectum and the anus, it is the most common anorectal malformation and has been observed mainly in dogs. It has been associated to alterations of anogenital differentiation of the cloaca in the embryo, however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Different criteria have been proposed in the literature to classify anal atresia. This study shows the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of three cases (two dogs and one cat) with anal atresia. The frequency of this malformation in our hospital is reported as well as a discussion of the theories of the processes involved in the development of anal atresia, and a revised classification for this pathology according to embryo anatomy and development is proposed.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three tests for the early pregnancy diagnosis in ewes and does. Methods: A total of 50 ewes and 50 does urine samples were collected in which 25 ewes and 25 does were pregnant, and 25 ewes and 25 does were non-pregnant from different farmers in Babugonj upazila of Barishal district and Sadar upazila of Bhola district. The pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and does were primarily selected from farmer's record of management history. The pregnancy of ewes and does were confirmed through scanning by B-mode ultrasound machine. Three pregnancy diagnostic tests like barium chloride, copper sulfate and ballottement were evaluated considering B-mode ultrasound technique as gold standard. Results: The sensitivity of manual ballottement technique (MBT) was highest among the three tests: 96% in ewes and 92% in does. On the other hand, the specificity (96%) of the MBT was higher in ewes and that of the copper sulfate test (CST) (91.7%) was higher in does. The highest positive predictive value (PPV) of MBT (95.8%) was in ewes but the PPV of CST was highest (91.7%) in does. The negative predictive value of the MBT was highest both in ewes (92.3%) and does (95.7%). Conclusions: MBT can be considered as a screening test for the early diagnosis of pregnancy in ewes and does. MBT positive cases can be confirmed by ultrasonograpy whenever needed.

Camels usually inhabit remote areas, where diagnostic facilities and laboratories are very scarce. The species differences between the camel and other domestic animals necessitate some specific examination techniques. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical examination methods and sources of common errors that require special consideration in the camel. Young camels are examined in the standing position, while adults require restraint. Restraining procedures, both standing and in sternal recumbency, are described. New equipment and a crush were designed. The body temperature of the camels examined fluctuated from 35.7 to 38.9°C, being lowest in the morning and highest in the afternoon; high temperature in the morning is indicative of fever, while high afternoon temperatures could be hyperthermia. It was difficult to take the pulse rate for routine procedures. The heart rate ranged from 35 to 50 per min; there was no difference between the heart rate in the morning a...

Bovine mastitis, which is an inflammation of the mammary gland frequently resulting from bacterial infection, causes the majority of economic losses to the dairy producers. The prevalence of mastitis in dairy cattle is relatively high. Bovine mastitis can be classified based on clinical futures as clinical orsubclinical. Both forms produce significant economic losses due to rejected milk, degraded milk quality, early culling of cows, drug costs, veterinary expenses and increased labour costs for the farmer. Moreover, subclinical mastitis is the main form of mastitis in modern dairy herds, exceeding 20 to 50% of cows in given herds. The cost of subclinical mastitis is very difficult to quantify, but most of the researchers agree that it can be up to 40 times more common than clinical mastitis. In India, the estimated loss due to mastitis is around Rs. 16,702 million per annum. Subclinical mastitis was found more important in India than clinical mastitis especially in cows (10-50%) and buffaloes (5-20%). The predominant causal organisms of mastitis are cell-walled bacteria, although mycoplasma, yeast and algae have also been reported to cause mastitis. Various predisposing factors like physiological, genetic, pathological or environmental may contribute to the emergence of mastitis in dairy cattle. Presently antibiotics are used for the treatment of mastitis. However, therapeutic success rate is poor due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics leading to development of multiple drug resistant pathogens. Besides this, major problems in bovine mastitis with intracellular pathogens like S.aureus because of poor cure rate. These facts highlight the need for completely newer strategies for treatment of mastitis.

Background: Urdbean’s low productivity is largely due to its susceptibility against whitefly-transmitted mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. The effect of Salicylic acid (SA) on MYMV disease resistance and its impact on seed yield under field conditions on diverse genotypes is largely unknown. Therefore, in present investigation, we have analysed the effect of SA on induction of antioxidant enzymes leading to MYMV resistance and enhanced seed yield in urdbean genotypes. Methods: Different concentrations of SA were sprayed on 3 week-old susceptible urdbean genotype (LBG 623) and induction of antioxidant enzymes was analysed. A pot experiment was conducted to see the effect of SA on initial induction of antioxidant enzymes maintained over long period of time in 39 urdbean genotypes. Under field conditions, the effect of SA treatment on MYMV disease resistance and seed yield was assessed. Result: Rise in antioxidant enzyme production was observed in SA treated urdbean plants c...

This study investigated the prevalence and the species composition of ectoparasites of dogs in Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia from December 2017 to March 2018. Physical examinations were undergone in 384 dogs and laboratory identification was employed on the ectoparasites. Of the 384 dogs examined, 365 (95.05%) were infested with one or more of ticks, lice or flees. Overall a total of seven different species of flea were recorded in the dogs. The most prevalent ectoparasite identified was Ctenocephalides felis (79.69%) followed by Ctenocephalides canis (71.35%) while the other species collected and identified were Rhipicephalus sanguine (10.42%), Linognathus setosus (7.81%), Pulex irritans (4.17%), Trichodectus canis (2.6%), and Ambylomma spp. (2.6%). The present study showed no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence of ectoparasites between young and adult dogs. However, statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the prevalence of ect...

In this study multiplex PCR was used for typing of Clostridium perfringens isolates from soil, clinically healthy and diseased sheep. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 41 out of 100 soil samples, 12 out of 100 clinically healthy sheep and 118 out of 200 sheep with enterotoxaemia signs. Genotyping of 41 isolates from soil indicated that 29 (70.73%) were type A, 3 (7.31%) were type B and 9 (21.95%) were type D. Of 12 isolates from clinically healthy sheep 6 (50%) were type A and 6 (50%) were type D. Of 118 isolates from diseased sheep 42 (35.59%) were type A, 22 (18.64%) were type B and 54 (45.76%) were type D. This result indicates that Clostridium perfringens type A, B and D are the main types causing enterotoxaemia in sheep in Egypt and Clostridium perfringens type A must be included in any vaccine programme to ensure optimum protection.

Fungal diseases of poultry have become problematic as bacterial and viral
diseases. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence of
fungal agents in broiler chickens suffering from respiratory disorders. The
prevalence rate of fungal isolation was 53.1% including mycelia fungi (42%)
and yeast isolates (11.1%). Mould isolates were identified as Aspergillus
fumigatus (21.7%), Aspergillus flavus (8.4%), Aspergillus niger (8.4%),
Aspergillus nidulans (1.3%), Cladosporium spp. (0.4%) and Penicillium spp.
(1.8%). Concerning yeast isolates, Candida spp. was the most predominant
which were identified as C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis (2.7% each), C.
krusei, C. regosa (2.2% each), and C. stellatoidea (0.4%). Moreover, one
Cryptococcus sp. was recovered and identified as C. neoformans (0.9%). PCR
assay using oligonucleotide primer amplifying a 570 bp fragment based on
ITS region gene was conducted on randomly selected 9 isolates including 6
Aspergillus spp. (A. flavus, A. niger, A. fumigates; 2 each) as well as 3 yeast
isolates (two isolates of C. albicans and one isolate of C. neoformans). All
tested isolates had positive reactions.

Since 1979 and 1980 when the first reports of clinical feline hyperthyroidism (FHT) appeared in the literature, our understanding of the disease has evolved tremendously. Initially, FHT was a disease that only referral clinicians treated. Now it is a disease that primary clinicians routinely manage. Inclusion of the measurement of total thyroxine concentration in senior wellness panels, as well as in diagnostic work-ups for sick cats, now enables diagnosis of the condition long before the cat becomes the classic scrawny, unkempt, agitated patient with a bulge in its neck. However, earlier recognition of the problem has given rise to several related questions: how to recognize the health significance of the early presentations of the disease; how early to treat the disease; whether to treat FHT when comorbid conditions are present; and how to manage comorbid conditions such as chronic kidney disease and cardiac disease with treatment of FHT. The 2016 AAFP Guidelines for the Managemen...

OBJETIVO O estudante explicará a conduta sexual de fêmeas e machos de diferentes espécies domésticas para detectar a fase de receptividade sexual, com a finalidade de programar de maneira adequada a monta ou a inseminação artificial. A observação da conduta sexual dos animais é indispensável para o sucesso da estação reprodutiva em uma determinada propriedade. Logo, o estudante obterá o alicerce necessário sobre os pontos teóricos e práticos a serem observados para a seleção dos animais aptos para a reprodução, além dos meios de identificação comportamental dos animais no que se refere a atividade cíclica das fêmeas. • _____INTRODUÇÃO O comportamento sexual característico de fêmeas e machos devem-se, por um lado, ao ambiente endócrino do organismo e, por outro, a uma influência da aprendizagem obtida ao longo da vida. Este comportamento é indispensável para alcançar a cópula em um momento apropriado, a fim de alcançar uma fertilização que culmina com a gestação. Conhecer as características do comportamento reprodutivo das diferentes espécies domésticas é de grande utilidade para poder determinar o momento ideal de serviço nas fêmeas, bem como para avaliar a capacidade reprodutiva dos machos; também serve para detectar algumas alterações que modificam o comportamento sexual normal. No caso das fêmeas, o comportamento sexual distintivo está limitado ao estágio do ciclo estral conhecido como estro, enquanto nos machos, a atividade reprodutiva pode acontecer a qualquer momento. Nas fêmeas e nos machos das espécies sazonais, o comportamento sexual é suprimido ou diminuído, respectivamente, durante as épocas de anestro. Existem espécies em que certas mudanças observáveis no comportamento ou na genitália são suficientes para identificar as fêmeas no cio. Outras espécies, entretanto, requerem necessariamente a presença do macho para poder expressar seu comportamento estral e somente quando ele estiver presente será possível estabelecer o momento em que a fêmea está em estro. Em determinadas propriedades, o macho reprodutor somente é utilizado para cobrir as fêmeas em cio; o trabalho de detecção das fêmeas que pode ser desgastante para o reprodutor é realizado por um outro macho conhecido como rufião. Esse animal não cobre as fêmeas, apenas é utilizado para a observação de fêmeas aptas à monta. É comum que, quando se fala em comportamento sexual, seja dada mais importância à fêmea do que ao macho, pois seu comportamento é aquele que se limita a períodos curtos, além de ser aquele que permitirá a cópula; mas os machos também têm uma participação muito ativa, pois além de atrair e detectar as fêmeas no cio, devem ser capazes de realizar a cópula com sucesso. Através da conduta sexual dos machos é observada sua eficiência reprodutiva, isto é, se ele possui a capacidade de detecção e cobrição padrão esperada de um reprodutor. Se as observações forem negativas, o ideal é a realização de um exame andrológico. • _____ETAPAS DO COMPORTAMENTO SEXUAL O comportamento sexual feminino possui três finalidades: atrair o macho (atração) por meio de sinais e da busca ativa do mesmo, estimular o macho para realizar a cópula (proceptividade), ao qual alcançam exibindo-se ante o mesmo, e facilitar a cópula (receptividade) ao permanecer imóvel, realizando a lordose (figura 1) e o movimento lateral da cauda. Figura 1: reflexo de lordose na vaca e na gata, ambas em cio. Os machos também apresentam três estágios comportamentais; na primeira, procuram ativamente as fêmeas, realizam atividades de cortejo, se aproximam da fêmea e se estimulam sexualmente (fase pré-copulatória) (figura 2). Assim que detectam uma fêmea no cio, realizam a monta, que inclui movimentos pélvicos, penetração e ejaculação (fase copulatória). No final, eles exibem um estágio de descanso e desinteresse pela fêmea no cio, conhecido como estágio pós-copulador ou refratário. Figura 2: comportamento sexual de um macho caprino ante uma fêmea. A etapa pré-copulatória consiste na aproximação do macho, no ato de fugar que é o de cheirar a vulva da fêmea. Quando a fêmea urina o macho cheira e produz o reflexo de flehmen. Por último o macho escoiceia a fêmea para depois realizar a monta na etapa copulatória.

In view of recent developments in human-animal relations, vets and ethicists face a new problem: On the one hand, animals such as mammals and birds are used extensively and are in danger to be reduced to mere production units e. g. in the agricultural production, measuring devices in laboratories, sports equipment etc. On the other hand, biologically similar animals are perceived as family members or partners and are almost treated like humans. The article summarizes the results of a workshop that dealt with reductionism and anthropomorphism in human-animal relations. Vets and ethicists tackled the question how the unequal treatment of biologically similar animals can be better understood and whether it can be ethically justified. In the first section, the problem of inconsistency in human-animals relations is briefly sketched. The second part of the article addresses the ethics of unequal treatment of similar animals in different contexts. The following section inquires possible so...

The poultry industry is an infant but fast growing sector in Ethiopia. However, it is largely dependent on local chicken managed under backyard production system. The sector is facing different challenges, mainly emanated from prevalence of infectious diseases such as helminth parasite species. Hence, this study came up with an aim to determine the infection rate and identify helminth parasite species in chickens managed under different production systems, in Mekelle, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was employed, from November 2015 to March 2016. Postmortem (N=138) and fecal (N=410) samples of chicken were considered for necropsy and coproscopic examination to see both adult and eggs of helminth parasites, respectively. Similar gastrointestinal helminth parasites infection rate of chicken was obtained from both examination approaches (necropsy, 90.60%; and coproscopy, 90.97%). The study attested high prevalence (87.7%) of mixed infection with helminth parasites of chicken. ...

Cryptosporidium is one of the most prevalent protozoan parasites causing a disease in a wide range of birds. Wild pigeons are found in abundance around us and maybe infected or harbor many species of Cryptosporidium that can be transmitted to other animals or humans. This study was aimed to discover the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in wild pigeons that inhabit in Babylon province, Iraq. A total of one hundred fecal samples were collected from wild pigeons and subjected to two diagnostic methods: staining by modified Ziehl-Neelsen-technique and molecular analyses using nested-PCR for amplification of fragments of the 18S rRNA gene. The total positivity for Cryptosporidium detection from both microscopical examination and nested-PCR results was 6% (6/100) and 11% (11/100) respectively. Sequencing of all positive amplified nested PCR results allowed the identification of Cryptosporidium baileyi 9/11 (81.81%) and C. parvum 2/11 (18.18%). Nested PCR was more sensitive for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp. than the staining method. In conclusion, the high prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium baileyi and less C. parvum in wild pigeons indicating the ability of these birds to harbor the infection and transmit these parasites to other birds or humans. These results provide baseline data to help for more studies of molecular epidemiology and control of Cryptosporidium infection in poultry in Iraq.