Orchids

ABSTRACT Floriculture is commercial production, marketing and retail sale of cut flowers and potted plants as well as home gardening and flower arrangement. Arunachal Pradesh has started to promote floriculture, especially orchids for export oriented cut-flower industries. The diverse agro-climatic condition provides an ideal opportunity for growth of agro-based industries. Floriculture is one of such industry having great potential in the state. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the problems and prospects of floriculture in Arunachal Pradesh with a focus on orchids. A comprehensive survey and interview was conducted for the existing orchid research and development centers to derive suitable conclusions. The study reveals about 550 species of orchids in the state, out of which about 100 species are ornamental belonging to genera Aerides, Ascocentrum

Resumo: Um novo táxon é descrito para o estado do Amazonas, oriundo da região do Lago de Carabanatuba, município Humaitá, no bioma Amazônia. A vegetação dominante na área é a Floresta Ombrófila Densa, com clima quente e úmido e elevação máxima de 90m. Com características morfológicas que o assemelham ao Catasetum denticulatum Miranda, a espécie aqui proposta se destaca por apresentar inflorescência compacta que surge da base de pseudobulbos maduros, flores densamente agrupadas e maiores, bem como pela época de floração diferente. Abstract: (A new species of Catasetum described for Amazonas state, Brazil) A new taxon is described for the state of Amazonas, originally from Lake Carabanatuba, Humaitá municipality, region in the Amazon biome. The dominant vegetation in the area is dense rain forest, with hot and humid weather and maximum elevation of 90 m. With some similarity with Catasetum denticulatum Miranda, the species here proposed stands out for presenting a compact inflorescence that arises from the base of the mature pseudobulbs, larger and densely packed flowers, as well as a different flowering period.

The Polystachyinae is an orchid subtribe with a pantropical distribution. It occurs from southern North America and tropical and subtropical South America, throughout tropical and subtropical Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, to south-eastern tropical Asia. Ten genera and 232 species are recognized within the Polystachyinae based on data from morphological and molecular analyses. Phylogeny of the subtribe was based on DNA sequences for plastid and nuclear data. The subtribe is well characterized by pseudobulbous stems with conduplicate, distichous leaves, a racemose or paniculate inflorescence arising from the top of the pseudobulb, non-resupinate flowers with a prominent mentum and an uppermost lip. Polystachya, with 196 species, is the largest genus of the subtribe and thirteen sections are recognized within it. A synopsis of the subtribe is provided. A comprehensive description, full synonymy, illustration of flower parts and a distribution map as well as detailed ecological, phenological and distribution data are provided for each taxon treated and a list of 5480 examined specimens from the whole range of distribution of the subtribe were analysed in detail. A review of the relevant literature for the species is given. Taxonomic key for determination of the genera of the Polystachyinae is included, as well as keys for the species of particular genera, sections and subsections and regional keys to the Asian, American and African species of Polystachya. One species (Polystachya isabelae), five sections (Bicalcaratae, Galeatae, Oreochares, Steudnerae and Pseudomonophyllae), six subsections (Caespitificae, Gracilentae, Rhodopterae, Spatellae, Stauroglossae and Zambesiacae) are newly described and two new combinations are proposed (Polychaetae and Kermesinae). Geerinckia is newly treated as a synonym of Polystachya; Geerinckia couloniana is newly treated as a synonym of Polystachya greatrexii and Polystachya ridleyi is newly treated as a synonym of P. adansoniae. As part of a detailed nomenclatural review ninety-seven lectotypes and five neotypes (Polystachya caespitosa, P. geraënsis, P. holstii, P. lineata and P. stenophylla) are designated.

Keywords: Africa, Bayesian analysis, ITS, lectotypification, molecular phylogeny, maximum parsimony, morphology, Polystachyinae, rpl16, rpl32-trnL, taxonomy.

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At once delicate, exotic, and elegant, orchids are beloved for their singular, instantly recognizable beauty. Found in nearly every climate, the many species of orchid have carried symbolic weight in countless cultures over time. The ancient Greeks associated them with fertility and thought that parents who ingested orchid root tubers could control the sex of their child. During the Victorian era, orchids became deeply associated with romance and seduction. And in twentieth-century hard-boiled detective stories, they transformed into symbols of decadence, secrecy, and cunning. What is it about the orchid that has enthralled the imagination for so many centuries? And why do they still provoke so much wonder?

Presentation to the Australasian Native Orchid Society student judges for the judging course in Newcastle (2019) with regard to the terrestrial orchids they are likely to see for judging.

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This article deals with the classification of the European orchids in Family, Sub-families and Tribes. This classification is based on the morphology of the colimm. The floral structure, more specifically the various adaptations of the stigma and the modification of the rostellum are of great importance for the classification. The structure of the column of the European orchids and its evolution are discussed briefly.

The present work was aimed to study the effect of various grinding agents and detergents on the amount and purity of
the extracted DNA from diverse plant samples. Agents supporting grinding process were liquid nitrogen, acid washed
sand and glass beads, along with a number of concentrations of two detergents i.e. SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate)
and CTAB (Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Six plants species Croton (Codiaeum variegatum), Tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum), Orchid (Orchis militaris), Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), Pineapple (Ananas
cosmosus) and Aloe (Aloe vera); were selected for DNA isolation and these plant species differ in their leaf texture as
well as polysaccharides and phenolics content. The results obtained showed the presence of linear relationship between
detergent and yield of the DNA with a little influence on the purity. The type of grinding agent did not significantly
affect the purity of the extracted DNA but the amount of extracted DNA is greatly influenced. The purest DNA samples
of all six plants species were selected and subjected to PCR amplification.

A study of the types of Encyclia expansa (Rchb. f.) P. Ortiz, Encyclia maderoi Schltr. and Encyclia magdalenae Withner combined with examination of live Colombian material leads to the conclusion that they are synonyms of Encyclia replicata (Lindl. & Paxt.) Schltr.

El Desarrollo que ha tenido Colombia en las ultimas décadas ha generado que la biodiversidad que se presenta en el territorio nacional se haya visto diezmada por distintas acciones, dentro de la cuales se encuentran la ampliación de la frontera agrícola y los cambios en el uso del suelo. Estos nuevos cambios que han diezmado las poblaciones naturales de muchas especies animales y vegetales, deben estar contrarestados con acciones de gestión que permitan la recuperación de las poblaciones de aquellos grupos que por algún grado de amenaza ó por su importancia dentro del ecosistema necesiten de condiciones de manejo puntuales con el fin de que sigan estando presentes. Uno de los instrumentos que se ha implementado en Colombia para proteger a estos grupos ha sido mediante el sistema de vedas de flora.
Dentro de las definiciones que se pueden encontrar sobre vedas están las siguientes: las vedas son el instrumento de restricción y regulación del uso de determinadas especies en tiempo y territorio, cuando existan evidencias o indicios que las mismas están siendo amenazadas por factores antropogénicos, causados por la caza, captura o extracción del medio natural, independientemente del fin que tengan los mismos, ó, también se definen como un acto administrativo, establecido por la autoridad competente, en que está prohibido capturar o extraer un recurso biológico en un área determinada por un espacio de tiempo. 
Este documento lo hizo el autor como parte de los productos a entregar a la Dirección de Ecosistemas del Ministerio de Ambiente en el 2011.

The Sétif province is renowned for its floristic and ecological diversity. This biodiversity demands a proper field investigation to locate, identify and map the region’s rare and threatened species. Of these species, orchids remain the most symbolic, not only because of their beauty, but also because of the fragility of their habitats and the threats to their preservation. In this paper, the authors describe the new orchid sites discovered in the Sétif province. Twenty-six (26) orchid species and subspecies were observed, identified and geolocated. Of these, Orchis purpurea subsp. purpurea, Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. battandieri, Orchis mascula subsp. maghrebiana, Ophrys omegaifera subsp. hayekii and Ophrys marmorata subsp. marmorata were observed for the first time in the region. Dactylorhiza elata s.l. is relatively abundant, but only in wet areas that have suffered recent human deterioration, thus raising fears about its conservation.

En México se estima que existen 1257 especies (Soto-Arenas et al., 2007), muy probablemente esta cifra pueda variar y elevarse a 1300 a 1400  en la medida en que se hace más detallado el conocimiento de la orquideoflora del país. En este sentido en Veracruz se han registrado 432 especies, lo que corresponde al 36% de la riqueza nacional, únicamente por debajo de Chiapas y Oaxaca en riqueza de espe-cies. Esta alta diversidad de Orchidaceae en Veracruz, es producto de su pasado y presente geológico, climático y edáfico que determinan las características actuales, haciendo de esta región una de las más diversas y complejas en flora y fauna del país.  Debido a sus condiciones fisio-gráficas, climáticas, Veracruz cuenta con 22 tipos de vegetación que pueden ser resumidas en las zonas tropicales húmedas del centro y sur, las templadas del norte y las semiáridas del oeste (Gómez-Pompa et al., 2010). Esta diversidad de habitas ha favorecido la riqueza especifica de la flora del estado.

Anggrek hitam (Coelogyne pandurata) yang merupakan anggrek endemik pulau kalimantan makin teranca, keberadaannya, terdapat banyak faktor yang menyebabkannya.  Pengetahuan akan penyebab ancamannya adalah hal yg penting bagi penemuan cara untuk pelestariannya.

Between 1916 and 1927, botanists in several countries independently resolved three problems that had mystified earlier naturalists – including Charles Darwin: how did the many
species of orchid that did not produce nectar persuade insects to pollinate them? Why did some orchid flowers seem to mimic insects? And why should a native British orchid suffer ‘attacks’
from a bee? Half a century after Darwin’s death, these three mysteries were shown to be aspects of a phenomenon now known as pseudocopulation, whereby male insects are deceived into attempting to mate with the orchid’s flowers, which mimic female insects; the males then carry the flower’s pollen with them when they move on to try the next deceptive orchid. Early twentieth-century botanists were able to see what their predecessors had not because orchids (along with other plants) had undergone an imaginative re-creation: Darwin’s science was appropriated by popular interpreters of science, including the novelist Grant Allen; then H.G. Wells imagined orchids as killers (inspiring a number of imitators), to produce a genre of orchid stories that reflected significant cultural shifts, not least in the presentation of female sexuality. It was only after these changes that scientists were able to see plants as equipped with agency, actively able to pursue their own, cunning reproductive strategies – and to outwit animals in the process. This paper traces the movement of a set of ideas that were created in a context that was recognizably scientific; they then became popular non-fiction, then popular fiction, and then inspired a new science, which in turn inspired a new generation of fiction writers. Long after clear barriers between elite and popular science had supposedly been established in the early twentieth century, they remained porous because a variety of imaginative writers kept destabilizing them. The fluidity of the boundaries between makers, interpreters and publics of scientific knowledge was a highly productive one; it helped biology become a vital part of public culture in the twentieth century and beyond.

Since the publication of the last Lebanese and Syrian classical flora, the only complete work on Lebanese flora is an illustrated book based on the same taxonomy and nomenclature with a few exceptions and some additions. Specifically on the Lebanese orchids, one book has illustrated orchids in the field with an unusual taxonomic point of view. Several Euro-Mediterranean monographs propose a conflicting taxonomy that is not always useful in identifying living specimens. Several years of exploration throughout Lebanon allowed the authors to build considerable knowledge of the orchid flora and its taxonomy. Other works made on adjacent areas completed the investigations and provided some useful indications to build taxonomic understanding and compile a preliminary checklist of Orchidaceae. Historical nomenclature was reanalysed from a modern point of view; recent critical appellations were confronted with biogeography and integrative evolutionary taxonomy, and some poorly known taxa are highlighted and their taxonomy is reinvestigated. A total of 51 species and subspecies are listed for Lebanon. Two new chorological records for Lebanon (Epipactis helleborine “subsp. praecox” nom. provis.; Ophrys alasiatica) and four new nomenclatural combinations (Androrchis × ehdenica, Epipactis helleborine subsp. turcica, Ophrys episcopalis subsp. libanotica, Serapias vomeracea subsp. levantina) are presented. At least 14 taxa are regionally endemic, seven of which are limited to two border countries, the other seven being too poorly known for conclusions about their biogeography.

Recently, it has been suggested that the distribution and evolution of plants and animals in Southeast-Asia may owe much more to the last one or two million years than the preceding 30 million years. In context, there has been a resurgence of debate among zoologists on whether increased aridification during Pleistocene glacial periods and/or postglacial vicariance caused by rising sea levels triggered the radiation of rain forest taxa especially in the western part of the Malay Archipelago. Here, I test the hypothesis of Pleistocene speciation by focusing on the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of submontane to montane-rainforest-restricted orchids (Bulbophyllum lobbii complex, c. 12 species) from the Sundashelf region (Peninsula Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo), the Philippines, Sulawesi and adjacent mainland areas (Thailand, Myanmar), using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), chloroplast (cp) DNA sequences, AFLP markers
and morphological analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of both marker systems provide initial evidence of the monophyly of the complex and the existence of five well-supported clades (A–E). ITS tree topologies suggest a near simultaneous origin of (i) two basal clades (A: B. hyalosemoides/Sulawesi; B: B. microglossum/ Peninsula Malaysia-Cameron Highlands); and (ii) three clades comprising the crown group, two of which are also species-poor and geographically largely restricted (C: B. coweniorum/Philippines-Luzon, Laos (?), B. piestoglossum/Philippines-Luzon; D: B. facetum/Philippines-Luzon), while the third clade (E) is species-rich and widespread. Within this latter clade both ITS and AFLPs allow delimitating four subclades (and up to seven species), but phylogenetic relationships remain poorly resolved.
Based on ITS clock estimates, it is argued that the origins of all five major clades are inconsistent with Pleistocene events. Rather, clades B and A appear to have originated approximately 2.8 to 6.5 Mya, and likely arose
from, respectively, (i) the fragmentation of a widespread - most likely  Borneo- Peninsula Malaysia region – ancestor in the west (Peninsula Malaysia); and (ii) a dispersal event across the Makassar Strait  (“Wallace’s line”) to the east to Sulawesi. Also, the estimated ages of clades C-E appear to be fairly ancient (approximately 2.3 - 5.2 Mya), with clades C and D presumably arising independently, following dispersal events to the north (Philippines), i.e. across the Sulu/Celebes Seas, which formed deep water barriers from the Eocene onwards. By contrast, the putative Sunda-region ancestor of clade E started diversifying approximately 1.5 to 3.4 Mya, and gave rise to several species that clearly evolved in the (Late) Pleistocene. In sum, four of the five major clades identified represent narrow paleorelicts (A–D) that became isolated in the Late Miocene to Pliocene when Southeast Asia still experienced a perhumid climate and tropical rain forest was widespread. In contrast, while also having originated in the Late Miocene to Pliocene, clade E experienced a radiation. I posit that this species proliferation could reflect vicariant events in the Sundashelf region (viz rainforest fragmentation), likely triggered by the deterioration of global climatic conditions in the early to mid Pliocene followed by a marked increase
in aridification (≤ 2.5 Mya), especially during glacials. However, it appears
equally likely that much of the most recent diversification and speciation
events surrounding clade E also result – at least in the Sundashelf region – from inter-glacial island formation due to rising sea levels. Thus, barring high levels of oversea dispersal (which appears to be unlikely for this orchid group), the high level of genetic similarity observed among geographically restricted and disjunct species of clade E would reflect common ancestry from a widespread, polymorphic “B. lobbii-like” population/species that likely expanded its range at times of continous land connection, i.e. during glacials (!) when the net area of rainforests increased – as recently suggested by palaeogeographers – and despite generally drier conditions. Taken together, the present study illustrates that plant evolution in the Indo-Malay Archipelago proceeded at different rates at different times, likely dependent on historical/palaeogeographical circumstances.

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex Hook) is the latest sensation to Indian Floriculture,  commercially  grown throughout  the  world  in  a  wide  range  of  climatic conditions (Lhoste, 2002). According to the global trends in floriculture, Gerbera occupies the 4th place among cut flowers (Sujatha et al., 2002).
Gerbera, commonly known as Transvaal Daisy, Barberton Daisy or African Daisy, produces very attractive flowers. It is an important commercial flower grown throughout the world under a wide range of climatic conditions. This is ideal for beds, borders, pots and rock gardens. Flowers are of various colours and forms and suit very well in different floral arrangements. Cut-blooms, when placed in water, last for a long time.

Darwin’s first publication after the Origin of Species was a volume on orchids that expanded on the
theory of adaptation through natural selection introduced in his opus. Here I argue that On the Various
Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862) is not merely an
empirical confirmation of his theory. In response to the immediate criticisms of his metaphor of natural
selection in the Origin, Darwin uses Orchids to present adaptation as the result of innumerable natural
laws rather than discrete acts analogous to conscious choices. The means of selection among polliniferous
plants cannot be neatly classed in the Origin’s terms of artificial, natural, or sexual selection. Along with
Darwin’s exploration of sexual selection in his later works, Orchids serves to undo the restrictive
metaphor so firmly established by the Origin and to win over those of Darwin’s contemporaries who were
committed advocates of natural law but suspicious of evolution by natural selection.

Las orquídeas, comprenden la familia más grande de plantas con
flores en el mundo, con aprox. 25.000 especies, es posible encontrarlas
desde Alaska hasta la Patagonia. Se pueden hallar desde los bosques
de niebla, páramos y turberas hasta bosque secos, arbustales
subxerfïticos y humedales. Es decir pueden crecer en casi cualquier
ecosistema. Sus asociaciones con hongos y su coevolución con insectos
polinizadores así como su especificidad a ciertos micro hábitats,
las ha llevado a colonizar casi cualquier lugar del planeta. A escala
local esta situación dificulta su manejo y un plan efectivo para su
conservación

Anggrek Bunga anggrek yang memiliki nama latin orchidacae merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman hias yang indah dan mempesona bagi setiap orang yang melihatnya. Tanaman ini bisa menjadi salah satu tanaman yang bisa anda coba menanamnya di rumah anda sebagai tanaman hias, dan ternyata tanaman anggrek juga bukan hanya sebagai tanaman hias saja akan tetapi banyak manfaat yang bisa anda dapatkan setelah menanamnya, untuk lebih jelasnya nanti kita akan membahas satu per satu ulasannya. Bunga anggrek juga memiliki jenis yang banyak untuk anda ketahui dan memiliki ciri khas dalam perawatan dan cara penanamannya yang berbeda dengan tanaman jenis lainnya. Penyebaran bunga anggrek ini sudah tersebar di berbagai daerah tropis sampai daerah sirkumpolar dengan berbagai habitatnya. Tanaman bunga anggrek ini terbagai beberapa macam berdasarkan habitatnya, seperti : anggrek cattleya, cymbidium, dendrobium, phalaenopsis, oncidium dan vanda, tanaman bunga anggrek jenis seperti ini hidup menempel pada tanaman lain tetapi tidak menggangu tanaman lainnya, sedangkan tanaman bunga anggrek yang hidup di tanah, seperti : anggrek terrestris, dan masih banyak lagi. Bagi anda yang ingin mengenal jenis bunga anggrek yang biasa dibudidayakan, berikut ini infromasi yang bisa anda ketahui tentang jenis bunga anggrek. Jenis bunga anggrek beserta gambar dan ciri-cirinya Bunga anggrek cattleya Bunga anggrek cattleya merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman bunga anggrek dari 49 spesies anggrek hias. Bunga anggrek cattleya berasal dari negara Kosta Rika dan tumbuh secara