Determinants

This study aims to analyze the adoption of agricultural contracts in Northeastern Benin, precisely in the communes of Tchaourou and N'Dali. The data collection was conducted on a sample of 144 producers (including 72 adopting farmers and 72 non-adopters) from the questionnaire. The information obtained was analyzed from the STATA 13 software. The analysis of the determinants of the adoption of agricultural contracts was based on a binary logistic regression model. Thus, the adoption of agricultural contracts by cashew producers is determined by variables such as: the age of the producer, the number of schooling years, the size of the household, the agreement on the quantity of nuts to be delivered under contract, the appreciation of the solidarity guarantee and the assessment of the risks presented by agricultural contracts. These determinants have a positive influence on the adoption of agricultural contracts by cashew producers, with the exception of the producer's assessm...

The problem of political activity and political culture of youth in general, and student's youth in particular, have
gained an importance recently. Lack of interest in the existing political processes in Kazakhstan and in the world
among the younger generation became the norm. Recent numerous monitoring and researches show that the
youth of Kazakhstan takes a passive position concerning process of elections. In this research it was made an
attempt to reveal the determinants of political culture of the Kazakhstan student's youth. In article there
presented and analyzed the results of the sociological polls concerning the main indicators of social and
demographic situation, social well-being of youth. Research showed that the world economic crisis attracts
social stratification of society which seriously influences an electoral activity of the Kazakhstan student's youth.
Exactly, the difficulties in the solution of social and economic problems for youth in modern Kazakhstan are
becoming the most important indicators of its relation to policy and participation in electoral process. The
current stage of development of the Kazakhstan society is characterized by deep changes in all spheres of life.
Processes of reforming took the forms of essential transformational changes, having thoroughly transformed the
economic, political, social, civil relations, political system of the state. Problems of youth came to the forefront, The refore the human capital is a basis. Here legal bases and traditions are necessary. Therefore we need to solve fundamental basic problems from the economic point of view.

Keywords: Kazakhstan student youth, young people, political activity, determinants of youth political culture

Selection and peer review under responsibility of Zehra Ozcinar, Ataturk Teacher Training Academy. Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between R&D expenditures, patent applications, openness and high technology product export. For this purpose, using panel FMOLS and panel DOLS methods, we examined BRICT countries over the period of 2001-2011. According to the results, in the long run, R&D expenditures and openness have positive impacts on high technolgy product export. However, the coefficient of patent applications is not significant. In the light of these findings obtained from the analysis, we present some policy recommendations in the conclusion.

Introduction: Menopause is a complex physiological, self-perceived health condition caused by the reduction and termination of ovarian function, a process that results in a range of both psychological and physiological symptoms. The aim of this literature review was to synthesize the results of published studies on factors associated with menopausal symptoms in women during the transition to menopause and the postmenopausal period.
Methods: This systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement. Primary studies published between 2007 and 2017 were identified through the following databases: PUBMED, SCOPUS, and CINAHL. In total, 3301 studies were identified and 279 were screened in full text. Of these, 54 studies were included for quality assessment using checklists from the Norwegian Institute for Public Health. A total of 22 studies were ultimately selected for inclusion in the results. These were thematically reviewed.
Results: A wide range of determinants was sorted as socio-demographic predictors, reproductive factors, clinical characteristics, behavioral, and lifestyle characteristics, and their association with the following outcomes was examined: The prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms; sexual functioning; health indicators and health behaviors; health-related quality of life; physical performance; cognitive changes and attitudes; and the prevalence and age of natural menopause.
Conclusions: The current state of knowledge regarding menopause indicates that a wide array of instruments and variables have been employed and assessed to further understanding about menopause related symptoms. This systematic review provides information on factors that should be considered in the treatment of menopause-related changes that may be bothersome for menopausal women.

This study was proposed to explore the determinants of consumer preferences in Addis Ababa restaurants. Using consumer behavior literatures and theories it was hypothesized that disposable income, price, quality, hygiene practices, friendliness of restaurant staff, safety of food and range or menu variety are important determinants of consumer choice for restaurants. Primary data were generated from 265 customers of 55 restaurants randomly selected with the use of questionnaire of which 258 of the questionnaire ended usable. The non parametric hypothesis testing statistical tool, chi –square tests, and measures of variation were used for statistical analysis purposes. The anticipation of the researcher was that the hypothesis testing results would be significant in parallel with the hypothesized facts. The findings of the research suggest that income has insignificant impact up on quality price trade of among consumers of different income categories. Other hypothesis associated with...

The banking industry is exceedingly cutthroat competitive, with banks not only challenging among each other; but also with non-banks and other financial organizations. Most banks’ merchandise developments are uncomplicated to duplicate and when banks provide nearly similar services, they can only differentiate themselves on the basis of price, security in transactions, convenience, image, quality of services etc. Therefore, customer retention is potentially an effective tool that banks can use to gain a strategic advantage and survive in today’s ever-increasing banking competitive environment. In this study, the determinants of customer retention has been measured and found the most important determinants from the employees and customers’ perspectives. For this study total 500 customers and 200 employees from public and private banks were chosen. Through analyzing the mean, rank was assigned on the basis of the highest loadings.

Working capital management is determined endogenously by firm –specific variables such as size, age, profitability, market share (power), sales growth, operating risk and operating cash flow. On the other hand, it is determined exogenously by macroeconomic factors such as GDP, interest rate and tax rate. The ultimate goal of working capital management is to achieve an optimal level of liquidity and profitability contingent upon availability of cash, inventory and other current assets. Optimal level of working capital maximizes the firm’s value, hence a trade-off between liquidity and profitability. A manager who invests heavily on working capital decreases the firm’s profitability and imposes opportunity cost of funds. In the light of the foregoing, the paper attempts a discourse on the determinants of working capital management. To achieve this onerous task, we identify and analyze opinions, comments, suggestions and conclusions of various researchers and scholars alike in this cri...

Youth Unemployment is one of the most critical issues at global level. It represents the underutilization of scarce and precious resources, that would be important for nations' socioeconomic development. This study deals with identifying the main factors responsible for youth unemployment and constraints they face in self-employment in Ethiopia. It is based on the cross sectional data collected by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2015. From all regions of the country, a total of 16,984 samples are considered for analysis. Using descriptive and cross tabulation analysis, the study shows that youth unemployment is highly related with regional location, sex, marital status and education. The analysis also shows youths' dream to create their own job is constrained highly by shortage of finance and lack of work place. The government and others stakeholders need to consider the above determinants and challenges for future intervention.

DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in this Research Report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC). Research Reports describe research in progress by author (s) and are published to elicit comments ...

Healthcare systems and particularly tertiary hospitals are the centre of patient care delivery and represent an organizational hub of the bigger healthcare provider network. One of the most important objectives of any health system is patient satisfaction, yet there is considerable difficulty in the measurement of satisfaction and gauge the responsiveness of healthcare systems. Patient satisfaction is influenced not only by clinical factors but also non-clinical factors and outcomes which are usually ignored by healthcare providers and administrators in developing countries. Extensive research revealed that, there have not been studies that have looked at how patient satisfaction is influenced differentially by clinical factors (core services) and non-clinical factors (health system) and outcomes in Ghana. Also, the objects of the studies carried out in Ghana have been outpatients’ service experience and no study has focused on adding inpatients’ service experience in measuring the level of service quality delivered by tertiary hospitals. The purpose of this article is to propose that both clinical factors and non-clinical factors influence the satisfaction of patients who utilize the outpatient and inpatient departments of tertiary hospitals in Ghana hence healthcare providers and administrators should consider not only clinical factors as determinants of patient satisfaction but also non-clinical factors.
Keywords: Satisfaction, Determinants, Inpatient, Outpatient, clinical, non-clinical.

Youth Unemployment is one of the most critical issues at global level. It represents the underutilization of scarce and precious resources, that would be important for nations’ socio-economic development. This study deals with identifying the main factors responsible for youth unemployment and constraints they face in self-employment in Ethiopia. It is based on the cross sectional data collected by Central Statistical Agency (CSA) in 2015. From all regions of the country, a total of 16,984 samples are considered for analysis. Using descriptive and cross tabulation analysis, the study shows that youth unemployment is highly related with regional location, sex, marital status and education. The analysis also shows youths’ dream to create their own job is constrained highly by shortage of finance and lack of work place. The government and others stakeholders need to consider the above determinants and challenges for future intervention.

""Abstract.
You are about to start an important journey.
Recently, nations depend more in cyber networks to bring national prosperities, and provide government with various services. But these networks intrude, destruct and attack our property, privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful.
This paper presents important issues on the what, when, where, who, which and how are the Liabilities of Intellectual Property in the Cyber Space, the reaction of competition laws on intellectual property disputes in the cyberspace, and Competent Authority in solving the disputes. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
The attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the term Liability, history, and types of Liability and how these have been affected in the Information Age.
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Intellectual Property; this will include meaning, background, types and their Liability in Information Age.
Part III will explain on Uncompetitive Behaviours, especially on Competition Liability and Competent Authority dealing with various competition disputes involving Intellectual Property in Information Age.
And finally the Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws in respect to intellectual property and competition in Information Age (Part IV).
""

Le présent article ouvre la série de contributions du dossier portant sur la langue, l'un des principaux domaines de réflexion de Pierre Vernet. Il traite la question de l'agglutination entre un déterminant et un nom formant groupe nominal, laquelle agglutination renvoie à un phénomène courant en créole haïtien. Dans un premier temps, l'auteur présente quelques observables dans ce domaine, à la suite de quoi il s'intéresse aux manifestations phonologiques et aux traits sémantiques de ce type de manifestation verbale. Renauld Govain tente, à cette occasion, de fournir un classement des caractéristiques qu'il en a relevées à travers différents corpus.

A ‘circumstance,’ in the meaning relevant to this work, carries two senses: (1) a situation totalized and (2) the conditions of the situation that enable us, in many cases, to render a wise decision and select or pick the right choice. In a situation totalized, the choosing agent is placed in a situational bind, and all the intervening factors of the situation point to a choice he or she may not like but has to do: ‘Under the circumstance, I have no choice but to leave you.’ Here the agent feels compelled in the sense that the alternatives are painful or unacceptable. In normal situations, the choosing agent feels free to make a choice between or among alternatives. He weighs the pros and cons, merits and demerits, pluses and minuses of each option and render a ‘free’ decision or make a ‘free’ choice. In this study, the main burden lies in trying to uncover or clarify in what sense the choice made is said to be ‘free.’ What is the role of situational conditions in the act of choosing? This work should be of interest not only to philosophers, social scientists, and lawyers, but to everyone since they make decisions and choices everyday.

The central question this thesis project explores concerns the relationship between childhood poverty and access to education. An ethnographic study is conducted by way of structured interviews with subjects exposed to childhood poverty in a district each of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu (TN), to map the determinants of access to primary education in these two south Indian states. An extensive literature review is conducted to arrive at determinants of access in the multidimensional context of childhood poverty. On this twin basis, a conceptual framework is evolved to sort these determinants into six overlapping categories, to aid analysis of the causal linkage between childhood poverty and lack of access to education. Determinants of access are also distinguished by type as primary and secondary, and the determinants captured through primary research are categorized to demonstrate how the framework functions. It is observed that education can be a way out of poverty, and two contrasting institutional approaches are discussed, namely the large-scale top-down Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in Thanjavur district of TN and the grassroots localized Rishi Valley Rural Education Centre in Chittoor district of AP. The role of these institutions in resolving the barriers of access to education is explained in relation to the determinants arrived at earlier. The incidence of determinants of access that are not strongly linked with childhood poverty and are difficult to address through educational institutions and policy is noted. It is hoped that the conceptual framework developed along with the determinants of access to education identified, will aid insight into those determinants that are linked with childhood poverty, thereby informing policy and praxis how best to enable primary education for all.

This study investigated the strategic planning as determinant of administrative effectiveness in universities in Enugu State. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprised 121 administrative heads (Deans, Head Technology. A sample of 65 administrative heads was drawn using simple random sampling technique, which represented 53.7% of the population under study. The instrument used for data collection was questionnaire tagged 'strategic planning as determinant of administrative effectiveness questionnaire (SPDAEQ)' developed by the researcher. Cronbach alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument, which yielded an index of 0.81. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The findings revealed among others that, the ways strategic planning contributes to university growth in Enugu State include: helping in the development of university institutions to a high standard, promoting institutional growth for enhanced productivity, helping in the production of middle level manpower for economic growth of the society, ensuring productive teaching/learning outcomes for global competitiveness, maintaining quality in school programmes for high level productivity, and promoting good management of educational resources for sustainability. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that, university managers and administrators should develop appropriate strategic planning principles to promote quality administrative effectiveness of universities in Nigeria. Introduction Strategy could be seen as the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of an educational institution and adoption of the courses of action as well as the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals. It is a unified, comprehensive, and integrated plan designed to ensure that the basic goals of the institution are achieved for quality output. It could be seen as the set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long run performance of an educational institution that includes environmental scanning (both external and internal), strategy formulation, strategy implementation, evaluation and control. A strategic plan is a document used to communicate with the organization and its goals, the actions needed to achieve those goals and all of the other critical elements developed during the planning exercise. The strategic plan in universities is intended to guide the higher educational leaders in their decision-making to move forward for immediate and future achievements (Nwabueze, 2016). Nwabueze (2016) sees strategic

This study was proposed to explore the determinants of consumer preferences in Addis Ababa restaurants. Using consumer behavior literatures and theories it was hypothesized that disposable income, price, quality, hygiene practices, friendliness of restaurant staff, safety of food and range or menu variety are important determinants of consumer choice for restaurants. Primary data were generated from 265 customers of 55 restaurants randomly selected with the use of questionnaire of which 258 of the questionnaire ended usable. The non parametric hypothesis testing statistical tool, chi –square tests, and measures of variation were used for statistical analysis purposes. The anticipation of the researcher was that the hypothesis testing results would be significant in parallel with the hypothesized facts. The findings of the research suggest that income has insignificant impact up on quality price trade of among consumers of different income categories. Other hypothesis associated with...

Indigenous Peoples have resiliently weathered continued assaults on their sovereignty and rights throughout colonialism and its continuing effects. Indigenous Peoples’ sovereignty has been strained by the increasing effects of global environmental change within their territories, including climate change and pollution, and by threats and impositions against their land and water rights. This continuing strain against sovereignty has prompted a call to action to conceptualise the determinants of planetary health from a perspective that embodied Indigenous-specific methods of knowledge gathering from around the globe. A group of Indigenous scholars, practitioners, land and water defenders, respected Elders, and knowledge-holders came together to define the determinants of planetary health from an Indigenous perspective. Three overarching levels of interconnected determinants, in addition to ten individual-level determinants, were identified as being integral to the health and sustainability of the planet, Mother Earth.