Procedural Justice

This research highlights the crucial role of an intimate link between a disabled person's self-identity and the perceived fairness of legal procedures. In doing so, it brings to the foreground a wholly ignored aspect of procedural justice. Earlier researchers have failed to delve into the role identity politics plays in the relationship between the institutions and the beneficiaries of their services, and the way different members of a group understand and define themselves. This research explores the way people with disabilities in the United States, with different kinds of disability identities, experience and evaluate the procedure of claiming Social Security benefits. The findings suggest that disabled people who identified with the social model of disability (as opposed to the medical-individual models) hold a critical view of the procedure for retaining benefits. They felt they had no control over it, could not voice their opinions, were mistreated by representatives, and had to present an image that was not necessarily true of their disability. They also saw the procedure as discouraging them from participating fully in the labor market, and consequently integrating better in society, an idea that was not present among disabled people who identify with medical-individual models. Exposing this relationship between the way people perceive themselves and the way they experience and evaluate legal procedures can contribute to the creation of better policies, while improving communication between the state and members of the disability community, along with other marginalized groups.

On numerous occasions it has been suggested that organizational justice plays a significant role in determining organizational citizenship behavior. In this study, we examine the relationships of organizational justice, organizational citizenship behavior and leader- member exchange among non-supervisory employees and supervisors in the banking organizations in Malaysia. Leader-member exchange as a mediator in the relationship was also examined. Results indicated

Resumo Este artigo visa apresentar a socialização legal como um campo de investigação que busca compreender a maneira pela qual as crianças e os adolescentes desenvolvem suas noções sobre autoridades, regras e leis. Trata-se de uma revisão da literatura dividida em dois segmentos centrais: um balanço teórico das chamadas abordagens tradicionais e uma síntese dos estudos recentes sobre a temática da socialização legal. Além disso, o artigo sinaliza alguns desafios de pesquisa que podem contribuir para o entendimento desse processo no contexto brasileiro. Abstract The article aims to present the legal socialization as an inquiry field that seeks to understand how children and adolescents develop their views on authorities, rules and laws. This article presents a literature review divided into two main segments: a theoretical review about the traditional approaches and a brief review about the recent studies on the legal socialization. In addition, the article indicates some research c...

Liberal theories of justice typically claim that political institutions should be justifiable to those who live under them – whatever their values. The more such values diverge, the greater the challenge of justifiability. Diversity of this kind becomes especially pronounced when the institutions in question are supranational. Focusing on the case of the European Union, this article aims to address a basic question: what kinds of values should inform the justification of political institutions facing a plurality of value systems? One route to an answer is provided by John Rawls, who famously distinguishes between comprehensive and political values, and defends the exclusion of the former from the foundations of a political theory of justice. This article questions the tenability of the Rawlsian solution, and draws attention to an alternative twofold conceptual distinction: that between minimal and non-minimal and between substantive and procedural values. Minimal values are meant to be as independent as possible of controversial conceptions of the good and views of the world, regardless of whether these are comprehensive or purely political. It will be argued that their endorsement may thus further specify the nature of what should be shared in order to justify political institutions in conditions of pluralism. In order to refine further the account of such a basis of justification, two variants of minimalism will be presented according to whether they invest substantive or procedural values. Substantive values qualify the property of an outcome; procedural values qualify the property of a procedure. The latter part of the article consists of a ‘face-off’ between minimal proceduralism and minimal substantivism, considering reasons in favour of the adoption of each. The result, we suggest, is a helpful reorientation of the political dimension of the value debates to which the multiplicity of values amid contemporary European horizons give rise.

Jako niezgodne z zasadą prawdy materialnej należy uznać działania organu podatkowego, który a priori, a więc bez przeprowadzenia postępowania dowodowego, przyjmuje np. kwalifikację danego obiektu jako budynku mieszkalno-letniskowego, zawartą w treści pozwolenia na budowę. Tak ustalona podstawa faktyczna rozstrzygnięcia podatkowego, kiedy przedmiotem sporu jest charakter budynku, jego przeznaczenie bądź cechy użytkowe, będzie z natury wadliwa i niepełna. Wyłączenie uprawnienia do odliczenia od podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych wydatków poniesionych na budowę takiego obiektu możliwe jest jedynie, gdy organ podatkowy, niezależnie od treści pozwolenia na budowę, zbada, a następnie oceni rzeczywiste funkcje i przeznaczenie wzniesionego obiektu zgodnie z zasadą prawdy materialnej.

Użyte w art. 197 § 1 Ordynacji podatkowej słowo "może" a nie "obowiązany jest" wskazuje, iż prawna regulacja korzystania z opinii biegłego lub biegłych pozostawia organowi swobodę w zastosowaniu z tego rodzaju środka dowodowego. Mimo tego zakres tej swobody wyznaczany jest m.in. dyrektywą zawartą w art. 122 Ordynacji, a więc zobowiązującą organ podatkowy do ustalenia faktów prawotwórczych lub innych zgodnie z prawdą materialną.

Rezygnację z przeprowadzenia dowodu z opinii biegłego nie może zatem usprawiedliwiać stanowisko organu podatkowego, że powołanie biegłego lub biegłych opóźni zakończenie sprawy. Nie pomniejszając znaczenia i roli zasady szybkości i prostoty postępowania, wartością nadrzędną w postępowaniu podatkowym jest bowiem osiągnięcie prawdy materialnej i zbudowanie na niej podstawy faktycznej rozstrzygnięcia podatkowego.

Przedmiotem oceny uprzedniej dowodów musi być m.in. analiza zgromadzonego materiału dowodowego dokonana pod kątem legalności jego uzyskania. Analiza ta prowadzić musi więc do odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy zachowane zostały wymagane przez Ordynację [podatkową] formy procesowe przeprowadzenia poszczególnych dowodów, a także czy materiał dowodowy nie opiera się np. na dowodach fałszywych. W wyniku takiej oceny organ podatkowy musi odrzucić dowody sprzeczne z prawem, nawet jeśli istniałyby przesłanki pozwalające przypuszczać, iż przyczynią się one w pewien sposób do wyjaśnienia stanu faktycznego sprawy.

Zaniechanie przez organy podatkowe uzasadniania swoich decyzji w sposób przekonujący i zgodny z dyspozycją art. 122 Ordynacji powoduje wadliwość w stopniu przemawiającym za ich uchyleniem. Ustalenie stanu faktycznego niezgodne z prawdą materialną prowadzi bowiem w sposób oczywisty do naruszenia prawa.

In a fascinating paper on the nature of police legitimacy in Southern China, Sun et al. (2018) present evidence that what have previously been treated as possible sources of legitimacy—public perceptions of police procedural justice, distributive justice, effectiveness and lawfulness—are in fact constituent components of legitimacy. We argue in this paper, that the empirical strategy used to reach this conclusion is not fit for purpose because both conceptual stances—possible sources of legitimacy or constituent components of legitimacy—are consistent with the same fitted statistical model. Ironically, therefore, Sun and colleagues end up assuming rather than discovering the normative bases on which people judge police legitimacy. To be sensitive to cultural context means using a methodology that does not a priori impose the preconditions of legitimacy. We illustrate this general point by analysing nationally representative data from 30 countries across Europe and beyond.

In both private and public justice systems, online dispute resolution (ODR) technologies are profoundly affecting people’s access to justice and redress and the nature of their procedural experiences. Automation and artificial intelligence play a key role in delivering the promise of ODR. At the same time, there are challenging normative and practical concerns regarding the ability of “machine made justice” to meet appropriate procedural and substantive standards. The article presents a conceptual framework for evaluating the role of technology in dispute resolution and its effect on procedural justice. Subsequently, it proposes an instrument for evaluating procedural justice experiences in ODR; and reports the results of a study comparing the impact of automated (software-powered) and human-powered online mediation and arbitration on disputants’ procedural justice experiences. Finally, the article discusses the implications of its findings on ODR process design, regulation, and pra...

This study tested the direct effects of three dimensions of organizational justice – distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice – on contextual performance, counterproductive work behaviors, and task performance. The study also examined the moderating effects of ...

Police legitimacy is an important topic of criminological research, yet it has received only sporadic study in societies where there is widespread police corruption, where the position of the police is less secure, and where social order is more tenuous. Analysing data from a probability sample survey of adults in Lahore, Pakistan, we examine the empirical links between people’s experience of police corruption, their perceptions of the fairness and effectiveness of the police, and their beliefs about the legitimacy of the police. Our findings suggest that in a context in which minimal effectiveness and integrity is yet to be established, police legitimacy may rest not just on the procedural fairness of officers, but also on their demonstrated ability to control crime and avoid corruption.

In investigating crime, police rely upon information obtained from witness interviews. Witnesses and police frequently come to an interview with different expectations based upon their respective, sometimes competing, needs. Witnesses are often focused upon procedural justice considerations with some uncertainty about the interview process. Police are often operationally focused on the evidence they require and may need information quickly to apprehend an offender. The manner in which witness interviews are conducted can have a significant bearing upon the quality and quantity of information obtained and its usefulness to the criminal justice system. In addition, should the procedural justice expectations of a witness go unmet, this can have significant implications upon perceptions of police legitimacy and ultimately cooperation with the police. This paper discusses witness interviews from the perspective of the protagonists' expectations and explores how police interview behaviour might impact upon public perceptions of and cooperation with police.

Citizens’ perception of fairness, in process as much as in outcome, is a
critical dimension of trust. People must feel they have a real voice, be treated with respect, and receive necessary explanations. Positive perceptions of fairness lead to greater acceptance of agency decisions, better compliance with regulations, and more co-operative behaviour in dealing with agents of the government. Citizens are more likely to accept
negative outcomes, such as financial penalties, if they feel that they have
been treated fairly. In general terms, low trust generates extra transaction costs for citizens, businesses and government. This chapter looks at empirical evidence on the links between good regulatory practice and trust in public policy.

This new text provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of administrative law in Hong Kong. It includes original commentary on judicial review, administrative tribunals, the Ombudsman, the Legislative Council Redress System, Commissions of Inquiry, the Independent Commission Against Corruption, the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, the Audit Commission, subsidiary legislation and more. Drawing on law, policy and practice, it offers detailed analysis while maintaining accessibility, charting developments as Hong Kong continues to evolve as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Administrative Law in Hong Kong is essential reading for judges, practitioners, policymakers, academics, students and commentators with an interest in public law, governance and administration.

Reviews & endorsements

Advance praise: 'The scholarship displayed in this work is of the highest quality. It is an authoritative text on administrative law in Hong Kong and makes a most important contribution to the learning in this field. It will provide invaluable guidance and assistance to judges, lawyers, public administrators, academics and students. This work will be a leading text and deserves to be widely read and used both in and outside Hong Kong.'
- Andrew Kwok Nang Li, First Chief Justice of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997–2010)

Advance praise: 'This closely focussed and precise account of administrative law in Hong Kong will prove very useful to the student approaching the examinations or practitioner wrestling with a difficult judicial review. Well and clearly written this book will surely make its mark. Dr Thomson deserves the gratitude of the profession.'  - Christopher F. Forsyth, Sir David Williams Professor of Public Law, University of Cambridge

Advance praise: 'A very welcome addition to the few books that deal with Administrative Law in Hong Kong. The author has produced a very readable guide to an area of law that is crucial to the maintenance of the Rule of Law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Especially welcome is the author's attempt to locate the significance of Administrative Law within the unique constitutional structure of the HKSAR, including descriptions of the major public bodies that make decisions that resonate in public law.'  - Philip Dykes, Bernacchi Chambers, Hong Kong

In recent years, scholars of criminal justice and criminology have brought legitimacy to the forefront of academic and policy discussion. The focus has been primarily – though not exclusively – on legitimacy within policing, with the most common approach framing legitimacy as a self-regulatory scheme that can enhance widespread voluntary compliance with the law and cooperation with legal authorities. In the most influential definition, institutional trust is assumed to be an integral element of legitimacy (Tyler, 2006a, 2006b). For an individual to find the police to be legitimate, for instance, she must feel that it is her positive duty to obey the instructions of police officers (she grants the police the rightful authority to dictate appropriate behavior), but she must also believe that police officers exercise their power appropriately. In this chapter we argue that the nature, measurement and motivating force of trust and legitimacy is in need of further explication. Considering these two concepts in a context of a type of authority that is both coercive and consent-based in nature, we make the case that legitimacy is (a) the belief that an institution exhibits properties that justify its power and (b) a duty to obey that emerges out of this sense of appropriateness; that trust is about positive expectations about valued behavior from institutional officials; and that legitimacy and institutional trust overlap if one assumes that people judge the appropriateness of the police as an institution on the basis of the appropriateness of officers' use of power. Our discussion will, we hope, be of broad theoretical and policy interest.

... This study assessed the applicability of Tyler and Lind's (1992) relational model of authority to the context of local government policies on solid waste management. ... Morelnv Figure 1. Structural equation model form of Tyler & Lind's (1992) relational model of authority. ...

Accounts of the social representation of policing and of the relationship between police and citizen converge on the idea that police behaviour carries important identity-relevant meaning. Opinions of and ideas about the police are implicated in the formation of social identities that relate to the social groups it represents – nation, state and community. Procedural justice theory suggests that judgements about the fairness of the police will be the most important factor in such processes. Fairness promotes a sense of inclusion and value within the group. Furthermore, positive social identities in relation to the police should on this account promote cooperation with it. This paper presents an empirical test of these ideas in the context of British policing. Data from a survey of young Londoners are used to show that perceptions of police fairness are indeed associated with social identity, and in turn social identity can be linked to cooperation. Yet these relationships were much stronger among those with multiple national identities. Police behaviour appeared more identity relevant for people who felt they were citizens of a non-UK country, while for those who identified only as British there was a weaker link between procedural fairness and social identity, and legitimacy judgements were the main ‘drivers’ of cooperation. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed.

This paper examines two of John Rawls's ideas that are rarely discussed in conjunction: pure procedural justice (PPJ) and property-owning democracy. Applied to ma ers of distribution , PPJ orders the establishment of fair procedures under which any private transaction can be considered just. It aims to secure equality without xating on pa erns of distribution. How such an approach is constituted and how it applies to di erent stages of theorisation are explored. ree components of PPJ and three guidelines for its insti-tutionalisation are identi ed. As such, PPJ also provides a backbone to property-owning democracy. e understanding of property-owning democracy as an institution of PPJ helps us assess various interpretations and re nement of property-owning democracy. Keywords: pure procedural justice, property-owning democracy, Rawls, deontic egalitari-anism, distributive justice is paper examines and connects two of John Rawls's ideas that are rarely discussed in conjunction: pure procedural justice and property-owning democracy. e idea of pure procedural justice (PPJ) regards any outcome to be just if it came about through a fair procedure. While the idea is o en employed in discussions about democracy that focus on its procedural aspect, it also has important distributional implications. Applied to ma ers of distribution, PPJ orders the establishment of fair rules and fair background conditions under which any private transaction can be considered just.

Postępowanie podatkowe uznać należy za wadliwe, jeśli pominięto w nim, objęty żądaniem strony, dowód ze świadka wskazanego przez stronę, na tej jedynie podstawie, iż według opinii administracji podatkowej zeznanie świadka byłoby z pewnością tendencyjne. Pogląd ten nie dotyczy jednak sytuacji, w których okoliczności objęte przedmiotem postępowania stwierdzone zostały w sposób wystarczający innym dowodem.
Negatywnie z punktu widzenia realizacji zasady swobodnej oceny dowodów należy odnieść się do przypadków, w których stronę pozbawia się udziału w postępowaniu podatkowym, np. z uzasadnieniem, że jej uczestnictwo w przeprowadzeniu dowodu nie jest konieczne. Jest to niezgodne z dyspozycją art. 190 § 2 O.p. Strona musi mieć, w myśl art. 192 Ordynacji, zagwarantowaną możliwość wypowiedzenia się co do przeprowadzonych dowodów. Natomiast skutkiem procesowym niezachowania tego rodzaju wymogów jest fakt, iż żadna okoliczność faktyczna ustalona bez udziału strony nie może być uznana za udowodnioną. Dlatego naruszenie zasady wyrażonej w art. 192 może być podstawą wznowienia zakończonego ostateczną decyzją postępowania podatkowego.

Purpose – Employee engagement has become a hot topic in recent years among consulting firms and in the popular business press. However, employee engagement has rarely been studied in the academic literature and relatively little is known about its antecedents and consequences. The purpose of this study was to test a model of the antecedents and consequences of job and organization engagements based on social exchange theory. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was completed by 102 employees working in a variety of jobs and organizations. The average age was 34 and 60 percent were female. Participants had been in their current job for an average of four years, in their organization an average of five years, and had on average 12 years of work experience. The survey included measures of job and organization engagement as well as the antecedents and consequences of engagement. Findings – Results indicate that there is a meaningful difference between job and organization engagements ...