Arbitration

This is review of the speech delivered by Professor Antonio Fernández de Buján on the occasion of his joining the Spanish Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation. The speech was given on the 20th of January, 2014, and was replied by Luis Díez-Picazo y Ponce de León, President of the Academy. In his speech, professor Fernandez de Buján made a brilliant exposition of arbitration as an alternative way of solving legal controversies since its very origins in Greece and Rome, and held the need for modern jurists to know this historic origin in order to thoroughly understand the present of arbitration.

Qu’il soit ad hoc ou institutionnel, l’arbitrage a pour objectif le prononcé d'une décision rendue par le ou les arbitres en vue du règlement définitif du différend survenu entre les parties : « la sentence arbitrale ».
Alors que le droit OHADA de l’arbitrage a été réformé en 2017, l’exécution des sentences arbitrales reste régie par un Acte uniforme portant organisation des procédures simplifiées de recouvrement et des voies d’exécution (AUPSRVE) datant de 1998, largement protecteur des Etats et autres personnes morales de droit public.
Plusieurs auteurs ont déjà critiqué les privilèges accordés de façon absolue aux Etats et à leurs émanations par les juridictions nationales de l’espace OHADA et par la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage de l’OHADA (CCJA).
Notre étude analyse ces critiques ainsi que la récente réforme du droit OHADA de l’arbitrage, en particulier s’agissant de l’exequatur et du recours en annulation contre les sentences arbitrales impliquant des parties étatiques, à la lisière de la phase d’exécution.
Cette démarche relève d’un intérêt théorique et pratique.
D’un point de vue théorique, l’étude s’inscrit dans la réflexion déjà engagée par l’OHADA en vue d’une réforme de l’AUPSRVE, à la lumière des évolutions doctrinales et jurisprudentielles relatives aux privilèges accordés aux Etats et à leurs émanations. Elle évalue également l’impact des avancées offertes par la réforme du droit OHADA de l’arbitrage survenue en 2017.
D’un point de vue pratique, la conduite de cette étude trouve sa pertinence dans la nécessité d’apporter des solutions concrètes aux créanciers privés des Etats qui sont égarés et frustrés dans leurs efforts en vue de l’exécution des sentences arbitrales rendues en leur faveur.
Dans ce contexte, notre étude ambitionne de répondre à la délicate question de savoir comment les acteurs du secteur privé peuvent obtenir l’exécution des sentences arbitrales contre les Etats et les entités considérées comme leurs émanations.
Pour résoudre cette problématique, nous avons procédé à une analyse du droit positif, de la doctrine ainsi que de la jurisprudence pertinente des juridictions étatiques de l’espace OHADA et de la CCJA.
Par ailleurs, dans une démarche de droit comparé, nous avons passé en revue les différentes alternatives proposées par des systèmes juridiques étrangers, ainsi que les solutions offertes par le droit international coutumier et certains traités internationaux.

Türkiye'nin projesi olarak hayata geçen ve 26 Ekim 2015'te fiilen faaliyete başlayan İstanbul Tahkim Merkezi'nin temel amaçlarından biri de Türkiye'de tahkim ve alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerinin kullanılmasını teşvik etmek, bu alanda konferanslar, seminerler, eğitim ve yayınlarda bulunarak tahkim kültürünün gelişmesine katkı sağlamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, İstanbul Tahkim Merkezi nezdinde İhtisas Çalışma Komisyonları kurulmuş ve Merkezimiz, 22 Nisan 2017 tarihinde "Şirketler Hukuku Uyuşmazlıkları ve Tahkim Konferansı"nı düzenlemiştir. Söz konusu Konferans, bu kitabın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Akademisyenlerin, avukatların ve tahkim uygulamacılarının yoğun katılımı ve ilgisiyle gerçekleşen bu konferansın amacı, şirketler hukuku uyuşmazlıklarının çözümünde tahkimi değerlendirmek, bu alanda uygulamada karşılaşılan sorunları tartışmak ve İstanbul Tahkim Merkezi'nin sunduğu avantajları açıklamaktı. Son derece başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleşen bu konferansta, konuşmacılarımız ve katılımcılarımızın konuya ilişkin zengin bakış açılarıyla ortaya koydukları görüşler, bu yayının hazırlanmasındaki itici güç olmuştur. Böylelikle şirketler hukuku ve tahkim alanında karşılaşılan sorunlar tespit edilerek, özellikle uygulamacılar için bir başvuru kaynağının sunulması hedeflenmiştir.

İstanbul 2018
- Chapters: “Fire Insurance” (p.553-604), "Fire Loss of Profit Insurance" (p.605-618), “Mandatory Earthquake Insurance” (p.619-633) and  "Gas Station Insurance" (p.635-638)

Bölümler: "Yangın Sigortası" (s.553-604), "Yangına Bağlı Kar Kaybı Sigortası" (s.605-618), "Zorunlu Deprem Sigortası" (s.619-633) ve "Akaryakıt Sigortası" (s.635-638)

(Co-Authors : Mustafa Topaloğlu, Özsev Kanıbelli Adlığ, Faik Birişik, Banu Bozkurt Bozabalı, Şehriban Can, Oğuz Caner, İrem Aral Eldeleklioğlu, Ebru Erkan, Ahmet Karayazgan, Tunç Keskin, Tennur Koyuncuoğlu, Gülfer Kuyucu Meriç, Fikriye Gonca Öcalan, Seyyid Hasan Öztürk, Dursun Saat, Nezih Sütçü, Aylin Süzen)

2016 For companies where its capacity for effective governance has degraded slowly, but consistently over the course of a long chain of rhetorical excesses, guidelines corruptions, sentimental hyperbole and philosophical high-falutin…. They have basically abandoned traditional, well-designed and time-after-time tested project management tools and techniques in favor of distorted methods based on personal beliefs that challenge any existent fraud index to their core and by doing so they are inviting and finding contractual claim disputes on every corner of their business development.

Under Venezuelan law, as in other jurisdictions, an arbitration agreement imposes to parties the obligation to refer present or future disputes to arbitration. Since an arbitration agreement is a legally binding agreement, the study of their obligations could be performed under the principles of the law of contract. The breach of the obligations derived from the arbitration agreement legitimizes and entitles the injured parties to a various set of remedies and opens a wide view on disputes resolution. These lines present a general overview of the topic from a Venezuelan Law's perspective.

This paper focuses on the effects of nonbinding recommendations on bargaining outcomes. Recommendations are theorized to have two effects: they can create a focal point for final bargaining positions, and they can decrease outcome uncertainty should dispute persist. While the focal point effect may help lower dispute rates, the uncertainty reduction effect is predicted to do the opposite for risk-averse bargainers. Which of these effects dominates is of critical importance in the optimal design of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) procedures, which are becoming increasingly utilized to help resolve disputes in a variety of settings. We theoretically examine the effects of recommendations on the bargaining contract zone. Our theoretical framework, which allows bargainers ’ final positions to influence a binding outcome should negotiations fail, provides for a more stringent test of focal points than previously considered. We also present data from controlled laboratory bargaining ...

O Artigo trata do princípio competência-competência, a partir da Lei de Arbitragem brasileira, inclusive mediante a comparação com a adoção do princípio na esfera judicial.

The Article deals with the competence-competence principle, based on the Brazilian Arbitration Law, including through comparison with the adoption of the principle in the judicial sphere.

Sumário:1. Introdução. 2. Importância da conciliação para a pacificação social dos conflitos. 3. Movimentos de conciliação na justiça brasileira. 4. Desvantagens da utilização inadequada ou excessiva da conciliação como meio pacificador dos conflitos. 5. Comportamento das partes e do magistrado na fase de conciliação. Conclusão.

Arbitration Reform in Russia is an acute issue for Russian professional community. The spectrum of opinions is quite extensive. New legislation became a focal point for intense discussion. Leaving aside all affective assessments the present article was designed on issues of Russian arbitral legislation efficiency based on Law and Economics principles.

Recommended citation: Курочкин С.А. Эффективность нового российского законодательства об арбитраже // Третейский суд. 2018. № 1-2. С. 48-61.

The nature of the arbitration agreement in most legal systems (at least legal systems other than common law) is somewhat unclear. Presently, it is not possible to make any decisive statements as to which theory is the only correct one. On the other hand, it is necessary to examine each arbitration agreement invoked by the parties at the beginning of the proceedings and choose one of the current theories mentioned above. The classification of the arbitration agreement might, under certain circumstances, be the decisive element in determining the rules, i.e. procedural or substantive rules, applicable to the arbitration agreement. In civil law tradtion arbitration agreements may be defined as procedural agreements in broader sense, which does not have effects in proceedings only, but which are of substantial significance for qualitative evaluation of the substantive contractual relation between parties. Nevertheless, despite a mixed nature of arbitration agreements (as well as all jurisdictional agreements), jurisdiction is a procedural and not substantive category in the civil law tradition and jurisdiction remains the procedural condition (procedural requirement). Taking decision on jurisdiction in arbitration by partial award is in contradiction to the concept of jurisdiction as a procedural category, rather an interim award may be used for such decisions. Jurisdictional decisions taken in course of arbitration are, however, not substantive decisions and do not effect any Res Judicata. Some of civil law jurisdictions, completely in compliance with the concept of jurisdiction as procedural category, therefore deny to set-aside jurisdictional awards rendered prior to rendering award(s) on the merits of the dispute. Having any civil law dimension in arbitration, it may cause significant problems to the parties, if the arbitral tribunal decides on jurisdiction by a separate jurisdictional award.

This paper delves in the comparative study of Asian and Western models of dispute resolution, arbitration in particular, and asks how cross-cultural differences affect arbitrator behavior. It proposes that arbitration styles differ across collectivist and individualist culture, without necessarily saying that one is better than the other, but simply that knowledge of the differences will help users of arbitration make informed decision in choosing their party-appointed arbitrators.  It also proposes to conduct further research to address the issue of developing and/or reforming the arbitration infrastructure in Asia, particularly the Southeast Asian region, to address the gap in international commercial arbitration to reflect the non-Western (or non-European) voice.
It draws from existing comparative studies of Western and East Asian arbitrator’s role or perception of their roles within the arbitration paradigm, and how that affects the arbitration process, as well as research on how cross-cultural differences affect international arbitration in general. It also draws from existing empirical research comparing the collectivist and individualist perspectives in dispute resolution, as a general discipline, and juxtaposes these findings within the arbitration model.

Foreword and Table of Contents are available in English.
Full text is available on request.
Recommended citation: Sergey Kurochkin. Domestic and International Commercial Arbitration. Moscow, 2017 (In Russian) // Курочкин С.А. Третейское разбирательство и международный коммерческий арбитраж. – М.: Статут, 2017. – 288 p.

La segunda parte  de esta publicación contiene el trabajo individual del respetado colega profesor Fred Aarons P., abogado con una muy destacada trayectoria en el sector financiero en Venezuela y otros lugares, tanto como asesor, autor de importantes trabajos y como profesor universitario.  El estudio de Aarons tiene que ver con los costos y la financiación del arbitraje en general, y del financiero, en particular. Es un estudio actual, de un tema no muy explorado entre nosotros y que va al corazón mismo de la iniciativa privada que soporta el curso del procedimiento arbitral. En su estudio el profesor Aarons examina la situación anómala de que una de las partes (o ambas) deje(n) de cubrir los costos del arbitraje. Situación grave que rompe el equilibrio económico del arbitraje, a decir del autor del trabajo comentado. El asunto de los costos en caso de reconvención y los costos para los asuntos de cuantías indeterminadas u objeto de incremento en el tiempo, o por actividades extraordinarias, son también objetos de precisos comentarios. 
Son para quien estas líneas escribe, de muy especial relevancia las consideraciones de Aarons en cuanto al tema de la gratuidad en el arbitraje y la posibilidad de la aplicación      —mutatis mutandi— del beneficio de justicia gratuita al arbitraje financiero. Por ello Aarons plantea la posibilidad de reconocer “la gratuidad de los costos del arbitraje en caso de que alguna parte satisfaga los requisitos que se establezcan para el otorgamiento del beneficio de 'justicia gratuita arbitral'”. Bien vale un debate esta idea, como también lo son sus planteamientos en cuanto al financiamiento de terceros al arbitraje. Y para evitar malas interpretaciones, propone Aarons que en caso de admitirse este tipo de financiamiento de los costos del arbitraje “la conveniencia de establecer un test mínimo de transparencia según el cual la parte interviniente beneficiaria del financiamiento para el trámite del proceso arbitral tendría la obligación de informar sobre tal hecho…”. Cuentas claras. Sana propuesta.
En suma, este interesante trabajo individual del profesor Aarons busca abrir el cauce a un arbitraje “como medio alternativo de solución de controversias, eficaz, eficiente y transparente, disponible para todos, independientemente de la condición económica de sus usuarios, …, en el que se respeta debidamente el equilibrio económico entre las partes…”, para erradicar de tal manera “los prejuicios existentes en cuanto a la limitada accesibilidad al arbitraje para la totalidad de la comunidad interesada en hacer uso de sus bondades”.

The article deals with the categories of mediability and arbitrability of a legal dispute, identifies their individual general and special characteristics. Taking into account the current legal regulation and doctrinal approaches, the author analyzes the correlation of the concepts of mediability, arbitrability and jurisdiction. It offers its own conclusions regarding the assessment of the mediability and arbitrability of a legal dispute, based on the understanding of the legal relationship structure existing in the theory of law.

The article gives an overview of the main trends of the development of the modern foreign doctrine of international commercial arbitration, the most interesting concepts and views. The activities of major international organizations and associations of the most authoritative experts contribute to the development of doctrine. The International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), the relevant committee of the International Law Association (ILA), the International Bar Association and others actively engaged in this field. Projects implemented under the auspices of the major arbitration institutions give a powerful impetus to the development. Today, a number of trends, uniting supporters of similar views on issues of international commercial arbitration, can be seen in the foreign doctrine. Customary to speak of the existence of four main theories are well known by Russian specialists – contractual, jurisdictional, hybrid (mixed) and autonomous (sui juris). The development of the doctrine of international commercial arbitration today is the result of coordination of impulses coming from the business community and the States by professionals. The growth of international trade generates a request for an effective system of dispute resolution, which arbitration can rightly become.

In both private and public justice systems, online dispute resolution (ODR) technologies are profoundly affecting people’s access to justice and redress and the nature of their procedural experiences. Automation and artificial intelligence play a key role in delivering the promise of ODR. At the same time, there are challenging normative and practical concerns regarding the ability of “machine made justice” to meet appropriate procedural and substantive standards. The article presents a conceptual framework for evaluating the role of technology in dispute resolution and its effect on procedural justice. Subsequently, it proposes an instrument for evaluating procedural justice experiences in ODR; and reports the results of a study comparing the impact of automated (software-powered) and human-powered online mediation and arbitration on disputants’ procedural justice experiences. Finally, the article discusses the implications of its findings on ODR process design, regulation, and pra...

"A obra vem a público em momento singular, no qual a arbitragem, doméstica e internacional, assume importância extraordinária no Brasil. O livro agora apresentado contribuirá para disseminar o estudo e também para consolidar o futuro da arbitragem em território brasileiro. Assim o fazendo, estará ajudando a consolidar o direito dos brasileiros à mais ampla liberdade" (Min. Luis Felipe Salomão, Prefácio).

A commodity exchange is a goods and financial market where different groups of participants trade commodities and commodity-linked contracts, with the underlying objective of transferring exposure to commodity price risks (UNCTAD). A commodity exchange that only trades goods is known as a physical or 'cash or forward' market, while the exchange that trades price derivatives is known as financial or 'futures and options' market (see Glossary for detailed definitions). Some agriculture commodity exchanges have both. Agricultural commodity exchanges date as far back as the early 18th century. Modern exchanges, notably the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) was created in 1848, recently merged with the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), is one the oldest and most successful futures exchanges worldwide. Today several agricultural commodity exchanges exist throughout the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region. They facilitate trade and financial products in countries whose ec...

While acknowledging the corporate governance concept of “no one size fits all”, Corporate Governance codes continue to highlight board composition as an important factor. Even corporate law in different jurisdictions recognises the composition of the board of directors and highlights board structure. Despite the increasing interest in Corporate Governance by Nigerian directors and members of governing bodies, a “check-box” or regulatory compliance mindset remains, that can be addressed only through a proper understanding of and commitment to Corporate Governance principles and recommended practices, and their intrinsic purpose and value.

This article highlights the impact of cultural nuances on board composition and the cultural challenges surrounding keyboard functions such as Chair, and Executive Director and how these affect corporate governance practice in Nigeria and Africa and makes a case for a deliberate approach to addressing them if proper Corporate Governance is to be attained and its benefits enjoyed by Nigerian and African companies and their stakeholders.

El autor examina la viabilidad del compliance como una respuesta efectiva ante los nuevos riesgos que enfrenta el arbitraje. En especial, la mitigación de los riesgos asociados a la ciberseguridad a la luz del Protocolo de Ciberseguridad en Arbitraje Internacional del International Council for Commercial Arbitration (ICCA), la New York City Bar Association (NYC Bar) y el International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution (CPR). Finalmente, reflexiona sobre importancia de la protección de datos en el arbitraje.

Sultanate of Oman has shown an increased willingness to attract foreign investment by updating its legal environment. In particular, Omani courts have recognized that public entities can validly enter arbitration agreements with private entities. In doing so, any disputes arising out of a contract underlying the arbitration agreement will be subject to arbitration rather than to the Omani courts.

SUMMARY Arbitration is becoming an increasingly important means of settling investment and commercial disputes in Egypt. The promulgation of Arbitration Law No. 27 of 1994 was a milestone in providing a comprehensive framework for the arbitration process in the country. The Law provides for the rules governing the formation and validity of arbitration agreements, arbitrability of legal disputes, composition of the arbitral tribunal, arbitral proceedings, and enforcement of an arbitral award. Judicial precedents of the Supreme Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation have played an important role in supplementing the provisions of the Arbitration Law. Although the Arbitration Law is the primary source for regulating the extrajudicial dispute resolution mechanism, the country's unrest over the past three years spurred the introduction of other quicker and more flexible mechanisms for the settlement of investment disputes. Egypt has also acceded to several international conventions governing the arbitral process, the provisions of which have been incorporated into the country's national legal system.

Объектом исследования в статье «Правовое регулирование процессуального соучастия в международном коммерческом арбитраже» являются общественные отношения в области процессуального соучастия в международном коммерческом арбитраже. Авторы попытались на основе анализа действующего правового регулирования процессуального соучастия в международном коммерческом арбитраже, определить основные тенденции и проблемы данного регулирования, сформулировать возможные подходы совершенствования в законодательстве. В результате исследования сделаны предложения по совершенствованию белорусского законодательства и регламента Международного арбитражного суда при БелТПП.

The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all aspects of our lives in ways unimaginable. Dispute resolution is no exception. Several arbitration institutions, organisations and practitioners have identified tools for adapting the dispute resolution process to the new reality, including through the use of technology that offers to replace physical hearings with virtual ones.

The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) has been at the forefront of these efforts. On 9 April 2020, the ICC Court issued a guidance note
on possible measures aimed at mitigating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This blog provides an overview of the Guidance's main features.

The international commercial arbitration system has been gaining quite some popularity in the present times. The methods of dispute resolution that it provides namely the ad-hoc and institutional arbitration systems are two most accepted methods. However, both of these comes with their own advantages and disadvantages, so a debate is sure to ignite on which one is the better method of arbitration when it comes to international commercial disputes. This paper aims to address that issue and tries to find out, which one in fact is the sensible method to choose between the two to resolve a dispute in the field of international commercial arbitration. The paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in order to reach to a definite outcome. It also tries to identify the problems that an ad-hoc arbitration contains within its mechanisms.

The arbitration and settlement of claims in the Roman law have been the subject of multiple analyses. Recent years have witnessed a particular inter- est in the practical application of these institutions in Late Antiquity. At first sight, legal papyri may seem confusing and give the impression that they present solutions distant from the standard ones known from the compilations of the law. When one ventures to take a closer look, however, at the complex web of legal concepts and terms, one can notice the context in which the agreement is situated as well as the relations connecting both sides of the dispute. The present article offers a legal analysis of P. Mich. XIII 659, published in 1977, which concerns a dispute settled by means of mesiteia (i.e. mediation/arbitration). A plausible reconstruction of events is provided, which allows insight into the numerous correlations between the institutions as well as regulations known from the law on the one hand, and the legal practice as demonstrated by the papyri on the other. Finally, a short, polemical commentary is offered concerning the popularity of arbitration/mediation in Late Antiquity, a phenomenon frequently noted in literature.

An analysis of the voluntary arbitration legal framework of the Portuguese Arbitral Tribunal for Sports.  Published by the Portuguese Olympic Committee.

http://comiteolimpicoportugal.pt/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Tribunal-Arbitral-do-Desporto-um-ano-depois.pdf

This book takes a close look at the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), challenging existing claims and answering previously unanswered questions, by considering all of its publicly available decisions, both in its entirety as a body of jurisprudence and on a case-by-case level.
It also investigates the actors involved in adjudication before the CAS, both the parties that bring disputes before the CAS and the arbitrators that resolve them, and in so doing establish precedents that govern sports generally.

While the book relies upon and includes more traditional legal theory and analysis, it combines this with an empirical analysis of a large portion of the CAS's decisions. Hereby it relies upon and relates to the theory of the development of a transnational legal order in sports, the lex sportiva.
The publication is targeted at and will benefit those professionally working in or interested in the fields of sports law, arbitration law, transnational law, or empirical legal studies.