Sports Law

The policing of football supporters in the UK is resource-intensive and expensive, with football crowds seen by many forces as inherently prone to misbehaviour, disorder and violence. As a result they are regularly subjected to high-profile, heavy-handed and intrusive policing strategies that are often designed with the imposition of a civil “banning order” on supposed “risk supporters” in mind. This article analyses underlying assumptions about the nature and risk of football crowds and, drawing comparisons with the ways in which political protests are policed and applying jurisprudence from a series of high-profile protest cases, questions the legality of dominant policing approaches to football crowds under both English public law principles and the European Convention on Human Rights. It concludes by proposing how strategies could be developed in a way that both protects the public and the rights of supporters who may on occasion associate with those suspected of engaging in football-related disorder

The Football Banning Order was the first Civil Preventive Order (CPO), predating the many similar measures that followed the election of New Labour to government in 1997 by 10 years. CPOs have been held by the domestic courts to be preventive rather than punitive measures that do not need to follow criminal procedures to be compliant with Arts.6 and 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights. After three decades of amendment and imaginative application, however, the original CPO has evolved into a punitive measure that is rarely utilised against those who orchestrate football-related violence and goes far beyond what is necessary to prevent low-level football disorder. It will be argued that in order to avoid breaching Arts.6 and 7, the imposition of this evolved CPO - a ‘super-Football Banning Order’ - should be restricted by amendment of ss.14A and B Football Spectators Act 1989. Further, and of wider interest, its previously undocumented incremental evolution should serve as a warning of how other CPOs could evolve similarly punitive impacts on their recipients.

In the months prior to the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, the government funded a number of targeted policing operations aimed at securing Football Banning Orders against known or suspected football hooligans. This article is based on court observations and associated interviews carried out in early 2006 in and around Manchester. It evaluates the application process, the legal tests applied and the quality of the evidence relied on by courts when determining whether the imposition of a Football Banning Order is neces-sary to prevent future football-related disorder being committed by the respondent. In particular, the analysis focuses on whether the use of a civil procedure can continue to be justified in the light of the punitive length of and conditions attached to these Orders, whether the correct standard of proof is being applied by the court at all stages of the application and whether policing tactics are focused too narrowly on the securing of Football Banning Orders.

Idrott är sedan länge Sveriges största folkrörelse och det är svårt att hitta någon verksamhet som omfattar en så stor del av samhället som idrotten gör. De rättsliga reglernas påverkan på idrotten har traditionellt sett varit begränsad, men har numera stor och ökande betydelse för den idrottsliga verksamheten.

Idrottsjuridik ger en bred, modern och begriplig beskrivning av hur idrottsliga och rättsliga regler förhåller sig till varandra och påverkar idrottsaktörernas rättigheter och skyldigheter. Boken behandlar ett stort antal frågor av relevans för såväl amatöridrott som för professionell idrott, däribland frågor om processer i idrottsliga ärenden, avtal, anställningsförhållanden, straffrättsligt ansvar, skadeståndsansvar, sponsorrättigheter, sändningsrättigheter, merchandising, konkurrensrätt, doping och mänskliga rättigheter.

Genom sin breda ansats till ämnet kan Idrottsjuridik användas både som en lärobok på högskolenivå och i den idrottsliga praktiken. Boken riktar sig dels till juriststudenter och yrkesverksamma jurister som har goda, allmänna kunskaper i juridik, men som vill förstå hur dessa ska tillämpas på de förhållandevis unika förhållanden som råder inom idrotten, dels till högskolestudenter i idrottsvetenskap, idrottsutövare och idrottsledare som vill lära sig hur de rättsliga reglerna påverkar den idrottsliga verksamheten.

Принцип автономии спорта долго не предполагал четких обязательств спортивных организаций в сфере соблюдения прав человека: между-народно-правовые обязательства на них не распространяются, так как они не являются субъектами международного публичного права, а добровольно такие обязательства они на себя не принимали. С 2010 г. к проблематике прав человека в спорте стал обращаться Совет по правам человека ООН. Международный олимпийский комитет актив-но участвует в дискуссиях, инициируемых СПЧ ООН. Ряд положений, связанных с правами человека, отражен в Олимпийской хартии, хотя МОК до сих пор не выработал отдельного документа в этой области. В 2017 г. Международная федерация футбола первой среди международных федераций, признаваемых МОК, выработала Политику ФИФА в области прав человека, в которой определила проблемные зоны: трудовые права лиц, привлекаемых деловыми партнерами ФИФА; приобретение земли и жилищные права; дискриминация; обеспечение охраны и безопасности зрителей; права игроков. Консультативный совет ФИФА по правам человека представляет регулярные доклады с обозначением актуальных проблем и рекомендациями по их урегулированию. ФИФА демонстрирует готовность закрепить обязательства своих главных органов, национальных футбольных ассоциаций и кон-федераций в сфере соблюдения прав человека.

Cм. содержание номера: https://zakon.ru/magazine/zakon/560

The Ohio State University (OSU) was bombarded with allegations of misconduct on various fronts involving its athletic department in 2018. A former team doctor, a former diving coach, a former assistant football coach, and the head football coach were accused of misdeeds directly-or indirectly-related to their relationship with OSU. The most publicly debated issue was related to Urban Meyer, the head football coach, and whether he followed proper university procedure or possibly violated his own contract related to a claim of spousal, domestic abuse by one of his former assistant coaches, wide-receiver coach Zach Smith (Zach). Television, radio, the internet and social media blew up with reports and opinions about the various problems at the Columbus, Ohio flagship institution. After an investigation costing $500,000 and managed by a law firm which produced a twenty-three-page report, Meyer was suspended for the first three games of the 2018 season, OSU’s athletic director Gene Smith was also suspended, both without pay. The OSU-sponsored investigation concluded Meyer “misspoke and made misstatements” but “did not…deliberately lie.” However, controversy-and legal issues-are nothing new to OSU, its athletic department, its coaches and its student-athletes. This includes the infamous punch by OSU’s iconic head football coach Woody Hayes after Clemson’s Charlie Bauman intercepted quarterback Art Schlichter’s pass in the 1978 Gator Bowl. This article summarizes some of the more prominent sports law cases or compliance incidents over the last 20 years related to OSU.

and has recently completed a Master of Commercial Law (University of Melbourne). He is the Director of Major Sport Projects for Sport and Recreation, Victoria and is responsible for overseeing the development of major sports infrastructure and major sporting events in Victoria, Australia. He is also a Senior Fellow at the University of Melbourne Law School lecturing in Event Management Law in the Melbourne Law Masters Program. 1. See, e.g., Case C-415/93, Union Royale Belge Socidtds de Football Ass'n v. Bosman (Bosman), 1995 E.C.R. 1-4921, 106 (recognizing "the considerable social importance of sporting activities and in particular football in the Community"). 2. Sport accounts for 3.7% of the GDP of the European Union and 5.4% of the European labor market.

Denna bok tar ett samlat grepp om rättsliga och idrottsliga åtgärder mot doping. Boken utreder bland annat vad som utgör doping, vilka motiv som ligger bakom olika åtgärder och när olika regler är tillämpliga. Den behandlar också det faktum att vissa dopingbekämpande åtgärder inom idrotten är rättsligt förbjudna. Författarens ambition är inte att undergräva idrottens antidopingarbete, utan att peka ut brister och problem för att i förlängningen stärka kampen mot doping, genom utformningen av ett regelverk som är förenligt med rättsliga krav.

In June 2017, NBA commissioner Adam Silver made headlines by stating that the NBA and the NBPA would once again explore changing the league’s 2005 age eligibility rule for incoming players.  The rule—colloquially known as the “one and done” rule—has been controversial due to the perceived notion that it forces athletes to wait a year until they can earn a living playing in the NBA.

The NBA and NBPA’s legal right to negotiate this rule is without question, thanks in large part to Clarett v. NFL, a 2004 case where a player sued the NFL to overturn their own longstanding age rule.  The Second Circuit found that such rules are protected by the non-statutory labor exemption through a finding that analyzed not the age rule itself, but instead “the relationship between the challenged eligibility rules and the current collective bargaining agreement.”

In that spirit, this Article probes not the legality of age rules themselves, but instead looks to the interests of the various parties involved and affected by age rules in sports.  The Clarett case featured briefs filed by various amicus curiae with a wide variety of divergent—and sometimes conflicting—interests.

Through an analysis of the interests and positions of these parties in their Clarett filings, their interests as stakeholders in professional sports eligibility rules—both then and now—can be revealed.  As leagues and unions change these interests within the larger context of changes to league structure, new potential avenues to challenge these age rules may emerge.

This article is part of a broader research stream investigating policy and regulatory frameworks impacting International Prospective Student-Athletes (IPSAs) and their transition to the U.S. combining education and athletics. Elsewhere analyzed are the problems faced by IPSAs in particular relation to the amateurism framework as applied by the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (NCAA DI) when contrasted with the international federalized club-based governance model (Kaburakis & Solomon, 2005), as well as the policy recommendations that may attend to policy conflicts and the challenges faced by IPSAs, Athletic Associations, and their member institutions (Kaburakis, 2005). This research examines the legal handling of such cases through the U.S. system of Jurisprudence and summarizes the important concepts from legal theory and the major lessons from precedent that may be instrumental in litigation and policy evolution on such matters.

The state of Utah has addressed sports law issues across a broad spectrum, far more than just ski-related. Utah cases, coupled with sport-specific statutes, shows that even a state with a relatively small population might still have to deal with legal issues that intersect sport and law. While the advent of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City was an exciting time for the state and, in the end, became a huge international success, along with it came accusations of criminal misconduct to get it there in the first place. Indeed, misconduct involving the judging of pairs figure skating at the Games caused permanent change within that sport. Given the host of influential Division I NCAA colleges and universities within the state, it is natural that many sports law cases and issues would manifest themselves. In particular, the University of Utah and its Native American mascot concerns, coupled with Brigham Young University (BYU) and its policy against Sunday competition, seem to be the most prominent players related to NCAA rules, though clearly they are not alone in the state. Utah remains unyielding with regard to its rigid stance on gambling, including Internet gambling and fantasy sports. Utah has gained unwanted national attention for civil and criminal misdeeds involving hazing and violence related to sport, including the death of a soccer referee. Utah has a statutory framework that addresses hazing, bullying and cyberbullying, and has several sport-specific statutes including one statute that limits hockey arena and facility liability. Utah’s recently updated Inherent Risks of Skiing Act updates decades of case law. Finally, the enactment of its Protection of Athletes with Head Injuries Act in 2011 demonstrates that Utah remains current and relevant in sports law circles far beyond Sundays and the slopes.

In many countries the Sports are considered as a religion. This paper talks about the history of sports that how sports became so important in every persons life and how it grew so many fans. This paper contains the wordings of some of the famous person all around the world. This paper also talks about the how sports became religion for many people. The difference between leisure time and religious time is given in this paper. It also talks about the religious books sayings. This paper cover matters in every aspect of sports related to the restrictions in games, equipments etc.  This petition which was filed under NCAA is also give. This petition was related to the equipments in sports. It contains the sports fight related to religion and the comments which were passed on the religion basis. It also talks about the appeals which were made to change momentum that gained in 2011 from the Iranian authorities and supported by the Asian Football Confederation through FIFA vice president Jordan’s Prince Ali Bin Al Hussein and the United Nations. The decision paves the way for Muslim women to wear the hijab, Sikhs to wear the turban and Jewish players to wear the kippah without fear of any rule violation. It also contains the major issues and the decisions which have been took so far to resolve these issues.

The strict liability principle has been applied in doping disciplinary rules for decades. This principle is specifically applied where an athlete’s blood or urine sample has returned a positive test result for the presence of substances which are prohibited in sport. In various cases the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) has considered the strict liability principle  from a private law perspective and in one such case, Bernhard v ITU, the CAS indicated that “[t]his is … a faithful transposition of the civil (tort) law concept of strict liability”. It has, however, been suggested that private law principles should not be applied when athletes are accused of having committed anti-doping rules violations, especially in respect of allegations where the strict liability principle finds application. Soek, although admitting that the field of disciplinary doping law is surrounded by private law, specifically asserts that the law of contract should have no influence in the sphere of doping disciplinary law and that solutions offered by the private law will always “fall wide off the mark”. It is widely accepted that the relationships between athletes and sports governing bodies are of a contractual nature4 and the World Anti-Doping Code (the Code) itself acknowledges the contractual relationship
between athlete and organisation. In this article it will be argued that due to the fact that athletes are contractually bound not to commit antidoping offences, the influence of the law of contract cannot be ignored and that the law of contract can provide meaningful insight into the application of the strict liability principle.

Physical activity is known to have an anabolic effect on bone tissue. It has been shown to increase the bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults, as well as in teenagers. But there is little information about the effect of intensive physical activity in childhood, particularly at the prepubertal stage. To examine the influence of an early intensive physical training on BMD, we have studied a group of elite prepubertal girls, at the starting phase of their peak bone mass acquisition.

Проблема визначення ролі корпоративних норм в механізмі правового регулювання відносин у сфері спорту має неабиякий теоретичний і практичний інтерес. Передовсім, це пов’язане із відсутністю єдиних уніфікованих підходів до визначення принципів нормативно-правового регулювання приватних, та й будь-яких інших відносин у сфері спорту. Зазначене призводить до появи безлічі доктринальних концепцій спортивного права, як окремої сфери правового регулювання і негативно відбивається на якості правового регулювання відповідних відносин. Одночасне існування різних моделей правового регулювання відносин у сфері спорту призвело до розуміння необхідності їх уніфікації в межах однієї системи. Ознак саме такої системи на теперішній час набуває «Lex sportiva», яке, фактично, включає, в себе такі джерела нормативного регулювання, як акти спортивних організацій (включають «корпоративні норми»/норми «м’якого права»/норми саморегулювання), національні нормативно-правові акти, акти спортивних третейських судів та акти національних судів. Провідне місце серед інших джерел «Lex sportiva» посідають саме «корпоративні» норми спортивних організацій (норми «м’якого» права).

Olahraga merupakan suatu fenomena yang mendunia dan menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat. Bahkan melalui olahraga dapat dilakukan national character building suatu bangsa, sehingga olahraga menjadi sarana strategis untuk membangun kepercayaan diri, identitas bangsa, dan kebanggaan nasional. Pada hakekatnya kegiatan olahraga merupakan miniatur kehidupan. Dikatakan demikian karena di dalam aktifitas olahraga terdapat aspek-aspek yang berkaitan dengan tujuan, perjuangan, kerjasama, persaingan, komunikasi dan integrasi, kekuatan fisik dan daya tahan mental, kebersamaan, sikaf responsif, pengambilan keputusan, kejujuran dan sportifitas.
Olahraga telah menjadi pemersatu bangsa dari zaman dahulu, sehingga event olahraga di tingkat internasional dihormati semua bangsa. Namun, prestasi Indonesia di dunia internasional masih bersifat fluktuatif; sementara sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh Indonesia sangat patut diperhitungkan. Dalam konteks sistem keolahragaan nasional ini salah satu strategi peningkatan prestasi olahraga adalah menggali potensi daerah (lokal) yang bisa menjadi unggulan untuk dibina dan dikembangkan sehingga menuai prestasi di tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Pasal 34 Undang-Undang SKN mengamanatkan bahwa tanggung jawab mengembangkan olahraga unggulan  ini berada pada pemerintah kabupaten/kota. Untuk itu Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota bertugas untuk merencanakan, membina, mengembangkan, menerapkan standarisasi, dan menggalang sumber daya keolahragaan yang berbasis keunggulan lokal. Secara kuantitatif, output dari peningkatan dan pengembangan olahraga berbasis olahraga unggulan ini adalah menguatnya prestasi satu atau lebih cabang olahraga yang ditandai dengan kemampuan bersaing atlet daerah (menjuarai event, merebut medali/piala, atau memecahkan rekor) pada event/kejuaraan olahraga di tingkat  nasional, regional  dan/atau  internasional. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa pada akhirnyan “prestasi” yang diraih oleh atlet daerah di tingkat nasional atau internasional merupakan “prestise” bagi daerah tersebut.
Sampai saat ini pemetaan olahraga unggulan di beberapa daerah telah dilakukan. Namun aplikasi hasil  pemetaan  olahraga  unggulan  di daerah  tersebut beserta  dengan  proses pembinaan dan pengembangan yang menyertainya, sampai saat  ini  belum  dilakukan secara konprehensif.  Apalagi kajian-kajian dimaksud juga belum mengarah pada analisis pola hubungan pengembangan dan peningkatan prestasi olahraga unggulan  dengan penguatan kaidah-kaidah yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional.

SOMMARIO 1. I contratti commerciali di comunicazione e sfruttamento dell'immagine: sponsorizzazio-ne e pubblicità. Inquadramento generale.-1.1. I contratti di pubblicità.-1.2. Sponsorizza-zione e diritto all'immagine.-1.3. Sponsorizzazione e contratti di pubblicità a confronto.-1.4. Sponsorizzazione e figure affini.-1.5. I contratti di sponsorizzazione sportiva: i di-versi modelli contrattuali.-1.6. La disciplina e gli elementi tipici dei contratti di sponso-rizzazione sportiva.-1.7. Le clausole più ricorrenti nella prassi: clausola di esclusiva, dirit-to di prelazione e la previa approvazione delle campagne marketing dello sponsor.-1.8. (Segue) Il problema delle morality clauses.-1.9. La risoluzione per inadempimento. Clau-sola risolutiva espressa e clausola penale.-1.10. La responsabilità dello sponsor.-2. Il merchandising.-2.1. Inquadramento e natura giuridica.-2.2. La disciplina e gli elementi tipici dei contratti di merchandising.-2.3. Il merchandising in ambito sportivo.-2.4. Il merchandising e figure affini: il licensing.

The purpose of this article is to offer and analyze sports law related cases, claims, and issues that have emanated from Michigan. Part I explores examples and incidents involving civil rights and discrimination. Part II addresses a variety of other areas including sports and torts, workers’ compensation, crimes, employment law and intellectual property issues, religion and how antitrust has worked its way into sports and the law in Michigan. Given the large population, coupled with professional sports teams and some of the nation’s largest and most influential colleges and universities, it is no wonder that Michigan is a leader in terms of cases and decisions involving sports and the law, particular with regard to gender and race. No doubt, the state of Michigan and its relationship to sports law has had a profound impact and influence at the national level.

https://www.editorialreus.es/libros/los-e-sports-como-deporte/9788429020526/
Extracto del libro "Los e-Sports como ¿deporte? Análisis jurídico y técnico-deportivo de su naturaleza y los requisitos legales exigidos", de Javier Rodríguez Ten. Prólogo, primeras páginas del libro, índice.... Los videojuegos son, además de entretenimiento, un enorme negocio. En algunos casos se habla de deportes electrónicos o e-Sports, habiéndose llegado a proponer su reconocimiento como deporte, con unas connotaciones y beneficios publicitarios inigualables. Ello ha generado un debate técnico-deportivo (desde las Ciencias del deporte) y jurídico que discurre compartimentado y con planteamientos y respuestas diferentes. Esta monografía analiza minuciosamente, desde ambos puntos de vista, los requisitos que debe reunir una actividad para poder ser reconocida como modalidad deportiva.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa.-2. Istituzioni e fonti normative in materia di doping sportivo.-3. (Segue): fonti normative e istituzioni internazionali di tipo privatistico.-4. (Segue): l'Agenzia mondiale antidoping (WADA).-5. (Segue): fonti normative e istituzioni di tipo pubblicistico.-5.1. Livello interstatale.-5.1.1. La Convenzione antidoping del Con-siglio d'Europa.-5.1.2. Altri atti internazionali per la lotta al doping.-5.1.3. La Convenzione dell'UNESCO contro il doping nello sport.-5.2. Livello nazionale.-5.3. Livello dell'Unione europea.-5.3.1. Base giuridica per un'azione dell'Unione europea.-5.3.2. L'attività dell'Unione europea in materia di lotta al doping.-5.3.3. Il caso Meca-Medina.-6. La disciplina materiale della lotta al doping nello sport.-7. La triplice ratio della lotta al doping nello sport.-7.1. Tutela della salute degli atleti.-7.2. Tutela della eguaglianza competitiva.-7.3. Tutela dell'etica sociale e sportiva.-8. La presenza del principio precauzionale nelle norme e nella prassi antidoping.

The work, starting from a recent judgement of the Administrative Regional Court of Lazio, focuses on several topics related to the legitimate right of organizing the regularity rallies, with particular attention on the topics of insurance and competition law.

This book takes a close look at the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), challenging existing claims and answering previously unanswered questions, by considering all of its publicly available decisions, both in its entirety as a body of jurisprudence and on a case-by-case level.
It also investigates the actors involved in adjudication before the CAS, both the parties that bring disputes before the CAS and the arbitrators that resolve them, and in so doing establish precedents that govern sports generally.

While the book relies upon and includes more traditional legal theory and analysis, it combines this with an empirical analysis of a large portion of the CAS's decisions. Hereby it relies upon and relates to the theory of the development of a transnational legal order in sports, the lex sportiva.
The publication is targeted at and will benefit those professionally working in or interested in the fields of sports law, arbitration law, transnational law, or empirical legal studies.

L'intégration du MMA dans le paysage sportif français rencontre plusieurs obstacles. Cet art martial mixte se heurte à la fois à l'organisation fédérale et aux valeurs associées au sport. Néanmoins, jusqu'à la publication de l'arrêté du 3 octobre 2016, relatif aux règles techniques et de sécurité applicables aux manifestations publiques de sport de combat, aucun fondement juridique ne permettait d'interdire les compétitions de MMA. La solution prohibitive apportée par l'arrêté ne semble pourtant pas adaptée à la pratique de ce sport en plein développement. « Nous interdisons le plus fermement du monde la tenue de ces abominables marchés ou foires où les chevaliers ont coutume de s'assembler pour mesurer leur force et leur audace et au cours desquels il y a souvent mort d'homme et grand péril pour les âmes ». En 1130, à l'occasion du concile de Clermont, l'Église se prononçait en faveur de l'interdiction des tournois et joutes pour des raisons de sécurité et de moralité 1. Ces pratiques continueront malgré l'opposition de l'Église et de certains souverains jusqu'à la mort d'Henri II en 1559, au cours d'une joute. L'accident dramatique a convaincu la régente, Catherine de Médicis, d'interdire définitivement les tournois sur le territoire français. L'opposition de la puissance publique au développement d'un sport violent et dangereux, loin d'être apparue récemment avec le Martial Mixed Art (ci-après le MMA), prend une tournure originale à propos de cette activité. Comme son nom anglais l'indique, le MMA est un mélange de techniques de plusieurs sports de combats et arts martiaux. L'objectif poursuivi est la consécration du meilleur combattant, toutes disciplines confondues. Le MMA regroupe en France de 20 à 30 000 pratiquants amateurs répartis en plus de 700 associations, selon le rapport de la mission parlementaire sur la pratique des arts martiaux mixtes 2. Son succès est pour partie lié aux très spectaculaires et médiatiques combats de l'Ultimate Fighting Championship (ci-après l'UFC), la principale organisation professionnelle de combat, située aux États-Unis. Cette dernière doit sa popularité à la mise en scène de la transgression des règles habituelles dans les combats c'est-à-dire la poursuite des combats au sol et la combinaison de techniques existants dans tous les sports de combat et arts martiaux. Le MMA a longtemps été nommé free fight ou « combat libre » du fait de la rareté, voire de l'absence de règles de combat. Ces termes sont aujourd'hui impropres car la pratique a été encadrée, standardisée et un certain nombre de techniques sont aujourd'hui interdites par la fédération internationale de MMA (IMMAF). C'est le cas notamment des frappes avec le coude de haut en bas, des coups en direction des parties génitales, des doigts dans l'oeil, des coups sur la colonne vertébrale ou encore des coups de genou et de pied à la tête d'un adversaire à terre 3. Malgré cette quête de respectabilité, deux particularités des compétitions de MMA concentrent les critiques : le combat dans une « cage », c'est-1 Cette interdiction, peu suivie d'effets, sera réitérée à l'occasion du concile de Latran en 1139 et de celui de Reims en 1148. Cf. S. Nadot, Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen-Âge, Autrement, 2010, n° 155, p. 33 2 J. Grosperrin et P. Vignal, Mission parlementaire sur la pratique des « Arts martiaux mixtes » couramment appelés MMA, Mission auprès de M. Patrick Kanner ministre de la Ville, de la Jeunesse et des Sports et M. Thierry Braillard, Secrétaire d'État chargé des Sports. Lettre signée le 7 avril par le Premier ministre, Rapport remis le 8 novembre 2016, p. 21. 3 La liste complète des coups et techniques interdites en compétition amateur est disponible sur le site de l'IMMAF (immaf.org)

As the year 2022 approaching, Qatar preparations for the FIFA World Cup is in progress. These preparations encompass very complicated processes in many and almost every aspect of life in the state of Qatar. Qatar promised the world with unprecedented, unforgettable, and magical tournament in the history. In this complicated process, environment is not irrelevant, rather, it is presented and taken into consideration, it is the promise of the State of Qatar to organize environment friendly World Cup. Environmental and sustainability requirements are considered and monitored by Qatar's legal and administrative frameworks, these requirements are to be observed during preparation and implementation processes and finally in the realization and organization of the tournament. From a legal and environmental perspective, this paper will explore the presence of the environment and sustainability in the Qatar 2022 bid, preparations, management, and delivery of the Stadiums constructed for ...

Na okładce wykorzystano zdjęcie rześby przedstawiającej podobiznę Temidy, umieszczonej na fasadzie dziedzińca wewnętrzengo gmachu Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie Autor zdjęcia: Adrian Grycuk CC BY-SA 3.0 pl © copyright by authors & ArchaeGr aph Alicja Batko Funkcjonowanie instytucji mediacji w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym na przestrzeni lat 2004-2020 Część Joanna Kunc Władztwo administracyjno-prawne organów z wiązku międzygminnego w systemie gospodarowania odpadami komunalnymi Monika Iżewska Obowiązek meldunkowy w prawie polskim Krzysztof Fila Kategoryzacja prawnokarnych faktów wyróżnianych oceniająco przy uwzględnieniu czynników ustrojowych, zwyczajowych oraz orzeczniczych Filip Dokurno Jakub Lemiesz Analiza potencjalnych dróg modyfikacji polskiego ustroju politycznego w celu usprawnienia funkcjonowania instytucji państwa Cezary Pachnik Bezpośrednie stosowanie Konstytucji w Polsce Jan Kaczmarczyk Konstytucyjna i cywilistyczna ochrona własności w Polsce na tle rozwiązań w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej Paweł Bącal Status prawny młodzieżowej rady gminy i gminnej rady seniorów. Analiza porównawcza Artur Pietryka Aleksandra Połatyńska Ewolucja ustawodawstwa dotyczącego czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych Maria Stępień Podział środków weryfikacji rozstrzygnięć w postępowaniu administracyjnym według rodzaju dewolutywności Część Marcin Pawelec Dekada istnienia "prawa dopalaczowego"analiza postlegislacyjna ustawodawstwa regulującego zjawisko nowych substancji psychoaktywnych Agata Ziobroń Przestępczość narkotykowa. Kilka uwag na temat obowiązywania ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii (w latach 2005-2020) Cześć Michał Ostrowski Historyczny budżet w dobie epidemii czyli ustawa budżetowa na 2020 rok Jakub Krawczyk Publicznoprawne możliwości reakcji na zagrożenie epidemiologicznerefleksje na kanwie pandemii COVID-19 Adam Bródka Administracyjna kara pieniężna jako forma działania administracji publicznej w obliczu stanu epidemicznego związanego z COVID-19zagadnienia wybrane Część Eliza Filipiak Przestępczość na rynku kryptowalutz perspektywy prawnej Paulina Waszkiewicz Live ze skutkiem śmiertelnym czyli kilka uwag o samobójstwie online Karolina Szymczak Oszustwo i jego postacie. Oszustwo komputerowe jako nowy typ przestępstwa Norbert Czechowski Głosowania via internet jako element rozwoju demokratycznego państwa prawa Część Agnieszka Osowy Problem zjawiska seksualizacji dzieci w reklamie Weronika Woźna-Burdziak Reklama produktów leczniczych kierowana do publicznej wiadomości Aleksandra Szatkowska Reklama produktów leczniczych kierowana do publicznej wiadomości w formie spotów telewizyjnych Część Artur Orzeł Ochrona dóbr osobistych osób fizycznych w XXI wiekuwybrane problemy i wyzwania Konrad Zając Prawne aspekty ograniczenia dostępu do broni palnej w Polsce Katarzyna Ksepko Odpowiedź na pozew w procesie cywilnym w postępowaniu zwykłym Anna Kownacka Wolność słowa a wolność religijna we współczesnej Polsce-konflikt praw osobistych Jędrzej Błaszczak Karta Polaka na gruncie ostatnich nowelizacji Julia Kolenda Wielka nowelizacja dozwolonego użytku w prawie autorskim Artur Tyński Obowiązki wytwórcy energii z mikro instalacji oraz małych instalacji OZE Bartłomiej Korolczuk Wpływ łacińskiej terminologii prawniczej na polski wymiar sprawiedliwości Anna Konarska Rola personelu pokładowego w zapewnianiu bezpieczeństwa lotu

This LLM dissertation provides an analysis of how EU competence to regulate sport post-Bosman has been significantly developed through a 'spill-over' of EU competition competence. In doing so, the core focus of the ensuing discourse is dedicated to analysing EU competition law's application to the sports pay-TV broadcasting market and the granting of State aid for the construction and renovation of sports infrastructure.

As Association Football Clubs look to finance player transfer fees, lenders have seen an increasingly prevalent role and will seek to secure their loan against club assets. One of the methods of securing lending has been to utilise the transfer market value of player economic rights. This paper examines the insolvency effects of a lender taking an interest in the eventual, prospective proceeds of a sale of a player's economic rights. It asks how a transaction might be structured to secure a loan using the value of a player's economic right and examines the potential pitfalls within the private international law rules of association football and the insolvency rules of England and Wales. The authors suggest that FIFA regulations involving third-party participation, Articles 18bis and 18ter, are incongruent with the rules controlling the same matter as found within the English FA and the English Premier League. The result produces inconsistent certainty as to how a lender could structure a loan. It is suggested that the FIFA regulations apply with direct effect and any transaction should heed to the stricter interpretation found therein. Secondly, the case in the matter of Football Creditors highlights a red line for the risks of unsecured lending to football clubs. The paper proposes two methods for ensuring a transaction provides a lender with adequate protection against insolvency and the Football Creditor Rule and against the unclear FIFA regulations when a lender uses the proceeds from the sale of a player's economic right as collateral.

Dopo aver esposto alcune considerazioni preliminari sulla definizione e sull’inquadramento dell’attività sportiva e, in particolare, sul fenomeno degli sport estremi, il contributo analizza in che modo le regole elaborate nel tempo in materia di responsabilità civile possano applicarsi alle fattispecie in esame, distinguendo tra responsabilità contrattuale ed extracontrattuale e svolgendo qualche considerazione
anche sulla tematica dell’accettazione del rischio.

Il testo ha un taglio manualistico ed è rivolto a tutti coloro che, a diverso titolo, siano interessati a studiare e approfondire gli istituti del diritto dello sport, studenti (di giurisprudenza, economia e marketing, scienze politiche, scienze motorie), professionisti e operatori del settore. I profili trattati attengono al c.d. "diritto privato dello sport" ed il manuale offre un'illustrazione esaustiva e sistematica degli istituti di diritto sportivo rilevanti sul piano dei rapporti privatistici, così come essi sono oggi conformati dalle norme statali, dalle norme sportive, dall'autonomia privata, dall'interpretazione offerta dagli organi di giustizia. L'opera si sviluppa in tre parti: la prima dedicata ai contratti, la seconda alla responsabilità, la terza alla giustizia. La parte relativa ai contratti si apre con un'ampia trattazione del contratto di lavoro sportivo che muove dalla disciplina della l. 23 marzo 1981, n. 91 e dalla definizione di professionismo sportivo per soffermarsi poi sui requisiti di tale contratto di evidenziarne le specificità. Una approfondita attenzione è dedicata ai contratti commerciali di comunicazione e sfruttamento dell'immagine. Le pagine dedicate alla responsabilità ripropongono il problema del rapporto tra ordinamento normativo statale e ordinamento sportivo e non trascurano di esaminare il problema della responsabilità civile di soggetti che svolgano attività comunque connesse all'esercizio dello sport: l'organizzatore degli eventi sportivi, il gestore degli impianti, le società calcistiche, i medici sportivi, i direttori di gara. La parte dedicata alla giustizia sportiva si apre con una approfondita riflessione su aspetti di carattere teorico generale e sui principi che governano il riparto di giurisdizione tra giudice sportivo e giudice dello Stato, arrivando a toccare i metodi di risoluzione delle controversie alternativi alla giurisdizione (ADR) e l'arbitrato sportivo. Il taglio teorico-pratico si coniuga con un elevato livello di approfondimento dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, per fornire non soltanto soluzioni concrete, ma un rigoroso inquadramento giuridico di tutte le principali tematiche affrontate.

This article analyses some of the legal tools available to organisers of sporting events under EU law and the law of EU Member States. The focus is on remedies based on property rights and contracts, as well as on intellectual property , unfair competition rules and so called " special " forms of protection. As it is well known, in fact, following the ECJ ruling in Premier League v QC Leisure, sporting events as such do not qualify as works under EU copyright law. Nevertheless, the article shows that remedies based on both traditional and new forms of property, IP and cognate rights can still offer adequate protection to sports organisers. First, many sports events take place in dedicated venues on which sports organisers can claim exclusive use rights and thereupon develop conditional access agreements (i.e. " house right "). Second, the recording and broadcast of sporting events may give rise to a variety of intellectual property rights, especially in the field of copyright and related rights. Third, unfair competition rules, and in particular misappropriation doctrines, have been invoked to protect sporting activities from unauthorised copying. Fourth, special forms of protection have recently been devised at the national level in order to offer an additional layer of rights protecting sports organisers. The article argues that even in the absence of a dedicated EU harmonised right tailored to sports events, the current legal framework is well equipped to offer protection to the investments that the sport industry is making in this sector. The article also argues that national initiatives in the field have so far proven of little practical relevance and, as a matter of fact, have the potential to clash with the general EU legal framework. There is only one area that escapes this rule: a right to use sporting events data to organise betting activities, or in other words, a right to consent to bets. The article concludes that if such a right is to be recognised, it is not the field of intellectual property, nor even property in general, the most appropriate area of law at which to look.

While nothing is certain, a number of factors point towards the European Union becoming more directly, actively, and concretely involved in the anti-doping movement. After decades of discussion but few actions, expectations are great among Europeans who have clearly signaled that they want EU to become more involved against doping. Expectations that perhaps have been heightened as the Lisbon Treaty for the first time provided the European Union independent competence in the field of sport. If one expects the Union to use this new power for comprehensive legislation in the area of doping, which has been called for on numerous occasions, one is likely to be disappointed. The Union does however appear seriously committed to getting actively involved in other ways. Although there will be yet some time before we know for certain process what the EU’s doping policy will include, certain aspects have become increasingly clear in last couple of years.

Athletes are not just sports people; they are certainly among the most prominent figures of their present time, playing an important role in shaping opinions with their power to inspire. For this very reason, athletes’ freedom of expression is strongly limited by the sport authorities in light of the fundamental principle of sport neutrality. This study analyses and questions the traditional constraints to athletes’ free speech by taking into
consideration the role of human rights in sports legal order and in sporting affairs. By assuming an emerging relativization of sport political neutrality, the essay investigates the case-law concerning athletes’ freedom of expression identifying limits and perspectives of the current evolutions on athletes’ public statements, establishing to what extent a reform
of the present sporting regulation on freedom of expression is needed.

This article provides an extensive look at Korean baseball’s reserve clause provision and how it affects American athletes. Baseball players perform service contracts as stipulated under the KBO Baseball Code. However, American players on Korean soil operate under the KORUS FTA, in which professional services and labor are guarded. On the other hand, American baseball has overseen a longstanding, litigious history regarding the MLB reserve clause. Judicial proceedings and arbitrational measures in America have insofar resolved legal
issues concerning baseball player contracts and the reserve clause. At its forefront, there are parallels between the MLB reserve clause and the KBO reserve clause. This article will
provide a thorough analysis on how American athletes are implicated under the MLB reserve clause, KBO reserve clause, and the KORUS FTA. Are the legal rights of American baseball
players infringed if they are subjected to enforcement of Korean rules, such as the Korean baseball reserve clause?

Within the framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT) this chapter discusses the extent to which law can play a useful role in combating racism in football both on and off the field of play. Specifically, the chapter addresses racism and connected hate speech by spectators, workplace colleagues and opposing players. In the context of the law’s role in engaging with racism in sport, CRT supports challenges to dominant ideas, about for example, the fetishism with criminal law intervention and consequential punishment as the formal response to spectator racism. With respect both to harassment within clubs and on-field racist abuse by opposing players, discrimination law can provide forms of redress.  Moreover, the law should be developed so that even a single act of racist (or homophobic etc.) abuse could constitute a new tort of racial harassment with the result that the opposing player’s club could then be rendered legally responsible for any racist behaviour by one or more of its player during a match. However, the chapter also substantiates the perspective derived from CRT that the law cannot, in itself, resolve the problem of racism in society or the consequences of it. This applies to sport in the same way that it does to any other social and economic sphere. Law will only ever be a blunt instrument for eradicating racism as it operates on a case by case basis, and it cannot define in advance all instances in which racist behaviour can occur. In particular law cannot eliminate racist attitudes, and racism will always find outlets in both overt and covert forms. CRT reminds us that the law is at its most effective when it operates as part of a wider progressive social regulatory framework. In the sporting context this can take and should take the form of sporting rules which are more flexible and can have a greater generalised impact than is the case with legal rules. Consequently, the chapter argues in support of the introduction of anti-racist clauses into players’ and managers’ contracts and for the designation of on-pitch racism as a red card offence. We also argue that points deductions would constitute an appropriate punishment for clubs which fail to take effective action against players or spectators who systematically engage in acts of racist, Islamophobic or homophobic abuse.

Lo sport è uno strumento dello sviluppo sostenibile? Come lo è diventato e quanto ha contribuito all'applicazione dei diritti umani nel corso dei decenni?

Contributo alla raccolta Sport tra diritto e salute finanziata dalla Regione Puglia (Agenzia per il diritto allo studio). Cacucci editore, 2020.

Building on its first governance study about national associations and leagues (Boillat & Poli, 2014), CIES has published a second book that analyses the league-club relationship and issues around internal club governance. This research project, started in late 2014 and now published in the wake of ongoing FIFA governance reforms, studies the variety of models that exist at both league and club level.

In this vein, the authors draw on core areas of club licensing as a basis for an exploratory global comparative analysis of a sample of eighteen leagues and one hundred and forty-one clubs spanning all six confederations. Covered in the book are topics including ownership requirements, political representation and decision-making, financial rights and obligations, players’ status, infrastructure, promotion/relegation and the disciplinary process. The authors outline the limits of where league responsibilities end and club ones begin. At the club level, the study explores the questions of legal form, political representation and management, administrative structure and the role of supporters and links with the community.

The authors highlight the variety of league-club relationships and internal club governance models across the globe. In general, the book argues that clubs have a strong voice in the management and governance of their leagues. However, the club-league relationships are far from uniform around the world and cannot be categorized as simply either ‘horizontal’ or ‘vertical’. Clubs themselves have diverse internal structures, even if there are some common practices across continents. This book serves as a first step towards a blueprint for possible global benchmarking across leagues and clubs and argues for the necessity of ongoing empirical analysis of professional football.

EU law is relevant to CAS arbitration insofar as it sets forth mandatory rules of law (“lois de police”, “lois d’application immédiate”), i.e. rules of a public law nature which are enacted to protect public policy interests and need to be respected and applied irrespective of the law applicable to the case. EU mandatory rules relevant to sports are notably internal market rules (free movement of workers, right of establishment and freedom to provide services) as well as competition law prohibitions against anticompetitive agreements and abuses of a dominant position. The most challenging and controversial issues arise from the
application of EU competition law to sports matters, particularly within the context of arbitration at the Court of Arbitration for Sports.

This paper updates the paper that was last published in 2015, and states the law as I understood it to be in October 2017 including consideration of the potential impact of Brexit. As with the earlier paper it considers both how employment law impacts on the relationship between clubs as employers and playing and coaching staff as employees. In this context the paper focuses on contractual terms, disciplinary issues and wrongful and unfair dismissal.  The second half of the paper focuses on sport specific employment rules in the wake of the Bosman ruling. The paper discusses critiques of the transfer system as it operates within domestic leagues and with respect to international transfers as regulated by the post-Bosman FIFA transfer rules. Of ongoing importance is the formal legal challenge before the CJEU which has been brought by the players' union, FIFPro. The paper has been expanded to discuss the second limb of Bosman with regard to player nationality quotas, and discusses critiques of UEFA's Home Grown Players rule. The paper also explains the Kolpak ruling and possible consequences for both Bosman and Kolpak of the June 2016 referendum in Britain and the ongoing Brexit process.