Doping

To improve the electrochemical performance of the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 high voltage cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries, silicon-doped LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5−x Si x O 4 samples (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.35) were prepared by different synthesis routes (solid-state reaction and ball milling) and characterized. The X-ray diffraction investigation and structural and profile Rietveld refinement put into evidence that effective spinel doping is obtained by the ball milling route: a solubility limit is achieved for x = 0.10 and silicon preferentially occupies the 8a tetrahedral site of the spinel structure, thus causing lithium to occupy both the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. In contrast, segregation of lithium silicates in the solid-state synthesis is observed. SEM images show that, independent on the synthesis method, silicon controls the particles morphology and grain size. The doped samples show improved electrochemical performances, which can be ascribed to the role of silicon in increasing cations disorder and controlling particles size.

Nanoparticle-doped optical fibers are causing significant scientific interest in different application fields. Nanoparticle-doping of silica glass layers during optical fiber preform fabrication was so far reported by sol-gel and solution doping processes, by flame hydrolysis spraying and by pulling hollow cylinders from nanoparticle suspensions. A new method for fabrication of high quality nanoparticle-doped fibers is suggested. Proposed method is based on "flash vaporization" deposition process, previously reported as method to fabricate rare earth- and metal ion-doped specialty optical fibers. Experiments were made where SiO2 layers were deposited using "flash vaporization"-equipped MCVD system, adding vapors carrying metal or oxide nanoparticles into deposition zone. Analysis of produced preforms confirms presence of nanoparticles in deposited layers, albeit with low deposition rate due to weak thermophoretic forces acting on very small particles or agglomerations. Based on results, a number of improvements were suggested and implemented in fabrication process, device design and choice of precursor materials. "Flash vaporization" method was demonstrated as suitable method for deposition of nanoparticles in silica layers, permitting in-situ fabrication of complete preforms, providing easy upgrade path for existing MCVD and OVD deposition systems and allowing simultaneous co-doping by a wide range of other co-dopants.

Pourquoi de nombreux sportifs pensent-ils qu'ils deviendront un jour de grands champions ? Pourquoi peu y parviendront-ils, en dépit des litres de sueur versés ? Comment cette croyance dans une réussite qui devrait tout au mérite, tout au travail, s'est-elle historiquement formée ? Est-elle illusoire ? Quelles sont les conséquences éthiques, et même politiques, d'une telle illusion ? Le sport fournit l'exemple rêvé d'une méritocratie parfaite, si parfaite que la société est tentée de se fonder sur son modèle. Au cœur de la société, le sport, et au cœur du sport, le mérite, concept ambigu, insuffisamment analysé. Peut en effet être dit méritant, tant celui qui s'efforce sans réussir (« avoir le mérite d'essayer »), que celui qui réussit sans s'efforcer (« mériter la victoire »). Entre ces deux extrémités se distribue tout le monde du sport, certes convaincu que « le meilleur gagne » et que « l'important est de participer », mais tout autant que « le travail paye ». En échouant à récompenser l'effort comme il se doit, le sport réussit alors tout de même quelque chose : produire des forçats condamnés à applaudir les champions qui siègent sur le trône de leur génie − ou alors à tricher, corrompre, se doper.

Denna bok tar ett samlat grepp om rättsliga och idrottsliga åtgärder mot doping. Boken utreder bland annat vad som utgör doping, vilka motiv som ligger bakom olika åtgärder och när olika regler är tillämpliga. Den behandlar också det faktum att vissa dopingbekämpande åtgärder inom idrotten är rättsligt förbjudna. Författarens ambition är inte att undergräva idrottens antidopingarbete, utan att peka ut brister och problem för att i förlängningen stärka kampen mot doping, genom utformningen av ett regelverk som är förenligt med rättsliga krav.

From measurements of the magnetic penetration depth, $\lambda(T)$, from 1.6 K to $T_c$ in films of electron-doped cuprates La$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4-y}$ and Pr$_{2-x}$Ce$_x$CuO$_{4-y}$ we obtain the normalized density of states, $N_s(E)$ at T=0 by using a simple model. In this framework, the flat behavior of $\lambda^{-2}(T)$ at low $T$ implies $N_s(E)$ is small, possibly gapped, at low energies. The upward curvature in $\lambda^{-2}(T)$ near $T_c$ seen in overdoped films implies that superfluid comes from an anomalously small energy band within about $3k_BT_c$ of the Fermi surface.

Компетенция Спортивного арбитражного суда в Лозанне (далее –
CAS) [1] по допинговым спорам основана на положениях Всемирного антидопингового кодекса (далее – ВАДК) [2], в частности ст. 4.4.7 и 4.4.8, в соответствии с которыми CAS является исключительной апелляционной инстанцией по обжалованию решений международных федераций, национальных антидопинговых организаций и Всемирного антидопингового агентства (ВАДА) [3]. Также в силу ст. 8.5 ВАДК нарушение антидопинговых правил, обвинение в котором выдвинуто против спортсмена международного или национального уровня, с согласия спортсмена, антидопинговой организации, проводящей обработку результатов, ВАДА и любой другой антидопинговой организации, которая бы имела право на подачу апелляции на решение первой инстанции в CAS, может быть рассмотрено сразу CAS без соблюдения требования предварительного слушания.

In this study, erbia (Er2O3)-doped Bi2O3 ceramics were prepared from sol–gel derived nanocrystalline powders. The morphological properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out in order to characterize the phase and crystal structure of the powder samples. Temperature dependent electrical properties were determined by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analyzer (TG/DTA) and 4-point probe techniques. The stable fluorite face centered cubic δ-type phase was observed at room temperature from the XRD result, which was supported by the DTA and temperature dependent electrical conductivity measurements. Electrical conductivity results indicate that there is a transition approximately at 650 °C, which can be attributed to an order–disorder transition (ODT). The activation energy values obtained from the Arrhenius approach for heating and cooling process were presented. Two regimes, corresponding to high temperature region (HTR) and low temperature region (LTR), were observed. As a result of morphological changes during the ODT, the electrical conductivity modifies and the activation energies are different for studied sample at HTR and LTR.

Microstructure development in Sb2O3-doped ZnO was studied to evaluate the influence of inversion boundaries (IBs) on ZnO grain growth. In general, the addition of Sb2O3 is believed to inhibit the ZnO grain growth via the formation of spinels and IBs, but we have shown that even the conditions of exaggerated grain growth can be created in this system. We designed an experiment for diffusional doping of ZnO under slightly increased partial pressure of Sb2O3. In the high-concentration regime we observed no spinels, and yet the ZnO grains were small and inhibited in growth, while in the low-concentration regime we found huge grains, several times larger than normal ZnO grains, showing an obvious exaggerated growth. By controlling the number of nuclei with IBs we can design coarse-grained microstructures even with Sb2O3 doping, which has far-reaching implications in the production of low-voltage varistor devices.

In the present study, toremifene urinary excretion studies were evaluated in order to examine main metabolic reactions and to select target metabolites in doping control analysis. Urine samples from three female subjects were collected every 3 h for at least 15 days after the oral administration of a single dose of Fareston® (60 mg). The elemental compositions of the compounds detected were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a time-of-flight system with accurate mass measurement. More detailed structure elucidation was obtained by monitoring the presence or absence of structure-specific ions, using product ion scan and neutral loss acquisition modes, whereas the metabolites urinary profiles were evaluated in selected reaction monitoring acquisition mode. The results showed that the main routes of phase-I modifications involved carboxylation of the chlorinated side chain, N-demethylation and hydroxylation in different positions. Fifteen metabolites were found in all subjects studied, most of them were detected for more than 10 days in the free, glucuronide and sulphate fractions, with a maximum of excretion generally after 9–22 and 34–47 h from drug administration. These metabolites can be divided in two groups: metabolites with the characteristic chlorine isotope pattern and metabolites without the characteristic chlorine isotope pattern. The most abundant and long-term compounds were the carboxylated metabolites followed by the hydroxylated metabolites. Their product ions originating after collision-induced dissociation were observed to occur prevalently in the dimethylaminoethoxy and in the chlorinated side chains. These structure-specific ions were used to design screening and confirmation procedures to positively identify toremifene administration in doping control analysis. Figure Suggested main metabolic routes of toremifene, as postulated by excretion studies followed by both LC-MS/MS assays with different acquisition modes and LC-QTOF

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa.-2. Istituzioni e fonti normative in materia di doping sportivo.-3. (Segue): fonti normative e istituzioni internazionali di tipo privatistico.-4. (Segue): l'Agenzia mondiale antidoping (WADA).-5. (Segue): fonti normative e istituzioni di tipo pubblicistico.-5.1. Livello interstatale.-5.1.1. La Convenzione antidoping del Con-siglio d'Europa.-5.1.2. Altri atti internazionali per la lotta al doping.-5.1.3. La Convenzione dell'UNESCO contro il doping nello sport.-5.2. Livello nazionale.-5.3. Livello dell'Unione europea.-5.3.1. Base giuridica per un'azione dell'Unione europea.-5.3.2. L'attività dell'Unione europea in materia di lotta al doping.-5.3.3. Il caso Meca-Medina.-6. La disciplina materiale della lotta al doping nello sport.-7. La triplice ratio della lotta al doping nello sport.-7.1. Tutela della salute degli atleti.-7.2. Tutela della eguaglianza competitiva.-7.3. Tutela dell'etica sociale e sportiva.-8. La presenza del principio precauzionale nelle norme e nella prassi antidoping.

Doping use is an ongoing problem in contemporary sports. Despite efforts to detect and control doping, research on its etiology is limited, especially among elite-level athletes. The present study used an integrated social cognition model to examine the predictors of doping intentions. Structured anonymous questionnaires were completed by 1075 Greek adult elite-level athletes (M age = 25 years, SD = 5.89, 36.1% females) from both team and individual sports. Multiple regression and mediation analyses showed that attitudes, normative beliefs, situational temptation, and behavioral control significantly predicted doping intentions. A normative process was identified whereby situational temptation mediated the effects of normative beliefs on intentions. The findings provide the basis for future social cognition research in doping use, and set the framework for the development of evidence-based preventive interventions.

« Souvenons-nous de Tony Rominger, le champion cycliste suisse, descendant de vélo après
avoir battu le record du monde de l'heure, en octobre 1994. Avait-il une autre allure que celle d'un
extraterrestre ? 1 », interroge Robert Redeker dans son ouvrage au titre évocateur, Le sport est-il
inhumain ?. Les champions d'antan, encore semblables aux hommes ordinaires, semblent s'être fait
chassés des stades par des êtres se rapprochant davantage de l'« extraterrestre ». Aujourd'hui, les
cyclistes, mêmes amateurs et du dimanche, sont tous équipés d'appareils de mesure les tournant
moins vers l'écoute de leurs sensations que vers la lecture d'informations numériques.

Natural, i.e. drug-free, bodybuilding has been rapidly developing in different parts of the world as a distinct body culture with its own practices, discourses, organisations, key figures and focal points. A central aspect of this has been natural bodybuilding’s emergence and development as a competition sport. The present article traces its tentative articulation in the late 1970s,its formation as part of a broader natural movement in bodybuilding in the 1990s, and its consolidation and global expansion from the 2000s to the present day. In sketching this trajectory,natural bodybuilding is situated in the context of the bodybuilding industry and its historical transformations, as well as of the broader phenomenon of performance- and image-enhancing drugs and the reactions the latter has provoked in sport and wider society. The aim of the article is to offer an initial overview of a previously uncharted competition sport and in the process contribute to an exploration of bodybuilding as a varied and evolving phenomenon.

We report thermoelectric characterization of Bi2-xSbxTe3 (x = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) synthesized by a solvothermal method using DMF as solvent. For Bi2Te3, the size of the edge and thickness of the hexagonal nanoplatelets are 200-250 nm and 20-25 nm, respectively. Bi2Te3 nanosheets appear to grow epitaxially from the surface of the Te tubes, which forms in the first step and acts as the template for the formation of the nanostructure. Upon doping with Sb, the morphology of Bi1.5Sb0.5Te3 changes to a cluster of nanoparticles with the size of ~100 nm. The morphology of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 consists of mainly nanoplatelets with a size of less than 100 nm and warped nanosheets growing along the Te tube. The nominal composition of Bi2Te3 mats containing sheet-tubes shows a negative thermopower of ca. -94 muV/K at 280 K, whereas Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 shows a positive thermopower of ca. 200 muV/K at 280 K.

While nothing is certain, a number of factors point towards the European Union becoming more directly, actively, and concretely involved in the anti-doping movement. After decades of discussion but few actions, expectations are great among Europeans who have clearly signaled that they want EU to become more involved against doping. Expectations that perhaps have been heightened as the Lisbon Treaty for the first time provided the European Union independent competence in the field of sport. If one expects the Union to use this new power for comprehensive legislation in the area of doping, which has been called for on numerous occasions, one is likely to be disappointed. The Union does however appear seriously committed to getting actively involved in other ways. Although there will be yet some time before we know for certain process what the EU’s doping policy will include, certain aspects have become increasingly clear in last couple of years.