Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

Mediator neutrality has attracted significant criticism in recent decades. Some authors, such as Laurence Boulle, have suggested that these criticisms can be avoided by focusing instead on mediator impartiality. This shift is now enshrined in mediator codes of conduct in several jurisdictions, including Australia. This article argues that mediator impartiality fails to provide a tenable foundation for mediation ethics. The concept either reproduces the traditional problems of mediator neutrality or offers mediators and parties little practical guidance in understanding the mediator’s ethical role. In either case, the notion of mediator impartiality itself is effectively empty, meaning it cannot supply a solid foundation for ethical practice.

The termination of parental rights of parents with mental disabilities is a growing and crucial issue.  In 2010, an estimated 45.9 million adults in the U.S. had experienced a mental illness in the past year. This represents 20% of the adult population.  More than five million children in the U.S. have a parent with a serious mental illness such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression.  Courts and child welfare systems too often assume that a parent is not amenable to treatment and is a danger to his or her child when strong symptoms of mental turmoil surface.  Some studies report that as many as 70 to 80% of mentally ill parents have lost custody.  Public systems are overwhelmed by this matter in an era of shrinking resources for such systems.  However, often parents with mental health needs are willing to accept treatment, are able to participate in programming, and are worthy of regaining custody. 
• There are gaps in federal and state law on this issue.  The federal Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) requires that state child welfare agencies and courts make “reasonable efforts” towards family reunification before the termination of parental rights (TPR) can take place.  However, federal statutes and case law provide little guidance to states about what “reasonable efforts” means, and states have been left to interpret that concept individually.  Many state statutes even enable a “bypass” of the “reasonable efforts” standard when “clear and convincing” evidence allegedly shows that a parent's mental condition cannot be changed.  Many states likewise place unjust, statutory and common law time limits on family reunification efforts in TPR cases. 
• Gaps in legal scholarship are also evident here.  Legal scholars have begun to discuss the inadequacy of reunification services for mentally challenged parents, the tenuous link between mental health services and child welfare agency action, the need for enhanced attorney and child welfare worker preparation in this arena, and a need for cultural competence in reunification services.  Others have even suggested that there be a rebuttable presumption in favor of family reunification.  However, those discussions lack a sound theoretical basis and a practical application of solutions. 
• As is featured in previous work of this author, a new theoretical framework of Family Systems Theory-- which is utilized in clinical behavioral health and human rights arenas-- must first be applied.  Under this theoretical framework, the vague and outdated “best interests of the child” standard, which is a legal standard used exclusively in family law cases, must be replaced with a more sound standard of “holistic family wellbeing.”  Vulnerability Theory can add credence to this theoretical framework.
• The discussion of reunification services for families featuring parents with mental disabilities should then be conducted utilizing Family Systems Theory and a legal standard of “holistic family wellbeing.”  Under these circumstances, the “family integrity” defended by our highest courts through the “reasonable efforts” provision should be upheld through the delivery of highly effective family reunification services.  The application of Family Systems Theory ultimately requires reform in the law, service delivery, and professional practice.  State and federal legislators must revisit the “reasonable efforts” standard, to include specific statutory language about the types of reunification services required and the need for flexible timelines.  Courts, child welfare agencies, and service providers need to deliver proven reunification services and coordinated mental health treatment.  In specific court cases, attorneys for the parent(s), the child(ren), and the state should focus on “holistic family wellbeing” utilizing collaborative family law and alternative dispute resolution, while advancing the agency of their clients.  Child welfare workers and practitioners likewise require training in advanced methods of conflict resolution and clinical practice.  These recommendations can ensure more effective family law practice and more successful family - serving systems.

Neste trabalho alisaremos os métodos alternativos para a resolução de conflitos no Direito de Família, fundamentalmente pela perspectiva da via extrajudicial. Estes modelos alternativos para a resolução de conflitos, onde a mediação tem grande importância pelo seu foco no ser humano, se integram perfeitamente à cultura processual adotada pelo novo Código de Processo Civil, cujo texto aprovado pelo Poder Legislativo, dá um destaque especial à conciliação e à mediação, prevendo e disciplinando sua aplicação em várias oportunidades.

TESE DE DOUTORADO apresentada em 2016 na FADUSP. O texto serviu de base para a publicação do livro "ARBITRAGEM, MEDIAÇÃO E OUTROS MÉTODOS DE SOLUÇÃO DE CONFLITOS ENVOLVENDO O PODER PÚBLICO", em 2019 pela Editora Almedina.
A tese tem por objeto o estudo da utilização pelo Poder Público da negociação e da arbitragem como mecanismos de solução de conflitos. Partindo da excessiva litigiosidade existente no Poder Judiciário brasileiro, no qual a Administração Pública figura como a maior litigante, propõe-se a utilização de meios alternativos de solução de controvérsias, mais adequados que o Judiciário para dirimir diversos conflitos. Para tanto, analise-se o sistema multiportas de solução de controvérsias e a política de estimulo à utilização dos mecanismos, ressaltando-se o Novo Código de Processo Civil e as Leis 13.129 e 13.140 de 2015. Visando inserir a Administração Pública neste contexto e demonstrar que não há ofensa à indisponibilidade do interesse público, é feita uma leitura da consensualidade na Administração Pública, do interesse público e do conceito de direito patrimonial disponível estatal. Dentre os meios alternativos, são aprofundadas a negociação e a arbitragem. Quanto à negociação, são apresentados, entre outros, a negociabilidade subjetiva e objetiva, os requisitos de validade da solução negociada, os métodos de negociação e os
acordos para ajuste de conduta, para definir o processo adequado ao mecanismo e concluir que a negociação não diminuirá a quantidade de demandas apropriadas para o Judiciário, mas poderá reduzir a quantidade de demandas inadequadas ao Judiciário, que são muitas.
Quanto à arbitragem, analise-se a possibilidade de o Poder Público se valer deste mecanismo, tanto através da cláusula compromissória, quanto do compromisso arbitral, seja arbitragem institucional ou ad hoc. São abordadas, ainda, entre outras, a desnecessidade de licitação pública para nomeação de câmara ou árbitro, as regras
introduzidas pela Lei 13.129/2015 e a relação da arbitragem com o Poder Judiciário, para se concluir que somente numa quantidade pequena de contratos, notadamente naqueles de valor elevado e de complexidade técnica e jurídica envolvida, será adequado prever a
arbitragem como meio de solução dos conflitos.

Dưới tác động của Covid-19 nhiều doanh nghiệp ngành dệt may buộc phải thu hẹp hoạt động sản xuất, 50% lượng lao động phải nghỉ việc và chỉ có thể sản xuất cầm chừng. Nếu tình hình không có dấu hiệu tốt lên, dự kiến đến cuối tháng 9, hệ thống doanh nghiệp thời trang, may mặc có thể sẽ phải đóng cửa gần như toàn bộ.
Đó là nhận định của ông Phạm Văn Việt, Phó chủ tịch Hội Dệt may thêu đan TPHCM (AGTEK), Chủ tịch HĐQT Công ty TNHH Việt Thắng Jean.
Với mong muốn có thể giúp doanh nghiệp ngành dệt may nắm bắt cụ thể tình hình cũng như tiếp thu những phương pháp khắc phục hậu quả, Trung tâm Trọng tài quốc tế Việt Nam (VIAC) đã có buổi phỏng vấn với ông Phạm Văn Việt và ông Trần Ngọc Liêm, Phó giám đốc Phòng Thương mại và Công nghiệp Việt Nam, chi nhánh TPHCM, trọng tài viên VIAC.

Access to justice helps states to create a peaceful environment for their citizens to live, work and develop. In order to maintain access to justice, the primary tool for governments is courts and processes of litigation. Notwithstanding, when time changed, the traditional litigation process showed it is not an absolute answers to all demand of citizens. This paper will focus on examining the flaws of the adversarial litigation in order to clarify how they limit the access to justice in Australia; simultaneously, to prove the success of mandatory alternative dispute resolution in supporting the citizens to achieve and maintain the right of access to justice

Les MARC sont aujourd’hui sous les feux de la rampe et nombreux sont les travaux qu’ils ont déjà suscités. Les questions sont nombreuses, qui interrogent notamment leur place dans l’arsenal judiciaire existant, leur capacité à s’imposer comme véritable alternative et le danger qu’il y aurait à laisser prospérer de telles justices « à l’ombre de l’Etat ». La critique est ici pleine de sens, et rejoint une de celles qui s’expriment peut-être le plus fortement en terre de civil law.
Là où les Anglo-Saxons évoquent et s’emploient à pratiquer une “restorative justice”, le vocabulaire français s’en tient à une prudente médiation envisagée dans le sillage de l’Etat. Les MARC nourrissent donc souvent la critique de la justice, critique encore formulée en leur temps par Villon, d’Aubigné ou Voltaire. Le déploiement des modes dits alternatifs entre aussi en conjonction avec le phénomène d'engorgement de la justice étatique, voire du tout étatique. D'où une dérive du concept.
L’objectif du colloque international organisé par l’Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense les 23 et 24 mars 2017, sans renoncer à une analyse technique, sera de privilégier une approche interdisciplinaire en déployant la problématique des MARC dans le temps et l’espace. Son but est de revenir sur ces justices atypiques, souvent décrites comme sans État, de montrer comment les cultures envisagent la résolution de leurs litiges. Il s’agira aussi de restituer le contexte idéologique dans lequel se sont épanouies les Alternative Dispute Resolution, les liens qu’elles entretiennent avec le mouvement critique qui s’est développé de part et d’autre de la Manche.
Que penser, dès lors, de la survie des modes traditionnels de règlement des conflits une fois la communauté mise en contact avec un ordre juridique institutionnalisé ? Même dans les pays de common law, n’y a-t-il pas une certaine utopie à croire à la possibilité d’une justice alternative ? L’histoire et l’anthropologie – à l’aune des précédents romains, médiévaux ou modernes (essentiellement coloniaux) – seront ici sollicitées comme exemples capables de répondre à la difficile question de savoir si des pratiques proprement alternatives ont pu exister, si d’autres façons de traiter la litigiosité ont pu se développer à l’écart des institutions.

Si affronta la possibilità di una rivisitazione dei ricorsi amministrativi, strumenti ritenuti ormai superati dall'avvento ed espansione della giurisdizione amministrativa. L'analisi è svolta nell'ottica della funzione giustiziale della pubblica amministrazione, guardando al fenomeno inglese degli administrative tribunals e all'esperimento italiano della Commissione per l'accesso ai documenti amministrativi.

Sommario: 1. Introduzione. Ricorsi amministrativi: nessuna speranza - 2. L’amministrazione in funzione giustiziale - 3. Una nuova concezione dell’autotutela - 4. I ricorsi amministrativi nel nostro ordinamento - 5. Un caso di ricorso gerarchico improprio: l’istanza alla Commissione per l’accesso - 6. L’esempio inglese: gli administrative tribunals - 7. Conclusione. Una rivisitazione radicale dei ricorsi amministrativi e le commissioni indipendenti

In this article, the authors compare alternative conflict resolution mechanisms in Colombia and Russia. In the former, conciliation is the most developed alternative dispute resolution mechanism, while in the latter, mediation is the most developed. In order to deepen this comparison, a qualitative research of interpretative nature has been developed with the support of bibliographic-documentary material. The main conclusion is that access to justice is a human right that has been positivized as a fundamental right in the constitutions of both Colombia and Russia. However, the Colombian Constitution allows individuals to exercise their jurisdictional functions on a temporary basis, unlike the Russian Constitution, which only authorizes judges from the Federation to exercise their jurisdictional functions. While conciliation in Colombia is developed and implemented through State-supervised Conciliation and Arbitration Centers, mediation in Russia is in its initial phase and has gradually gained acceptance in society. In both states, the implementation of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms has been driven by the need to decongest the courts and tribunals of ordinary justice. Therefore, it is useful to insist on the massive use of these instruments to make possible a justice that comes from the parties in conflict, that can repair the relations of the subjects in dispute and that tends towards the construction of more peaceful societies.

Công ty Việt Nam (Nguyên đơn - Bên bán) ký hợp đồng mua bán với Công ty Hàn Quốc (Bị đơn - Bên mua). Phía Việt Nam đã giao hàng theo đơn đặt hàng và yêu cầu phía Hàn Quốc thanh toán nhưng không được đáp ứng. Cuối cùng, Hội đồng Trọng tài đã buộc Bên mua phải tiếp tục thực hiện nghĩa vụ thanh toán.

Through its case law, the CJEU has developed and established various legal institutions and principles guaranteeing the effectiveness of EU law including consumer protection law. Although much time has passed since the CJEU required from Member States' courts to give the "Community (now: Union) law its full effect within the framework of the judicial systems of the Member States", more recent cases demonstrate the serious struggles of the courts when it comes to the enforcement of the EU consumer protection law. The effectiveness of the judicial protection of consumer protection rights is sometimes undermined by the most basic questions, such as who qualifies a person as a "consumer" in a national civil law dispute, the court or the claimant? Moreover, recent studies of the European Commission demonstrate that the national courts are barely aware of their duty in an ex officio application of the EU consumer protection law. With the exception of the courts' duty to examine the unfairness of contract terms in business-to-consumer (B2C) relations of their own motion, they seem to be reluctant to the idea of an ex officio application of consumer protection law. This paper examines the position of courts in this new environment of allegedly more effective enforcement mechanisms and questions to what extent the Member States' courts are obliged to apply the EU consumer protection law ex officio.

In Italy the government is planning to reduce the length of civil trials by 40%. This is one of the commitments with the EU in order to receive the necessary funding to restart the country and its economy after the Covid-19 pandemic.
On June 16, 2021, the Minister of Justice submitted its proposals for changes to civil process and ADRs to Parliament, which reflect the recommendations made by the Luiso Commission. With regard to mediation:
-. tax benefits;
-. increase of the subjects covered by mandatory mediation;
-. more effectiveness of mediation ordered by the judge;
-. clarification of the mediation proceeding to make it more effective;
- involvement of the public administration;
- quality of training.
Moreover the Government has foreseen 5 million euro expenditure in 2022 and 60 million from 2023 for mediation.

BRAGANÇA, Fernanda; BRAGANÇA, Laurinda. "Mediação de conflitos: uma abordagem econômica com foco no setor empresarial". Revista de Formas Consensuais de Solução de Conflitos, vol. 6, n. 2, pp. 97-114, jul-dez. 2020. Disponível: https://www.indexlaw.org/index.php/revistasolucoesconflitos/article/view/7113/pdf_1

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wymiarów konstytucyjności alternatywnych metod rozwiązywania sporów podatkowych oraz identyfikacja – w ramach macierzy kreowanej przez te wymiary – pól, w których występują istotne zagrożenia i wyzwania w zakresie (rzeczywistej lub postrzeganej) niekonstytucyjności tych metod.
Ustalenia poczynione w tym artykule mają charakter wstępny. Celem analizy jest nade wszystko postawienie dobrych pytań; odpowiedź na niektóre z nich jest zbyt trudna, by mogła zostać udzielona w wąskich ramach tego tekstu.

The article deals with the categories of mediability and arbitrability of a legal dispute, identifies their individual general and special characteristics. Taking into account the current legal regulation and doctrinal approaches, the author analyzes the correlation of the concepts of mediability, arbitrability and jurisdiction. It offers its own conclusions regarding the assessment of the mediability and arbitrability of a legal dispute, based on the understanding of the legal relationship structure existing in the theory of law.

Vận đơn điện tử và phương thức trả hàng điện tử (ERS-Electronic Release System) ngày càng được sử dụng rộng rãi. Tuy vậy, người vận chuyển theo vận đơn có thể gặp rủi ro "trả hàng (giao hàng) nhầm" nếu không chú ý thích đáng khi sử dụng phương thức này vì rủi ro pháp lý do tòa án có quan điểm khác với cách hiểu thông thường về trả hàng điện tử.

In both private and public justice systems, online dispute resolution (ODR) technologies are profoundly affecting people’s access to justice and redress and the nature of their procedural experiences. Automation and artificial intelligence play a key role in delivering the promise of ODR. At the same time, there are challenging normative and practical concerns regarding the ability of “machine made justice” to meet appropriate procedural and substantive standards. The article presents a conceptual framework for evaluating the role of technology in dispute resolution and its effect on procedural justice. Subsequently, it proposes an instrument for evaluating procedural justice experiences in ODR; and reports the results of a study comparing the impact of automated (software-powered) and human-powered online mediation and arbitration on disputants’ procedural justice experiences. Finally, the article discusses the implications of its findings on ODR process design, regulation, and pra...

ADR has been widely accepted as a timely and cost-saving dispute resolution process around the world. However, it functions differently in Bangladesh. After two decades of formal introduction, ADR has not achieved popularity among litigants as a dispute resolution method in Bangladesh. Consequently, the rate of case disposals through ADR is very low. This empirical study demonstrates that the ego-centric mentality of litigants, lack of information regarding the advantages of ADR and absence of incentives have made lawyers disinclined to engage; further, the time constraints of judges have made them reluctant and the possibility of unfair solutions due to the unequal position of the parties discourage to use ADR because there is a possibility of misinterpretation. This article investigates whether the existing format of ADR, transferred from the Western legal system, positively affects litigation costs and accelerates the administration of justice.

Title: A Primer on the Barangay Justice with ADR Law
Author: Judge Eliza B. Yu, LLM, DCL
Publisher: Central Book Supply, Inc.
ISBN: 978-971-011-204-3
No. Of Pages: 180
Size: 6"x9"
Binding: Softbound
Price:  ₱ 395
Description:  We belong to a country where our government spent huge amount of money for adversarial litigations that generate hostile feelings between the parties who are involved in expensive and protracted law suits. In 2009, the Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) Accomplishment Report and Executive Summary reported a total of 4, 154, 587 pauper clients assisted and a total of 591, 358 cases handled. In 2008, the National Prosecution Service (NPS) handled a total of 417,000 cases for preliminary investigation and a total of more or less 750,000 cases in the first and level courts averaging to 1 prosecutor for every 406 court cases. In 2007, the case load of First Level Courts totalled to 546, 314 while the case load of Second Level courts totalled to 546, 033. With these high figures, we have congested court dockets, a perennial problem since time immemorial, that hamper access to justice by the poor, a right enshrined in our Constitution. Part of the solution to this problem is to resort to Katarungang Pambarangay, known also as Barangay Justice as an alternative way of settling disputes in a cheaper and faster way. To realize this better dispute resolution, there must be an information campaign to the public, and so out of this imposing purpose, this book A PRIMER ON THE BARANGAY JUSTICE WITH ADR LAW was made upon the suggestion of a former UP College of Law Dean Froilan M. Bacungan, who was a member of Presidential Decree No. 1293 that created a presidential commission tasked with a duty of studying the feasibility of instituting a system of settling disputes among the members in the barangay without going to the courts. The author, Judge Eliza B. Yu, LLM was a former Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) Chairman and an Ex Officio member of the Sangguniang Barangay in 1992. As SK Chairman, among others, she was exposed to the legislative works in the Barangay ; She exercised the duties and responsibilities of a Barangay official; and she gained experience on simple matters dealing with the Barangay Justice System. She finished her pre-law degree from the University of the Philippines in the Visayas without paying any tuition fees as a Department of Interior and Local Government Scholar because of her position as SK Chairman. In a way, this book is her humble way of thanking the Barangay and the DILG for the free education from 1993 to 1996. She earned the distinction as the only SK Chairman from the province (Western Samar) who became a National Capital Region (Pasay City) Metropolitan Trial Court Judge in the country.

Công ty M (Nguyên đơn) ký hợp đồng với Công ty T (Bị đơn) để thi công công việc chống thấm cho một tòa nhà. Sau đó hai Bên có tranh chấp và có yêu cầu phạt vi phạm hợp đồng. Tuy nhiên, yêu cầu phạt vi phạm này không được Hội đồng Trọng tài chấp nhận.

Qua 10 năm áp dụng Luật TTTM cho thấy Luật TTTM đã góp phần thúc đẩy hoạt động trọng tài phát triển và hoạt động trọng tài ngày càng được cộng đồng quan tâm và đón nhận nhiều hơn. Số vụ tranh chấp tại trọng tài cũng có sự gia tăng đáng kể. Tuy nhiên, thực tế áp dụng đạo luật này cho thấy đã bộc lộ một số hạn chế cần được tiếp tục hoàn thiện.

ARABULUCULUK VE SİNGAPUR SÖZLEŞMESİ
Arabuluculuk, alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemleri içerisinde yer alan ve günden güne gelişen bir uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemidir. Arabuluculuğun yargılama temelli uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemlerine nazaran önemli avantajları bulunmaktadır. Bu avantajlarının varlığına rağmen mühim derecede zayıf bir yönü de bulunmaktadır. Bu zayıf yönü, arabuluculuk faaliyeti sonucunda elde edilen arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesinin sınır ötesi icrası oluşturmaktadır. Arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesi, kural olarak, tarafların üzerinde mutabık kaldıkları hususları yerine getirmeyi taahhüt ettikleri bir sulh sözleşmesidir. Yerine getirilmeyen diğer sözleşmelerin icrası gibi arabuluculuk anlaşma belgesinin icrası için de dava açılmak zorunda kalınır ise, arabuluculuk etkin bir uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi olma özelliğine sahip olamayacaktır. Bu zayıf durumu bertaraf edebilmek amacıyla Singapur Sözleşmesi hazırlanmıştır. Singapur Sözleşmesi'nin kapsamına giren ticari nitelikteki arabuluculuk anlaşma belgeleri, Sözleşme'de belirtilen şartları sağlamak kaydıyla, âkit ülkelerde icra edilebilecek veya kesin delil olarak yararlanılabilinecektir. Elinizdeki bu çalışmada, arabuluculuk anlaşma belgelerinin sınır ötesi icrasını ve kesin delil etkisini düzenleyen Singapur Sözleşmesi detaylı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır.

The article discusses the issue of reform in Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) through the lens of the theory of heuristics and biases identified by cognitive psychology and behavioural economics. Reform proposals in ISDS have been heavily pathdependent on past theories and existing institutions in the field of international adjudication. A behavioural theory of international institutions can help design ISDS mechanisms that are better suited to the actual decision-making processes in international adjudication. The article presents various debiasing instruments for the ISDS context, such as 'nudges', which could form part of the institutional design of the new dispute resolution fora together with rational design instruments. Transparency mechanisms, levels of review, training and evaluation, consider-the-opposite strategies and new legal default rules should become embedded in the reformed ISDS, alongside a pluralistic rather than specialized court structure.

Efforts at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst illustrate how academic programs such as Legal Studies can form the basis for conflict resolution in the local community as well as on campus.
The study of conflict and its resolution lies at the core of many disciplines , but perhaps none touches as closely on this subject as legal studies, the liberal arts study of law in society. Legal studies examines the form and structure of authority in society and the conflicts that authority is expected to resolve. Legal studies also examines the role of officially sanctioned authority in exacerbating conflict. Humanistic, liberal arts legal studies differs considerably from its law school counterpart, the professional study of law. While law school builds its curriculum around the needs of a profession, a liberal arts curriculum operates within a broader context: the study of power and conflict within cultural and historical perspectives. As distinct from a pre-law curriculum, legal studies explores legal issues that arise in connection with the design of public policy and the content of public interest research. Legal studies is not limited to the study of adjudication and adversary processes. It takes these as the dominant themes for conflict management in our society and examines their development and relationship to the structure of society. Official systems of dispute resolution are compared with informal systems, such as the family.

Dispute Review Boards (DRBs) are almost 40 years old, having first been used in the United States in 1975.  It is therefore timely to assess whether they provide the mature judgement that can assist parties to manage conflicts and resolve disputes that invariably arise on construction projects, without the need to resort to arbitration or litigation. Their record to date, suggests that they can – over 2,000 projects around the world have used a DRB, of which an impressive 98% were completed with no outstanding disputes.  This success rate has fuelled an exponential growth in the use of DRBs not only in the United States, but around the world.  While DRBs, like arbitration, are a creature of contract, unlike arbitration they do not have a long history in construction dispute resolution and do not enjoy the same support and recognition as arbitration, which is the subject of an international treaty  and numerous statutory regimes around the world.

DRBs remain a relatively new dispute avoidance process (DAP) for much of the construction world, and it is difficult to find two projects that have designed and used a DRB in the same way. Principals and contractors continue to experiment with the process and often make adjustments to available standard DRB specifications,  either in the hope of yielding better outcomes from the DRB, or out of fear of what might happen if a DRB is given the full range of recommended powers. While some modifications have produced outstanding results and maximised the DRB’s ability to assist parties to avoid and/or resolve conflicts and disputes as they arise, other modifications have driven both principals and contractors to “swear that they would never use a DRB again”.  With this is mind, this article explores the factors that are critical to the success of DRBs and demonstrates through two case studies, how parties can maximise the benefits of the process, and avoid the hidden dangers that can derail a DRB.

Resumen: A través de la mediación como vía irenológica se ha logrado contribuir a dinamizar y modernizar la justicia, sin embargo, es en el ámbito social donde se ha apreciado un importante impacto al desarrollar en los participantes, acti-tudes para el diálogo, la negociación, la formación de con-senso y la solución pacífica de sus controversias. Resultado de los cambios generados por la inclusión de conceptos como ciudadanización de la justicia, justicia cotidiana y la necesidad de contribuir a sociedades pacíficas, la nueva capacitación di-rigida a los mediadores, exige la necesidad de proporcionar una formación integral que cumpla con la visión de multidi-mensiones. El mediador actual debe ser capacitado en temas como coaching, inteligencia emocional, habilidades persona-les, pacificación de conflictos además de las técnicas, herra-mientas y habilidades básicas que le permitan ejercer su tra-bajo con eficacia. Aunado a lo anterior, es destacable que a  Doctora en Intervención Social y Mediación por la Universidad de Murcia, Máster en MASC y Licenciada en Psicología por la Universidad

The COVID-19 pandemic blew-up in early 2020 in Hong Kong and Italy. Among other consequences, many court hearings were postponed and the backlog increased. The use of ODR has been enhanced in both countries (and all over the world) but in completely different ways.

Sommario: 1. Introduzione. – 2. L’esperienza nordamericana: profili generali. – 3. (Segue:) tipologie di clausole,
procedure, poteri. – 4. Temi e problemi di una nuova ricerca (non solo privatistica). – 5. Tre direttrici e provvisorie
conclusioni

Islamic vision of legal philosophy encompasses the entire life from cradle to grave. The Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms in Islamic Law are based on the Al-Qur'an and Al-Sunnah, regarded as the most sacred and therefore, the most compliance-worthy. That is why a religious sanctity confers on it a status which is unique and unparalleled among all the legal systems of the world. Alternative Dispute Resolution (hereinafter ADR) indicates a process of settling a dispute between the disputing parties through mutual compromise. At present, it has gained popularity and international recognition in resolving disputes all over the world. The conventional methods of resolving disputes through court-annexed ADR and outside court ADR are the results of Islamic dispute resolution process and these are not unfamiliar with Islamic Law. In Islamic Law, Alternative Dispute Resolution occupies a high religious connotation because of the Qur'anic origin of sulh (negotiation, mediation and compromise), tahkim (arbitration), a combination of sulh and tahkim (med-arb), informal justice by waliyat-al-mazalim (chancellor), muhtasib (ombudsman) and fatwa of muftis (expert determination). This paper will provide information on ADR in Islamic Law and will try to explain each of the ADR mechanisms (mentioned earlier) used in Islamic Law in the light of Islamic sources for obtaining legal redress between the disputants. In addition a comparison of Islamic as well as conventional ADR with modern judicial system will be highlighted in this paper.

TÜRK VE MUKAYESELİ HUKUK DÜZENLEMELERİNDE
ARABULUCU OLABİLME ŞARTLARI ve ARABULUCULAR SİCİLE KAYIT


Ferhat Yıldırım

ÖZET

6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu (HUAK)’nun “Tanımlar” başlığını taşıyan ikici maddesinin ilk fıkrasının (a) bendinde arabulucu tanımlanmaktadır. İlgili hükme göre arabulucu, “Arabuluculuk faaliyetini yürüten ve Bakanlıkça düzenlenen arabulucular siciline kaydedilmiş bulunan gerçek kişiyi” ifade etmektedir. Yine bu düzenleme ile ilintili olarak HUAK md 20 arabulucular siciline kayıt koşullarını tahdidi olarak saymış ve bu şartları sağlayan kişinin arabulucu olarak sicile kaydedileceğini ve arabuluculuk mesleğini ancak bu sicile kayıt işleminden sonra icra edebileceğini hüküm altına almıştır. Arabuluculuk mesleğinin fiili olarak yerine getirilebilmesi açısından gerekli olan en temel koşulun arabulucular sicile kayıt olmak olduğu, keza sicile kayıt olabilmek ve dolayısıyla da arabuluculuk mesleğini yapabilmek için sicile kayıt şartlarını küllen taşımak gerektiği görülmektedir.     

Çalışmada arabulucular siciline kayıt için gerekli olan şartlar, sicil kaydının tutulmasındaki usul ve esaslar, sicil kaydının düzeltilmesine ilişkin getirilen düzenlemeler gerek HUAK gerek mukayeseli hukukta özellikle Alman, Avusturya uygulamaları merkezinde ele alınarak karşılaştırılmaktadır. Düzenlemeler arasında arabulucu olabilme, sicile kayıt ve sicillerin tutulması sistemleri bakımından benzerlikler belirtilmekle birlikte, bilhassa Avusturya Hukuk Uyuşmazlıkları Arabuluculuk Federal Kanunu [Zivilreschts-Mediations-Gesetz (ZivMediatG)] özelinde getirilen arabulucu olma şartları ve bu şartlardan farklılık arz edenlerin HUAK kapsamında uygun olup olmayacağı meselesi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Yapılan karşılaştırma neticesinde, mukayese edilen ülkelerin uyguladıkları sistemler birlikte yorumlanarak mevcut düzenlemelere farklı bir bakış açısı, eleştiri ve görüş getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu (HUAK), arabulucu, arabulucular sicili, arabulucu olabilme şartları, sicile kayıt şartları, sicilden silinme.



CONDITIONS FOR ELIGIBILITY TO ACT AS A MEDIATOR AND REGISTRATION WITH MEDIATORS’ REGISTRY
IN TURKISH AND COMPARATIVE LAW PROVISIONS

A mediator is defined in subparagraph (a) of the first paragraph of the second article titled “Definitions” in the Law no. 6325 on Mediation in Civil Disputes (LMCD). According to the said provision, a mediator means “a natural person who acts as a mediator and is registered with the mediators’ registry kept by the Ministry.” In connection with this provision, Article 20 of the LMCD also provides a non-exhaustive list of conditions for registration with the mediators’ registry and prescribes that individuals meeting these conditions shall be registered with the registry as mediator and shall be eligible to perform the mediation profession only following this registration. It is noted that the most basic condition that is indispensable in order to be eligible to practice as a mediator is to be registered with the registry of mediators, and in fact, it is necessary to meet all of the conditions for registration with the said registry in order to be able to register therewith and thus to be eligible to serve as a mediator.

In this study, the conditions sought for registration with the mediators’ registry, procedures and principles applicable to keeping of the registry records, and the regulations introduced with respect to correction of the registry records, are examined within the framework of the Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes (HUAK) as well as comparative law, by making comparisons especially in view of the practices in German and Austria.  From among the regulations, similarities especially in terms of eligibility criteria for becoming a mediator, registration with the registry, and the systems in place for keeping of the registries, are set forth, and emphasis is made on the conditions sought for becoming a mediator, as introduced within the scope of the Austria Federal Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes [Zivilrechts-Mediations-Gesetz (ZivMediatG)] and the issue of whether or not anything that deviates from these conditions would be applicable under HUAK. Upon the comparison made, the systems applied in the countries that are the subject of the comparison were interpreted, and it was sought to introduce a different perspective, criticism and opinion with respect to the existing regulations.

Key words: The Law on Mediation in Civil Disputes (LMCD), mediator, mediators’ registry, conditions of eligibility to act as mediator, conditions for registration, deregistration.