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Stanislaw Burdziej
  • Toruń, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Poland
Theprocedural justicethesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes in people’s perception of institutional legitimacy is supported by a large body of research. But studies also suggest thatdistributive justiceand... more
Theprocedural justicethesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes in people’s perception of institutional legitimacy is supported by a large body of research. But studies also suggest thatdistributive justiceand theeffectivenessof authorities are more important in certain legal settings (civil courts) and national contexts (posttransition societies). This study tests these ideas through a survey of 192 civil litigants in Poland, a postcommunist country where the national judiciary has recently been subject to intense political scrutiny. Our findings support the generalizability of procedural justice, and especially voice, but also demonstrate the significance of outcomes and legal cynicism. We also discuss prior court contact, role (plaintiff versus defendants), and representation (presence of counsel) as potential moderators on litigants’ perceptions of court legitimacy.
Since 1989, cultural expertise has emerged as a crucial factor in navigating Poland's communist past. The use of cultural expertise provided by historians was institutionalized in 1999, when the Institute of National Remembrance was... more
Since 1989, cultural expertise has emerged as a crucial factor in navigating Poland's communist past. The use of cultural expertise provided by historians was institutionalized in 1999, when the Institute of National Remembrance was created and charged with prosecuting Nazi and communist crimes, as well as assisting with the belated decommunization. Expert historians are requested by courts and other institutions to provide opinions in cases ranging from alleged collaboration with communist secret services, withdrawal of veteran status bestowed to soldiers of communist military units fighting the Polish resistance movement, awarding compensation to victims of German concentration and labour camps, to changing names of places named after prominent Party activists. Using this expertise requires the courts to understand the intricacies of recent Polish history, such as the operational methodology and archival practices of communist secret services, or the complex interplay of motiv...
A considerable body of literature has documented the significance of fair treatment in terms of generating trust towards decision-makers across different institutional contexts. It has also been demonstrated that even young children are... more
A considerable body of literature has documented the significance of fair treatment in terms of generating trust towards decision-makers across different institutional contexts. It has also been demonstrated that even young children are sensitive to procedural justice, and that experiences of both fairness and unfairness help shape young people's wider attitudes towards authority. In this paper, we seek to extend these findings into the academic context. We use data from two separate studies of university students in Poland. In study 1 (N = 315), using a survey to capture students' actual experiences, we find that fair treatment was a stronger predictor of perceived legitimacy of university authorities than were fair outcomes. In study 2 (N = 751), also using a survey of a nationally representative sample of university students, we demonstrate that this procedural effect is mediated by students' identification with their university, and that trust in academic authorities translates into higher levels of engagement and lower levels of burnout. Academic identification fully mediated the relationship between both procedural and distributive fairness and engagement and partly mediated the relationship between the two dimensions of fairness and burnout. We conclude that the experience of procedural fairness leads students to more strongly identify with their university and thereby enhances their trust in university authorities.
The outputs of EURO-EXPERT include academic publications, CULTEXP - the first multilingual and cross-jurisdictional database on cultural expertise, data visualisation of in-court and out-of-court cultural expertise, a toolkit for the use... more
The outputs of EURO-EXPERT include academic publications, CULTEXP - the first multilingual and cross-jurisdictional database on cultural expertise, data visualisation of in-court and out-of-court cultural expertise, a toolkit for the use of cultural expertise, and publications for the general public. This dataset is the EURO-EXPERT data summary for Poland
Abstract: In Comte's vision, humanity progressed from a theological to a metaphysical to a positive phase. This transition was to be mirrored by the replacement of theology and metaphysics by a new science of society-sociology.... more
Abstract: In Comte's vision, humanity progressed from a theological to a metaphysical to a positive phase. This transition was to be mirrored by the replacement of theology and metaphysics by a new science of society-sociology. Comte's prophecy was quickly fulfilled-within a century the new discipline had successfully undermined the legitimacy of other systems of knowledge in the social realm-like philosophy, theology, and literature. Even theologians learned to adopt the findings of their rival and incorporate them into their framework. At the same time, the emerging social sciences borrowed heavily from theology, while trying to mask the debt. The recent constructivist turn has challenged social scholars to rethink that positivist paradigm. This article tries to take up the challenge and see whether theology and sociology can possibly learn from one another.Keywords: theology, sociology, secularity, post-secularity, sociological and theological imagination.Throughout the 1...
Analiza ramowa (1974), wydana w języku polskim dopiero w 2010 roku, stanowi prawdopodobnie najważniejszą pracę Ervinga Goffmana. Jej tłumacz przedstawia w tym artykule przegląd głównych problemów translacyjnych, jakie wiążą się przede... more
Analiza ramowa (1974), wydana w języku polskim dopiero w 2010 roku, stanowi prawdopodobnie najważniejszą pracę Ervinga Goffmana. Jej tłumacz przedstawia w tym artykule przegląd głównych problemów translacyjnych, jakie wiążą się przede wszystkim z wprowadzonymi przez Goffmana terminami. Należą do nich zwłaszcza pojęcia "ramy" i "ramowania" oraz terminy keying, containment i flooding out, trudne do oddania w języku polskim. W artykule podjęto także próbę adaptacji terminologii Goffmana do systematycznej analizy procesu tłumaczenia (jako specyficznego rodzaju Goffmanowskiej transpozycji).
Historically, modern democracy can be rightly regarded as an extension of some of the basic tenets of Christianity, with the letter's focus on individual dignity and inalienable rights of every person regardless of their ethnic or... more
Historically, modern democracy can be rightly regarded as an extension of some of the basic tenets of Christianity, with the letter's focus on individual dignity and inalienable rights of every person regardless of their ethnic or social origin. In some aspects, however, democracy remains a project directly rivaling Christianity. This essay traces the rivalry to the French Revolution which tried to replace Catholicism with the cults of Reason and Supreme Being, which shows that without recourse to traditional sources of authority, such as religion, democracy is incapable of constructing a legitimate social order While democracy continues to be the form of government most compatible with Christian doctrine, the relationship between the two is not a necessary nor an equal one. It depends on whether democracy is viewed as a technique of government, when compromise and cooperation are possible, or as an ideology, when such coexistence is increasingly difficult.
In the fall of 2005 a major shift of power took place in Poland. Both parliamentary and presidential elections wrought the control over the elective and legislative branches from the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy... more
In the fall of 2005 a major shift of power took place in Poland. Both parliamentary and presidential elections wrought the control over the elective and legislative branches from the post-communist Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD) to a right-wing party Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwosc, PiS). (1) In April 2006 the winning party formed a coalition with two smaller populist parties: Self-Defence (Samoobrona) and League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR), marking the beginning of what was proclaimed to be the IVth Republic of Poland. What made the change possible? What was the role of religious media in this election and in the first year of the new political situation? The present study focuses on the role played by the conservative Catholic Radio Maryja and other media closely associated with it: daily Nasz Dziennik and TV Trwam. Scholars and journalists often risk doubtful generalizations while discussing church-state relations in Poland...
[PL poniżej] A large body of research supports the procedural justice hypothesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes for institutional legitimacy. How fairness matters across legal institutions and geographic settings... more
[PL poniżej] A large body of research supports the procedural justice hypothesis that quality of treatment matters more than outcomes for institutional legitimacy. How fairness matters across legal institutions and geographic settings remains an open question, however. This article uses a survey of criminal defendants to test the factors associated with perceived legitimacy of courts in Poland, a country whose judiciary is currently subject to intense political contestation. The findings confirm the primacy of procedural justice, while also illustrating the influence of instrumental performance factors such as time and court organization. This suggests that in contexts of political transition with disputed legal institutions, citizens’ contact with procedurally fair, operationally efficient institutions can support the legitimacy of authorities and strengthen the rule of law.

[PL] Wiele badań potwierdza hipotezę sprawiedliwości proceduralnej, że dla legitymizacji instytucji sposób traktowania jest ważniejszy niż rezultaty jej działania. Jednak kwestia, jak ważna jest sprawiedliwość proceduralna w różnych porządkach prawnych i warunkach geograficznych, pozostaje kwestią otwartą. W artykule wykorzystano badanie oskarżonych w sprawach karnych w celu przetestowania czynników związanych z postrzeganą legitymacją sądów w Polsce, kraju, którego sądownictwo jest obecnie przedmiotem intensywnych sporów politycznych. Ustalenia potwierdzają pierwszeństwo sprawiedliwości proceduralnej, jednocześnie ilustrując wpływ instrumentalnych czynników wydajności, takich jak czas i organizacja sądu. Sugeruje to, że w kontekście transformacji politycznej kontakt obywateli z proceduralnie uczciwymi, sprawnymi operacyjnie instytucjami może wspierać legitymizację władz i wzmacniać rządy prawa.
[PL poniżej] Civic Courts Monitoring is a research program run continuously since 2010 by the Court Watch Poland Foundation. It's a response to the problem of low social confidence in Polish courts and its goal is to change this situation... more
[PL poniżej] Civic Courts Monitoring is a research program run continuously since 2010 by the Court Watch Poland Foundation. It's a response to the problem of low social confidence in Polish courts and its goal is to change this situation by using the achievements of social sciences and animating the impact of courts and civil society on each other. One of the methods of action adopted is implementation in Poland of the idea of ​​"court watch". Ordinary people participate in the hearings as public and conduct systematic, social supervision over how the judiciary is exercised. This action - called by us Civic Courts Monitoring (initially only district, now basically all except military courts) - met with great interest of university students, who in large numbers joined the ranks of the Foundation's volunteers. Thanks to their help, we collected data from observations of over 20 thousand court hearings in less than five years. This article explains the idea of citizen monitoring of courts, which has been conducted by the Court Watch Poland Foundation since 2010. It discusses the methodology and results of the fourth edition of the monitoring program carried out in 2013-2014. It also presents the theoretical context of the monitoring, which is determined by the concept of procedural fairness. According to it, the participants’ subjective assessments of court proceedings (including the possibility of speaking and the way they are treated) are of great importance for their sense of fairness and, in the longer perspective, for legitimizing the judicial power.

[PL] Obywatelski Monitoring Sądów jest programem badawczym prowadzonym nieprzerwanie od 2010 r. przez Fundację Court Watch Polska z siedzibą w Toruniu. Powstała ona w odpowiedzi na problem niskiego zaufania społecznego do sądów w Polsce, a jej celem jest zmiana tej sytuacji poprzez wykorzystanie dorobku nauk społecznych i animowanie oddziaływania na siebie sądów oraz społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Jedną z metod działania, jaką przyjęliśmy, jest realizacja w Polsce idei "court watch". Polega ona na tym, że w rozprawach uczestniczą, w charakterze publiczności, zwykli obywatele i prowadzą systematyczny, społeczny nadzór nad tym, w jaki sposób sprawowana jest władza sądownicza. Działanie to – nazwane przez nas Obywatelskim Monitoringiem Sądów (początkowo tylko rejonowych, obecnie w zasadzie wszystkich, poza sądami wojskowymi) – spotkało się z ogromnym zainteresowaniem młodzieży studenckiej, która bardzo licznie zasiliła szeregi wolontariuszy Fundacji. Dzięki jej pomocy w ciągu niespełna pięciu lat zebraliśmy dane z obserwacji ponad 20 tys. posiedzeń
oraz infrastruktury 150 budynków sądowych.
W rozdziale postawiono tezę, że zasoby kapitału społecznego należy postrzegać nie tylko jako cechę środowiska społecznego, w którym funkcjonują instytucje wymiaru sprawiedliwości, lecz także jako efekt oddziaływania tych instytucji na... more
W rozdziale postawiono tezę, że zasoby kapitału społecznego należy postrzegać nie tylko jako cechę środowiska społecznego, w którym funkcjonują instytucje wymiaru sprawiedliwości, lecz także jako efekt oddziaływania tych instytucji na swoje otoczenie. Innymi słowy, kontakt z instytucjami publicznymi (w tym z sądami) jest zawsze okazją do weryfikacji przekonań obywateli co do ich wiarygodności i skuteczności. W warunkach społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, przekonania te silnie wpływają na postrzeganą prawomocność instytucji. Takie dynamiczne ujęcie autorytetu trzeciej władzy oznacza, że autorytet jest pochodną sprawiedliwego traktowania (a także szeregu innych czynników, jak instrumentalna efektywność oraz sprawiedliwość dystrybutywna, tj. satysfakcja z samej decyzji) i musi być stale odnawiany.
Wyniki badań, które zaprezentowano, pozwalają zaobserwować, jak ten kontakt obywatela z trzecią władzą wygląda obecnie. Z jednej strony, przedstawiony obraz pozytywnie odbiega od dominujących wyobrażeń opinii publicznej, kształtowanej w dużej mierze przez media popularne. Z drugiej strony, widać jasno, że niemało jeszcze trzeba zmienić – w zakresie interakcji sądów i obywateli – by kontakt z tą instytucją rzeczywiście skutkował wzrostem autorytetu sądów i sędziów. Na szczęście istnieje wiele sposobów – zarówno formalnych, jak i nieformalnych – w jaki trzecia władza może budować swój kapitał społeczny. Musi tylko chcieć z nich korzystać.

[Draft. Artykuł w ostatecznym kształcie ukazał się w pracy zbiorowej pt. "Wymiar sprawiedliwości w dobie oczekiwań społecznych. Część II. Zarządzanie i ekonomia"  red.nauk. ROMAN SOBIECKI i PRZEMYSŁAW BANASIK, Wydawnictwo C.H.Beck, rok: 2016, tom: II, strony: 163-173]
Pressure for efficiency and financial constraints, as well as social concerns about legitimacy of the justice system and social cost of an excessively repressive sentencing policy, have led to a dynamic proliferation of problem-solving... more
Pressure for efficiency and financial constraints, as well as social concerns about legitimacy of the justice system and social cost of an excessively repressive sentencing policy, have led to a dynamic proliferation of problem-solving justice since the 1980s, first in the United States, and later in other jurisdictions. While
problem-solving courts have been implemented mainly in common law jurisdictions, elements of problem-solving also permeated continental legal systems. Similar challenges also led Poland, a country with a recent experience of democratic transition, to include or expand elements of problem-solving into its legal and court system. This paper offers an overview of these challenges and problem-solving measures developed in Poland after 1989 to address them. Barriers to a more comprehensive problem-solving approach are also identified.
The article attempts to reconstruct basic assumptions of community justice – an emerging paradigm of penal policy that is gaining popularity in Western Europe and the US. The model assumes an empowerment of citizens in matters related to... more
The article attempts to reconstruct basic assumptions of community justice – an emerging paradigm of penal policy that is gaining popularity in Western Europe and the US. The model assumes an empowerment of citizens in matters related to criminal justice, including various forms of public participation, aimed at reclaiming confl icts thus far appropriated by professionals and institutions. The article discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of this "democratization " of penal policy.
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Court Watch Poland Foundation was established and launched its first monitoring program in 2010. Our aim is to organize watchdog activities in the area of the Polish system of justice – especially in the courts. Our first project, Citizen... more
Court Watch Poland Foundation was established and launched its first monitoring program in 2010. Our aim is to organize watchdog activities in the area of the Polish system of justice – especially in the courts. Our first project, Citizen Monitoring of District Courts in Poland 2010/2011 resulted in a report based on ca. 2,500 hearing observations from over 150 volunteer observers. The current, sixth report was based on 5124 hearing observations from 485 volunteers and 137 courts. Like in the previous years, volunteers were asked to fill in two forms: one regarded the hearing (fairness of the judge, respecting rights of participants and following legal procedures), the other – the court building infrastructure (e.g. accessibility for the disabled, public toilets, etc). Our methodology is fit for anybody who would like to visit their local courts and watch hearings – no special knowledge of law is expected or required. Actually, unlike some other programs, including those previously conducted in Poland, our project aims at encouraging regular citizens, not lawyers or even law students, to visit the courtrooms. This enables us to reconstruct the perspective of ordinary citizens, who make for the majority of court clients, not legal professionals, who are insiders and tend to accept existing dysfunctions as a necessary evil or even something normal. The most important findings concerning hearing observations conducted between July 2015 and July 2016 are:
• 12 per cent of scheduled hearings did not take place;
• 51 per cent of hearings started with a delay;
• for the hearings delayed, in 75 per cent of cases nobody explained or apologized for the delay;
• in 4 per cent of hearings observed the judge questioned the
right of observers to stay in the court room and/or to take notes;
• in 11 per cent of hearings the prosecutor or the attorney of at
least one party were present in the court room before the hearing started, during the break and/or after it finished with the doors to the courtroom shut and other parties absent (it considered mostly prosecutors);
• in 3 per cent of hearings observed the judge treated someone in an impolite manner;
• in 13 per cent of cases where a judgment was issued, oral reasons for the decision were not clear and comprehensive;
• only 35 per cent of hearings observed concluded the case.
Unlike in previous years, this year we concentrate in our quantitative analysis on observations from 37 courts that were monitored most intensively. Still, however, transparency and access for the public remain our focus. Our monitors are instructed to present themselves as “members of the public, unrelated to the case”, in order to avoid getting a different treatment than regular citizens. Over the past years we have seen a decrease in those cases where monitors are being denied access to the courtroom for open hearings; overall, we can see that courts and court employees, as well as the judges, are getting used to the presence of public and/or our monitors. Nevertheless, our report documents some cases when access to the courtroom was restricted in many different ways – starting with court security, through denial of access to public information (e.g. case schedules), to thorough questioning by the judges.