Comparative Policing

The thesis explains the concept of Intelligence Led Policing (ILP) and its benefits for contemporary policing, as well as fostering an understanding for the concepts of "Intelligence" and approaches to Intelligence Sharing.
It furthermore provides an in depth comparative analysis of the law enforcement structures in the United Kingdom and Germany in order to conclude how the UK's approach of ILP can be (at least in parts) adopted in Germany.
The work on ILP's possible implementation in Germany is very extensive and is broken down into a) already existent intelligence structures, b) challenges for an ILP approach and c) the appeal for paving the way for an introduction of ILP in Germany.

This critical appraisal of the ‘Flashpoints’ model raises the potential for its operational application as a vehicle for threat and risk assessment based on contextual intelligence. The model has been successfully used to analyse different types of disorder events, including urban disorders, football violence and single issue protest. An extra level of structuration to take account of police traditions and doctrines was added to the six interdependent levels of the original model. Inclusion of this seventh level provided better contextual understanding of police agency at the ‘interactional’ level of the model.
This framework was applied to findings from a comparative study of public disorders in France and Britain, providing valuable insights into the nature and style of the approaches adopted in the two countries. This version of the model proved effective and thorough in its coverage of the critical areas. Due to their interdependence and overlapping nature, the seven levels ensured that the necessary ground was covered. The ‘Flashpoints’ model is ultimately a framework for providing contextual intelligence and showed promise as a tool for community threat assessment. Its contextual levels of analysis do not have to be used after the event. Its use would give police commanders a better understanding of the precursors of disorder and deviance within the communities they serve. At the very least it would evidence analysis and evaluation of local conditions and an ongoing commitment and desire to anticipate and mitigate contingencies.

This book chapter highlights a number of lessons suggested by various efforts to reform the police in Latin America over the period 1995-2010 . It focuses on two clusters of countries in Latin America. One is Brazil and the Southern Cone countries (Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay), which made the transition to democracy from prolonged military authoritarian rule in the mid- to late 1980s. The other is Central America and the Andean region (principally El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Peru, and Colombia), which emerged/have been emerging from armed conflict since the mid- 1990s. The chapter examines first the long history of international involvement in police and security sector reform in order to identify long-run tropes and path dependencies. It then focuses on a number of recurring themes: cycles of de- and re-militarization of the policing function; the “security gap” and “democratization dilemmas” involved in structural reforms; the opportunities offered by decentralization for more community-oriented police; and police capacity to resist reform and undermine accountability mechanisms.

Past research has consistently confirmed that in contexts where people experience repressive and corrupt policing, procedural justice effect may become inconsequential and by extension, public perceptions of police legitimacy and expressed willingness to cooperate with the police may diminish. This study presents many significant contributions to this assertion by assessing Nigerians’ perceptions of procedural justice and police effectiveness, and whether police could utilise procedural justice to improve perceptions of police legitimacy and expressed willingness to cooperate with the police. The result finds significant effects between police legitimacy and police effectiveness, but not for procedural justice. This indicates that procedural justice policing is unlikely to be the solution for addressing Nigeria’s police legitimacy crisis. However, the result further revealed that Nigerians expressed willingness to cooperate with the police is found to be linked to perceptions of police effectiveness, procedural justice, and police legitimacy. The implications of these current findings are discussed.

Se identifican las variables que deben abordarse en el estudio del hurto o robo de automotores y el diseño de estrategias contra este delito. Para tal propósito, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en diferentes bases científicas de datos, se aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada a personas condenadas en Colombia por el delito de hurto de automotores y se contrastó con la evidencia empírica obtenida en diferentes análisis y trabajos de campo realizados por el OBSER-DIJIN. Se utilizó como marco teórico para el análisis la teoría de elección racional y la de la oportunidad. Como resultado, se identificaron once variables que intervienen en el fenómeno: a) rentabilidad, b) tecnología, c) facilidad de legalización, d) nivel organizativo de los delincuentes, e) seguridad, f) vigilancia informal, g) nodos de actividad, h) conducta espacial, i) penalidad, j) transnacionalidad y k) instrumentalización; se terminó por exponer una visión criminológica holística e integradora de los elementos vinculados al fenómeno, y la sugerencia de acciones de control surgidas del análisis multivariado del delito. Se concluye con recomendaciones que pueden ser usadas en la política criminal, en países o territorios con afectación de este tipo de criminalidad

This paper reviews the current English-language literature on developments in police training and education in order to identify common areas where higher education ‘adds value’ to police learning and development. Reforms in training and education are constituent parts of the ongoing shift to a service-oriented professional police in a number of countries. A comparative analysis of the literature on police training and education is provided here which focuses primarily on the United States, the European Union, Australia and India. The review provides a contribution to international policy debates about future developments in this area.

Social scientists typically treat policing as repressive and historical centers as impoverished imitations of unmarked social relations. Yet in Salvador, Brazil’s Pelourinho Historical Center, police attempts to discipline both tourists and working-class residents, together with these officers’ violent support of attempts to separate people from their practices memorialized as public culture, generate perforations or folds in the musealized landscape. These structures of feeling support the neighborhood’s aura of rooted authenticity. In this way they punctuate, and thus veil, the heritage zone’s fraught
construction and support the ideological goals of Bahia’s cultural heritage bureaucracy that claims to safeguard humankind’s shared legacies. This emphasis on the productivity
of policing is not to argue that such spaces are bona fide tokens of Brazilian pasts or popular vitality, but to suggest the importance of policing in animating supposedly homogeneous spaces

To determine the spatial-environmental characteristics of the districts which reported the largest number of homicides in Bogotá during the second semester of 2011, we undertook a descriptive-observational study within the framework of environmental criminology. The Questionnaire of Environmental Observation for the Spatial-Temporal Analysis of homicide in Bogotá was applied to 51 focal points of crime. The results show the predominance of spatial-environmental factors in the occurrence of homicide, backed by variables of the theory of disorder, territoriality, routine activity and the defendable space. As a consequence, the physical conditions seem to have facilitated the occurrence of crime and the perception of the potential murderer who is about to the commit one. These findings have enabled us to obtain empirical evidence for the development of strategies for the situational prevention of crime, and in particular, design defendable spaces, based on the implementation of differential multi-dimensional actions in the territory.
//
Para establecer las características espaciales-ambientales de zonas que durante el segundo semestre de 2011 registraron el mayor número de homicidios en Bogotá, se realizó un estudio descriptivo-observacional, enmarcado en la criminología ambiental. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Observación Ambiental para Análisis Espacio-Temporal del homicidio en Bogotá, en 51 puntos de concentración del crimen. Los resultados reflejan la predominancia espacial-ambiental en la ocurrencia del homicidio, soportados en variables de la teoría del desorden, de territorialidad, de rutina de actividad y del espacio defendible. En consecuencia, condiciones físicas parecen facilitar el delito y percepción del potencial homicida para cometerlo. Los hallazgos permiten obtener evidencia empírica para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención situacional del delito y, en particular, el diseño de espacios defendibles, sustentados en la intervención del territorio con acciones multidimensionales diferenciales.

While much has been written on private security expansion in a few English-speaking industrialized democracies, less is known about why the industry does not develop uniformly around the world. We propose some hypotheses about constraints on private security growth in other settings, based on three comparative case studies in authoritarian states (Russia and Georgia), developing countries (Guyana and Trinidad) and non-‘Anglosphere’ industrialized democracies (continental Europe). In authoritarian states, private policing is more politically sensitive than in democratic states, sometimes resulting in more draconian restrictions on it. In developing societies, despite widespread fear of crime, potential consumers sometimes favour in-house measures over private security firms and electronic devices. In developed democracies, variation in private security growth reflects regulatory, institutional and ideological differences between the Anglosphere and continental Europe. We conclude tha...

We are seeking submissions for a special issue of Policing & Society provisionally titled, ‘Adaptive Policing in the Anthropocene’.

The special issue will examine how climate change and its environmental impacts are transforming the governance and provision of policing in at-risk communities around the world. The aim of the special issue is to stimulate a new direction in policing research that considers how police and other policing actors are being impacted by, and adapting to, the convergence of human and environmental security risks.

For the purpose of this special issue, we adopt a broad definition of policing as the regulation and protection of social order. Contributions may therefore focus on traditional or non-traditional policing actors or assemblages (or those impacted by policing), but there should be an evident connection between the paper and established issues, themes or debates from the policing literature.

We are particularly interested in receiving abstracts for papers that approach this topic from an empirical perspective together with those that seek to advance our normative or theoretical understanding of policing in this new ecological context. All contributors are also strongly encouraged to reflect on the policy implications of their research.

We hope that the contents of the special issue and the contributors will reflect the diversity of the policing field and we are particularly interested in receiving abstracts from scholars undertaking research on policing and related topics in the Global South.

If you are interested in being part of this special issue, please send a 500 word abstract to the guest editors by Friday the 14th of May. Abstracts will be reviewed by the guest editors and you will be notified of whether or not your abstract has been accepted by the end of May. Assuming the special issue proposal is approved by the Policing & Society editors, we will target publication in early 2023 which means that complete manuscripts will need to be ready by March 2022. All manuscripts must conform to the journal’s house style and formatting requirements and will be subject to rigorous peer review in accordance with the journal’s standards.


If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us:

Jarrett Blaustein (Monash University) Jarrett.Blaustein@Monash.Edu
Tariro Mutongwizo (University of New England) tmutongw@une.edu.au 
Clifford Shearing (Griffith University/University of Cape Town) c.shearing@griffith.edu.au

This research has been supported by the generous funding of studentships and research grants from the following sources: Studentships: - Dawes Trust Bursary - Tennant Studentship - Wakefield Scholarship Grants: - Institute of Criminology - New Zealand Police Study Grant - Scandinavian Studies Fund (University of Cambridge) - Smuts Memorial Fund (University of Cambridge) - Tennant Fund (University of Cambridge) - University of Cambridge Field Work Fund

В 2019 г. состоялась V Межведомственная научно-практическая конференция, посвященная проблемам и перспективам совершенствования межотраслевых связей уголовного и оперативно-розыскного законодательства. В процессе конференции обсуждались актуальные вопросы генезиса взаимосвязей двух отраслей юридической науки (уголовное право и оперативно-розыскное право); правовой регламентации обстоятельств, исключающих преступность деяний при осуществлении правоохранительной деятельности; провокации преступлений; значения оперативно-розыскной деятельности для квалификации преступлений. В обзоре отражены краткое содержание и основные выводы выступлений участников конференции.

In 2019 hosted the V Interdepartmental scientific and practical Conference dedicated to the problems and prospects of improving intersectoral relations of criminal and operational-search legislation. During the conference, topical issues of the genesis of the relationship between the two sciences were discussed; legal regulation of circumstances that exclude criminal acts when carrying out law enforcement activities; provocation of crime; the importance of operational investigative activities for qualifying crimes. The review reflects a brief summary and main conclusions of the conference participants.

Images of police, punishment, and crime were central to the work of several of the key thinkers of the 20th century: the interpolative hail of the policeman for Althusser; the violence of the policeman in the shadow of law's excess for Benjamin; the figure of the panopticon and, later, of police as the administration of man internal to the State for Foucault (to name just a few). Police, crime, and punishment were useful to consider a wide swath of issues including subjectivity, inequality, sovereignty, power, and text. If police have been such a productive tool through which to think, how does the emergence of anthropological research projects focused squarely on such practitioners stand to change that thought? Pushing this question more broadly, how does studying such subjects " head on " reshape how we reflect on the larger issues in critical theory today? This collection of articles will attempt to address such questions through ethnographic accounts that interrogate the limits and alternative possibilities for thinking about police. In the process these articles will push us to reexamine the practices of policing at the heart of collective life in such a way that challenges not only our understanding of such critical theorists but also places critical police studies at the center of our understanding of what it means to be human today.

Article 35 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides the legitimacy of infliction of harm
in the course of criminal intelligence, counterintelligence measures, criminal intelligence and surveillance
operations. This provision is a criminal-law guarantee of safety of law enforcement officers involved in covert
operations to counter crime. However, the authors' analysis of this legal regulatory provision revealed a high
probability of violation of the rights of persons who have caused harm in the implementation of the named
actions. This circumstance requires scientific attention and broad discussion in the professional community.
The purpose of the article is a research of Article 35 of the Criminal Code of Republic of Kazakhstan from
the construction point of view and its correlation with other legal regulatory provisions of the Criminal Code
of Republic of Kazakhstan and sectoral legislation; the tasks - to examine the verbal formulation of the
construed regulatory provision of the Criminal Code of Republic of Kazakhstan to eliminate its contradictions
with other legal regulatory provisions of the Kazakhstan legislation, develop proposals for improvement of
proper quality of fixing circumstances excluding criminality of action in Article 35 of the Criminal Code of
Republic of Kazakhstan. The significance of the study for the practice of application of Article 35 of the
Criminal Code of Republic of Kazakhstan is justified by the author by making proposals to eliminate the
problematic nature of the legislative construction of this regulatory provision for its uniform application and
strengthening the ability of Article 35 of the Criminal Code of Republic of Kazakhstan to become an effective
regulator of social relations.

This chapter charts the recent history of police reform in Serbia until 2007; detail the evolution from a socialist model of policing to a democratic police that merges Western influences with Serbian police and administrative culture. The main drivers of change within the Serbian police service are analysed, together with the challenges that remain in areas such as police accountability, and the fight against organised crime. Finally, the reform process is placed into its system-wide and regional context before conclusions are presented on the product and the future prospect of the reform process.

This chapter argues for a conception of policing that erases the ineffectual analytic division of public versus private for understanding what types of activities policing agencies actually engage in both historically and contemporaneously.  A five-type, labour-based typology is offered that cuts across the public-private divide and opens up a new way of understanding the roles and activities of a wide constellation of policing activities.