Crowd Behaviour and Psychology

There are many architectural design parameters for public transport stations which include urban and station level studies. Each station must be designed in accordance with the basic passenger requirements such as accessibility, safety, comfort, satisfaction and etc. Circulation spaces must be formed and sized to meet the minimum movement needs of passengers. For an underground station; main entrance region, position of gates, location and number of turnstiles, escalators, stairs, ramps, passageways, intermediate concourses and platforms must be arranged to minimize walking distances and to prevent congestion. In this study, circulation of passengers is simulated in a quantitatively verifiable manner, taking into account how individuals interact with each other and with the physical obstacles in their environment in a metro station. Virtual experiments are performed to see the continuity and density of pedestrian flow at different levels of Haram Area East Metro Station of the first...

The aim of the paper is to facilitate a theoretical approach of crowd management as research topic in social geography and spatial planning. The planning and realization of mass events are challenging, especially in regard to safety and security issues. The branch of event safety is about to professionalize, although the topic of crowd management has not gained much interest in German academic discourses yet. Mass events need to be understood as interdisciplinary projects at the intersection between social psychology, spatial planning, and risk management. The paper develops a holistic notion of crowd management. On the basis of Canetti's phenomenology of masses a theoretical framework for the social geographical understanding of the social psychology of space is proposed and further developed.

Drawing on the classical crowd theories of Tarde, Le Bon, Durkheim and Canetti, this paper examines pub crawl crowds at the Bulgarian nightlife resort, Sunny Beach. The paper argues that there are elements in classical crowd theory which can be used to advance the current research on tourist crowds such as those at pub crawls. The main strength of the theories lies in their ability to bring us close to crowd dynamics in their lived immediacy: The flow of emotions, collective attunement, the role of guides, and patterns of destruction—these are some of the issues that the theories can help us understand. A major weakness of the theories is that they exaggerate the irrationality of crowds while neglecting the background conditions of crowd activities. The paper is based on fieldwork among Danish tourists and guides in Sunny Beach. The key data come from 45 in-depth interviews and observations of 14 pub crawls.

There are many architectural design parameters for public transport stations which include urban
and station level studies. Each station must be designed in accordance with the basic passenger
requirements such as accessibility, safety, comfort, satisfaction and etc. Circulation spaces must be
formed and sized to meet the minimum movement needs of passengers. For an underground
station; main entrance region, position of gates, location and number of turnstiles, escalators,
stairs, ramps, passageways, intermediate concourses and platforms must be arranged to minimize
walking distances and to prevent congestion. In this study, circulation of passengers is simulated
in a quantitatively verifiable manner, taking into account how individuals interact with each other
and with the physical obstacles in their environment in a metro station. Virtual experiments are
performed to see the continuity and density of pedestrian flow at different levels of Haram Area
East Metro Station of the first metro line of Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia. According
to the predictions, more than 40.000 passengers are expected to use this station in one hour after a
Friday prayer during Ramadan period in the year of 2040. That means a critically high travel
demand and it is really significant to design the most convenient underground station for these
passengers to fulfil the necessary requirements.

Lo spettro del fascismo si aggira di nuovo per il mondo contemporaneo. In questo libro, Nidesh Lawtoo prende il Caso Trump per illustrare l'(in)attualità della tesi di Nietzsche che un giorno, "gli attori, ogni tipo di attori, saranno i veri sovrani." Iscrivendosi in una genealogia di teorici della mimesi-da Pla-tone a Nietzsche, passando per Tarde, Le Bon, Freud, Bataille, Girard, Lacoue-Labar-the e Nancy-Lawtoo dimostra che il (new) fascism non è del tutto nuovo, e per niente originale. Eppure, attori che giocano il ruolo di apprendisti presidenti ricaricano il vecchio fantasma della mimesi via new media che hanno il potere sconcertante di trasformare la realtà politica in un reality show.
https://www.ibs.it/neo-fascismo-contagio-comunita-mito-libro-nidesh-lawtoo/e/9788857564142
In copertina: Con/dividere, mixed media su carta, © Michaela Lawtoo

This chapter argues that crowds can provide the mutual support, co-ordinated activity and other features of resilience that enable people to cope psychologically with mass emergencies and disasters. I begin by showing how the practices and policies that flow from the concept of ‘resilience’ stand in stark opposition to policies based on an assumption of (psychosocial) vulnerability. These competing assumptions of ‘vulnerability’ and ‘resilience’ are evident in the various theories of mass emergency behaviour. The most well-known of these theories — ‘mass panic’, with its implication of pathological over-reaction and reversion to primitive ‘instincts’ in the face of danger — has largely been discredited by the research evidence. Contemporary theories of both mass emergency behaviour and ‘collective resilience’ refer instead to the influence of existing social bonds. Ties of family relationships, affiliation, social roles and networks would appear to explain why most emergencies and disasters are characterized by social, adaptive behaviour, and indeed why helping among survivors is so widespread. However, I will show that there is another, crucial, source of collective resilience in emergencies and disasters, over and above pre-existing social bonds. Specifically, people in a crowd tend to come together, both psychologically and behaviourally, simply by virtue of sharing a ‘common fate’ in relation to the emergency or disaster. This spontaneous ‘togetherness’ can be understood psychologically as the shift from a personal to a shared social identity that occurs when the context itself shifts to being structured in terms of inter-group rather than inter-personal relations (Turner, 1982). This is explained in the Social Identity (SI) model of collective resilience which can be used to develop a set of predictions concerning the antecedents and consequences of shared social identity in mass emergencies and disasters. In this chapter, I  consider the evidence that supports these predictions before drawing out the practical and policy implications of the SI model. While the crowd has traditionally been seen as a ‘social problem’, this chapter shows how crowd psychology can be the ‘social solution’ that enables us to cope with the most catastrophic of crises.

Literature on the modeling and simulation of complex adaptive systems (cas) has primarily advanced vertically in different scientific domains with scientists developing a variety of domain-specific approaches and applications. However, while cas researchers are inherently interested in an interdisciplinary comparison of models, to the best of our knowledge, there is currently no single unified framework for facilitating the development, comparison, communication and validation of models across different scientific domains. In this thesis, we propose first steps towards such a unified framework using a combination of agent-based and complex network-based modeling approaches and guidelines formulated in the form of a set of four levels of usage, which allow multidisciplinary researchers to adopt a suitable framework level on the basis of available data types, their research study objectives and expected outcomes, thus allowing them to better plan and conduct their respective research case studies. Firstly, the complex network modeling level of the proposed framework entails the development of appropriate complex network models for the case where interaction data of cas components is available, with the aim of detecting emergent patterns in the cas under study. The exploratory agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework allows for the development of proof-of-concept models for the cas system, primarily for purposes of exploring feasibility of further research. Descriptive agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework allows for the use of a formal step-by-step approach for developing agent-based models coupled with a quantitative complex network and pseudocode-based specification of the model, which will, in turn, facilitate interdisciplinary cas model comparison and knowledge transfer. Finally, the validated agent-based modeling level of the proposed framework is concerned with the building of in-simulation verification and validation of agent-based models using a proposed Virtual Overlay Multiagent System approach for use in a systematic team-oriented approach to developing models. The proposed framework is evaluated and validated using seven detailed case study examples selected from various scientific domains including ecology, social sciences and a range of complex adaptive communication networks. The successful case studies demonstrate the potential of the framework in appealing to multidisciplinary researchers as a methodological approach to the modeling and simulation of cas by facilitating effective communication and knowledge transfer across scientific disciplines without the requirement of extensive learning curves.

We might not notice it, but a lot of human behaviour is acquired through imitation: from language, to cultural habits, to aesthetic and political tastes. This human propensity to imitate is central to the arts but also shapes subjectivity, culture and politics, as Dr Nidesh Lawtoo,
Principal Investigator of the ERC-funded project, Homo Mimeticus (HOM), explains.

This study includes the examination of the cinematic version of the book Lord of the Flies in terms of social psychology which was written by William Golding during the Second World War. Social psychology follows a scientific method and explores how human behavior, thoughts and feelings are affected by relationships with other people. In this article, the behaviors and feelings of the boys which are children whose planes fall on an island are associated with the psychological issues in terms of Freudian and Gustave Le Bon’s perspectives who studied the crowd psychology. To this way, the main characters of the movie closely related with the Freud’s model of human mind: id, ego and superego.
This study will also seek answers to some social science questions. For the definition of human nature, who was the right one, Hobbes or Locke? Is humanity's greatest enemy really a human being? Does the social environment and family have an influence on identity and self-image formation? Also, we will focus on the name of the movie or the book. What did the author think about choosing this name for the book? What is the meaning of the Lord of the Flies?
So that the study started with a short summary of the movie and then, mainly analyze the behaviors and mental evolutions of the children in terms of social psychologists.

Key Words: Lord of the Flies, crowd psychology, Freud’s id-ego-superego, Gustave Le Bon, human nature

Rapidly changing detrimental safety conditions on an evacuation route might cause casualties and provoke panic. This is why we need to take into account these conditions for real-time route optimization. The objective of this paper is to facilitate efficient people evacuation through dynamic optimization of evacuation routes based on the safety conditions on the route and stress-related evacuees' responses to the same. We propose a multi-agent based evacuation route optimization architecture for smart space networks that considers the influence of stress on human reactions to the recommended routes. This architecture is meant as a real-time decision support in route selection that recommends routes to evacuees, possibly through smart phone or smart building displays. The functioning of the architecture is shown on an example of a simple smart space network.

The topic of crowd psychology has been at times central to the sub-discipline of social psychology, and at other times marginal. Its relative prominence in textbooks and curricula has partly reflected the extent to which ‘the crowd’ is seen as a social problem in the wider society. So-called ‘crowd science’ first emerged in the late nineteenth century France as a response to the perceived threat of ‘the mob’ to order and indeed to civilization itself. Today, ‘crowd psychology’ or ‘crowd behaviour’ typically refers to the topic of conflict in crowds, the problematic defined by this first wave of theory. However, there are other areas of research and theory that fall under the heading of crowd psychology, more broadly conceived. One is the study of behaviour in mass emergencies. Another is the study of the effects of crowding. Sociological accounts of crowd behaviour have also been put forward. Indeed from the outset there has been discussion ... [read more]

Crowd events are sites of both social determination and social-psychological change. On the one hand, the form of crowd behavior is a function of the culturally and historically given norms and values of crowd participants.
On the other hand, crowd events can be psychologically and
socially transformative: they can change the very culture from which they took their meaning. In this chapter we argue that most models of crowd behavior deny and hence are incapable of explaining either social determination or change. We describe the elaborated social identity model (ESIM) of crowd action, which we suggest has at its core a concept of self or identity adequate to explaining the dynamics of cultural reproduction
and change in crowd events.

A good book on Industrial Psichology. From Openstax editorial team. Never of my make. Just sharing it as it is legal to do.
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Public Order, Private Rules:
Representations of the Crowd and Behavioural Recommendations in Italian Police Handbooks

This article aims at contributing to the debate on policing protest, focusing on police knowledge and its role in the management of public order. To this end, the article, by means of the conceptual tools provided for by critical discourse studies, examines some police handbooks. Although these textbooks allow a reader to observe only part of the whole of police knowledge and do not supply a completely realistic description of actual practices of the operators, they do show an interesting perspective on public order and its management. The police handbooks on which the article focuses express both an articulate philosophy of security and a quite clear idea of the role played by police forces in keeping public order. Moreover, they examine fieldwork procedures in depth, show detailed descriptions of crowds and their behaviours, and describe for operators the attitudes they must exhibit while performing these services. More in general, police handbooks give precious information on the discretionary power that characterizes police activities in policing protest.

“Chapter 6” systematizes and analyzes Kierkegaard’s insightful remarks on human affectivity in relation to moral emotions, body, contagion, and collectivity. Following a brief outline of the conceptualization of affects and human affectivity from Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Spinoza, Tomkins, and Massumi, the first part zooms in on empathy and sympathy in two important precursors of Kierkegaard, namely David Hume and Adam Smith. The second part argues for Kierkegaard’s distinctively affective reading of admiration, which I locate in its being fundamentally linked with other emotions such as envy, but also in its being oriented toward the mediocre and base, having a limited motivational capacity, and being highly contagious. Affective admiration is then related to the contemporary discussion on moral exemplars, posing a challenge to the view of the epistemological and moral trustworthiness of admiration in moral exemplarity espoused primarily by Linda Zagzebski. The third part centers on the affective character of Kierkegaard’s crowd psychology. Therein I examine his critical remarks on human collectivity, focusing on such key concepts from his social and political philosophy as “crowd” and “the public.” Reading his philosophy alongside two French theorists of mass society, Gabriel Tarde and René Girard, I draw out Kierkegaard’s great interest in such mimetic terms as magnetism, fascination, somnambulism, scapegoating, and violence.

This paper situates contemporary social scientific studies of crowd events and crowd behaviour in their historical and ideological context. The original ‘crowd science’ developed from definitions of ‘social problems’ that emerged in the late nineteenth century – in particular the concerns among the French
establishment about the threat of the ‘mass’ to ‘civilization’. This, and the surrounding intellectual context, encouraged the development of theoretical models of the crowd characterized by forms of reductionism and irrationalism. Early accounts of ‘mass panic’ similarly suggested that collective behaviour was irrational because it was governed by primitive bio-psychological processes. After describing these early approaches to the crowd, the paper outlines how changes in the late twentieth century, whereby those writing about the crowd were no longer necessarily ‘outside’ crowd events, have coincided with the development of accounts of the crowd which draw upon contemporary social scientific concepts (such as social norms, social identities, and cognition) and which assume that
crowds are not alien to meaningful social and political participation, but integral to it.

L’état de fébrilité du public lors des courses de chars de la Rome antique apparaît, à certains égards, comme un lieu commun dans de nombreux passages de la littérature ancienne parvenus jusqu’à nous. Néanmoins, l’engouement suscité par ces spectacles à Rome, comme dans les provinces de l’Empire, est confirmé non seulement par les ruines de cirques antiques encore visibles de nos jours à Rome, et ailleurs en Europe ou en Afrique du Nord, mais aussi par un grand nombre de représentations de cochers et de chevaux sur des mosaïques, des fresques ou encore des objets dits du quotidien (manches de couteaux, lampes à huile, coupes en verre…) conservés dans plusieurs musées à travers le monde. Après une présentation des sources dont nous disposons sur les spectateurs des cirques romains et des difficultés d’interprétation qu’elles posent, cet ouvrage propose dans un second temps une analyse du comportement des foules dans les cirques durant les jeux, principalement à Rome, en s’appuyant aussi sur des recherches récentes concernant les réactions des supporteurs dans les stades de football de nos jours. Enfin, la dernière partie de cette étude est consacrée aux relations entretenues par les empereurs romains avec les jeux du cirque et leurs spectateurs. Elle met en évidence les nombreux intérêts, mais aussi parfois les inconvénients, que présentaient ces divertissements de masse pour le pouvoir politique dans la Rome impériale.

The public’s state of excitement during the chariot races in ancient Rome appears, in some respects, as commonplace in many passages of ancient literature that have come down to us. However, the enthusiasm aroused by these shows in Rome, as in the provinces of the Empire, is confirmed not only by the ruins of ancient circuses still visible today in Rome and elsewhere in Europe or North Africa, but also by a large number of representations of charioteers and horses on mosaics, frescoes, or even everyday objects (knife handles, oil lamps, glass bowls, etc.) held in numerous museums around the world. The first part of this volume presents the sources which we have on the spectators in the Roman circuses and the difficulties of interpretation that they pose. The second part of this work proposes an analysis of the behavior of the crowds in the circuses during the games, mainly in Rome, which is based in part on recent research concerning the reactions of supporters in modern football stadiums. Finally, the last part of this study examines the relationships maintained by the Roman emperors with the circus games and their spectators. It highlights the many advantages, but also sometimes disadvantages, that these mass entertainments presented for the political establishment in imperial Rome.

Abstract
“How the psychology of crowd behaviour impacts on operational
resilience.”
This is a report prepared from a literature search together with research using
expert theorists and practitioners. The report investigates the changing
demographics and behaviours of crowds when subjected to stressful
emergency situations and how this affects the operational resilience for Event
Safety organisations.
This study has set out to examine the history of psychological research on
crowd processes, to unpack the plethora of theory and research to
understand the patterns of crowd actions and individual behaviours.
There is still a tendency to focus on early scientific theorists such as Gustave
Le Bon’s research (Le Bon 1895), which separates crowds from their social
context. His theory assumed that crowd participation counters our normal
view of psychological behaviours, revealing a primitive and uncontrolled
behaviour (Reicher, 1996 Reicher and Potter, 1985). Stephen Reicher
(Reicher 1982,1987) argues that ‘one of the more remarkable features of
traditional crowd psychology is that it has tended to constitute a theory without
a referent. Rather than starting from a set of phenomena that are in need of
explanation, a set of explanations were elaborated in order to underpin certain
ideological presuppositions about the crowd - or at least the suppositions of
gentleman observers who viewed the masses with alarm from the outside’.
Crowds should not be seen as aggressive and uncontrollable in emergency
situations but with patterns and behaviours that reflect social and cultural
influences. There are a number of social scientists that now support this view
(Krantz, 1988, Turner and Killian 1964, Williams, 1986, Reicher, Drury, Stott,
1996, 1997, 1999), arrived at after relevant scientific research to investigate
patterns of crowd behaviour to show that there are observable trends that
reflect existing cultures and social identity.

The spread of willful ignorance seems to be spreading and is not isolated to high end specialized subjects. Uninformed opinion can become self destructive when embraced over logic and then passed around as fact. The internet and social media sites spread false information like herpes in the form of poor written memes and people bravely wear their ignorance as badges of honor on bumper stickers on their car. The average person seems to be in a rush to embrace the stupid and hell bent on an irrational and anti-science path.

In this study, the author offers new interpretations of Shakespeare's works in the context of two major contemporary notions of collectivity: the crowd and rumour. The plays illustrate that rumour and crowd are mutually dependent; they also betray a fascination with the fact that crowd and rumour make individuality disappear. Shakespeare dramatizes these mechanisms, relating the crowd to class conflict, to rhetoric, to the theatre and to the organization of the state; and linking rumour to fear, to fame and to philosophical doubt. Paying attention to all levels of collectivity, Wiegandt emphasizes the close relationship between the crowd onstage and the Elizabethan audience. He argues that there was a significant - and sometimes precarious - metatheatrical blurring between the crowd on the stage and the crowd around the stage in performances of crowd scenes. The book's focus on crowd and rumour provides fresh insights on the central problems of some of Shakespeare's most contentiously debated plays, and offers an alternative to the dominant tradition of celebrating Shakespeare as the origin of modern individualism.

Creating convincing inhabited virtual environments not only requires suitable modelling, but it also relies on sound evaluation methodologies. In this paper, we provide an overview of our preliminary work towards creating and evaluating inhabited, procedurally-generated, virtual cities. Our methodology involves the use of parameterised procedural generation models to provide a large variety of stimuli for supporting psychophysical evaluations of the human perception of agent behaviour in varying urban configurations. Of significance here is the context in which behaviour is perceived, its relationship with the mental models of observers and links to their impressions of realism. The research is envisaged to feed back into improving the urban modelling process while uncovering information about human mental models of urban environments. It is applicable to domains where the perceived realism of virtual crowds in urban environments is of importance, for example, in computer entertainment applications, serious games and cultural heritage recreations, with more general links envisaged to urban design and the psychology of human perception.

Cambridge, Mass.-Every autumn a madness for football in America manifests in fans of both the pro and college game. In both cases, the fever does not subside until a new champion is crowned. Although the level of football played in the pros is substantially higher-and played by the bigger, faster, and most skilled of the post-college crop-college football holds distinct advantages over the professional game. Many football fans have both pro and college favorites but college football has an authenticity the pro game lacks, and its combination of intimate connection and passionate play is why college football is superior to the pro game. Here are 10 reasons why the collage game is superior to the pro game:  (download to read more)