New Institutionalism

Se analiza la capacidad institucional del Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara, México, respecto a la implementación de la política de vivienda a través de su Instituto Municipal de la Vivienda (IMUVIG). En primer lugar, para poder definir las capacidades institucionales se revisó la literatura, encontrando que su análisis es complejo porque quienes las han definido o medido, no han llegado a un consenso y, en general, se enfocan a aspectos ajenos a las instituciones. Es por ello que se propone un análisis centrado en el neo institucionalismo, a través del enfoque de la lógica institucional. Para su medición se compararon documentos orgánicos y programáticos desde dicho enfoque, encontrándose que la lógica institucional que persigue la organización es de corte estado centrista, mientras que en lo programático es mercantilista. Esta contradicción nos llevó a concluir que la contradicción en la lógica institucional del IMUVIG, provoca que este carezca de capacidad institucional para implementar la política de vivienda, aun poseyendo capacidades técnicas, políticas y administrativas suficientes.

Organizational identity can be designed to reduce the risks of uncertainty about future states of public organizations and the inherent potential issues related to evaluation and assessment. As such, organizational identity may shape a congruent and credible self-representation of the university, where a consistent narrative articulates compliance to diverse institutional frameworks, commitment to organizational distinctiveness, and a sensible rationale for strategic change. By examining the strategic plans of four European universities over a 10-year period of major organizational change, the paper discusses the subtleties of the specific combinations of the three different functions and the implications for institutional leadership.

This paper sets out to develop an improved framework for examining critical junctures. This a priori framework is a significant improvement over existing critical juncture frameworks that lack any predictive element. It is an advance for historical institutionalism in particular, and political science in general. After the new framework is set out in detail here, it is tested. The framework is used to examine a number of potential critical junctures in macroeconomic policy, drawn from Ireland, Sweden, Britain, and America in the latter half of the twentieth century.

L’Europe est marquée, depuis une vingtaine d’années, par d’importantes mutations institutionnelles (décentralisation, construction européenne, ouverture internationale, essor de la coopération inter-gouvernementale, tournant néo-libéral) qui contribuent à l’émergence d’un monde multipolaire. Les frontières entre espace public et sphère privée, entre acteurs locaux, gouvernements nationaux et institutions communautaires, se brouillent chaque jour un peu plus. Dans ce monde plus ouvert et plus fluide, axé sur la recherche du compromis, les "intermédiaires" voient leur rôle sensiblement réévalué. Ils participent aux arbitrages politiques, font circuler les idées, jouent un rôle de "passeur" entre tous les groupes et les institutions présents dans l’espace public. Les auteurs de ce livre, en s’intéressant aux trois principaux échelons de la vie politique (local, national, européen) et en croisant différentes approches de la science politique (analyse des politiques publiques, de la profession politique, de l’administration), montrent que l’on ne peut plus étudier l’action publique et la représentation politique en démocratie sans s’interroger sur ceux qui, dans l’ombre, fabriquent les compromis.

The construction industry remains the most male dominated sector in Australia. Despite three several decades of formal gender equity initiatives by government and business, there is little understanding of why there has been little change to the hierarchical and numerical underrepresentation of women. Using a New Institutionalist perspective, more specifically concepts of robustness and revisability, the nature and intent of formal gender equity policies and practices are analysed through a single case study of a multinational construction firm. Through in-depth interviews with senior management and a documentary analysis of formal equity and diversity policies it is concluded that the robustness and revisability of policies and practices are critical to achieving lasting change in gender equity in the construction industry, as is a focus on men as well as women and gendered practices in policy design.

The EU plays an increasingly important role in issues such as the fight against organised crime and the management of migration flows, transforming the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) into a priority of the EU’s political and legislative agenda.
This book investigates whether institutional change - the gradual communitarisation of the AFSJ - has triggered policy change, and in doing so, explores the nature and direction of this policy change. By analysing the role of the EU’s institutions in a systematic, theory-informed and comparative way, it provides rich insights into the dynamics of EU decision-making in areas involving high stakes for human rights and civil liberties. Each chapter contains three sections examining:
 the degree of policy change in the different AFSJ fields, ranging from immigration and counter-terrorism to data protection
 the role of EU institutions in this process of change
 a case study determining the mechanisms of change.
The book will be of interest to practitioners, students and scholars of European politics and law, EU policy-making, security and migration studies, as well as institutional change.

This chapter discusses research on the policies, laws, and subsidies that create and shape the organizational
structures and practices that form the basis of the news media. The research reviewed treats news media
institutions as political actors and makes assumptions about journalism’s importance in a democratic society.
Although this line of research, with its emphasis on political economic and normative questions, often has been
marginalized in American mass communication scholarship, the authors explain its ongoing importance,
particularly in relation to the journalism crisis, and, suggest future directions.

What happens to informal institutions and practices when political actors decide to implement democratic institutional reforms aimed at relieving formal institutions of informal constraints? Does informality disappear, or do the elites and affected populations continue to apply and abide by informal rules? What do we know about the relationship between institutional reforms and informal institutions? This book seeks to improve our understanding of how, when, and under which conditions democratic institutional reforms affect informal institutions and practices in countries transitioning to democracy, also known as hybrid regimes. With an empirical focus on three transitional post-Soviet regimes—Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine—this book aims to explain the contentious relationship between democratic institutional reforms and informality in the broader post-Soviet context. These findings have implications not only for hybrid regimes, but also for the majority of other post-Soviet, as well as other post-communist, countries. This book engages with a large and growing body of literature on informal institutions and practices and offers theoretical insights relevant to comparative politics, democratization and institutional development studies, political sociology, human geography and political economy.

El objetivo de este capítulo es describir y sintetizar las ideas de Harold Demsetz, un teórico del institucionalismo económico, cuya propuesta parte de criticar las deficiencias tanto de la teoría neoclásica, como de los trabajos de Ronald Coase y Oliver Williamson.

This article aims to contribute to the understanding of the intelligence democratization process in new democracies comparing three South American countries: Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. With a background of authoritarian legacies(‘political police’style intelligence agencies controlled by the military) under particular political circumstances and changing strategic environments, these countries experienced disparate trajectories, prescriptions, and outcomes in their efforts to reform their intelligence communities. Drawing on new institutionalism, historical moments and relevant events shaping the dynamics of intelligence democratization are highlighted for each case, depicting failures and successes, and identifying drivers of change.

Der soziologische Neo-Institutionalismus interessiere sich nicht für Akteure, so lautet eine tradierte Einschätzung, die Kritiker in den 1980er Jahren noch mit einiger Berechtigung vortragen konnten (Perrow 1985; DiMaggio 1988). Was seitdem ohnehin nur noch begrenzt zutraf, ist für die Gegenwartssituation endgültig überholt. Im Gegenteil: Wer sich die aktuelle Forschung vor Augen führt, mag sogar den Eindruck gewinnen, dass gegenwärtig kaum eine Frage neo-institutionalistischinspirierte Autorinnen so sehr bewegt, wie die nach den Akteuren.

Introduction
The twentieth century history of political journalism in Denmark is typically told as a story of a gradual transformation of a partisan press both personally and organizationally closely intertwined with the major political parties into relatively impartial news media central to most political processes but relatively independent of both political and economic pressures. In this chapter, I will argue that Danish political journalism from the late 1990s onwards has begun to move beyond the late-twentieth century independent news media towards a situation increasingly defined by a new and intensified competition for audiences, for advertising, and for privileged access to the authoritative sources that can generate journalistic scoops. With a term taken from institutional theory, we might think of this historical development as a change in the Danish “news regime” (defined as a relatively stable set of rules and resources for the production of news (Ryfe, 2006)).

Graduate work focused on role of South Africa’s upper parliamentary chamber, known as the National Council of Provinces (NCOP) after the creation of the most recent constitution in 1996, within the federal constitutional arrangements. More specifically, I am focusing on the distinction between the theoretical raison d’etre negotiated less than two decades ago, and the life of its own that the chamber took on, constrained by several factors, such as the one party dominance, and the nature of the electoral system, as well as the subordinate role of the NCOP to the lower chamber as entrenched in the constitution. I will thus also try to evaluate how successful the NCOP has been in performing the role(s) it was given by the constitutional negotiators in 1996, looking only if its practical attributions have mirrored the ones on paper, and not by normative or superlative comparisons/cases.

The research article explores actors, institutions and political strategies in the German-Polish border region and examines forms of cross-border governance and institutionalization of functional cross-border cooperation on the basis of the TransOderana EGTC case study. For the analysis the theoretical models of multilevel governance and actor-centered institutionalism will be applied. The main objectives of the article are: 1. To give an overview about the territorial cooperation (actors, strategies, institutions), 2. To draw the inter- and intrainstitutional foundation process of an EGTC in practice and to reveal governance structures in the EU multilevel polity within this process and 3. To highlight and critically assess the opportunities and barriers of the EGTC foundation process.

This paper tries to examine the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and some Corporate Financial Performance (CFP). CSR is measured by an index of corporate social responsibility disclosure while ROA, ROS and ROE are used to measure CFP. The CSR disclosure index gives information about the engagement of firm in corporate, CSR, and staff strategy, social, community, and political investment, environment, consumer, and supplier awareness, voluntary reports and certifications. We test our hypothesis on a sample of Italian listed firms, specifically, our sample is composed by companies listed on the STAR market and a sample of control, composed by the 20 listed companies with the higher capitalization. Therefore, our sample is compodes by 84 corporations. We have hand-collected the data from the annual report and any other available document present in the institutional website of each corporation, for the 2012-2013 financial year. We use the Tobit Regression Model, whose analyses were performed using the statistical software SPSS© and Gretl©. The result of this study indicates that we cannot state that there is a positive relationship between CSR and CFP.

A concepção, formulação e execução de políticas públicas tem sido, tradicionalmente, prática rotineira da atuação dos Estados Nacionais. Contudo, atualmente tem-se assistido que essa mesma prática vem sendo exercida fora da esfera doméstica. Tal cenário decorre do processo de reconfiguração do Estado nacional, pois no contexto de globalização, percebe-se o surgimento de novas formas de autoridade que atuam fora do modelo tradicional da soberania estatal. Assim, o conceito de "políticas públicas globais" (PPG) é inovador, uma vez que a "política pública" sempre esteve aprisionada à palavra "Estado". Neste sentido, este artigo verificou os elementos que compõe o conceito de PPG, e aplicou o ciclo de políticas públicas (Policy Cicle) à experiência da Política de Alimentação Escolar do Programa Mundial de Alimentos, identificando suas etapas desde a formulação até sua avaliação. A aplicação do ciclo de políticas públicas no âmbito internacional facilita a visualização da seqüência de elementos do processo político administrativo do cenário internacional, expondo atores, suas relações, seus recursos de poder e suas redes. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, o artigo resume o contexto do pensamento institucional internacional, base para pensar os organismos internacionais e a emergência de políticas públicas globais. O trabalho conclui que o Programa Mundial de Alimentação escolar consiste em uma PPG, e que as Instituições Internacionais passam cada vez mais a delinear políticas públicas, que são implementadas ou que têm o potencial de serem implementadas em diversos países do mundo.

The concept of social learning by Peter Hall has created a wide scholarship which
supports the fact that a paradigm shift in a policy change could successfully occur
through the promotion of knowledge and new ideas instead of a focus on power
relations of the influencers of policy. This research paper operationalizes the concept
of social learning in the context of the relationship of Bretton woods institutions and
African countries. The paper assumes that the failure of the paradigm of neoliberalism
which was imposed by the Bretton woods institutions in their focus on
institutional power relations, hegemony and hierarchy to African countries means
that the African continent needs a paradigm shift in its countries’ public policy,
especially in its countries’ macro-economic policies. Scholars have published their
dissatisfaction with neo-liberalism as they claim that it impacted the African countries
negatively and further worsened their economic crisis instead of stabilizing it. The
paper proposes the application of the concept of social learning in the process of
policy formulation by African countries so as to reach a paradigm shift, replacing the
paradigm of neo-liberalism with an African produced paradigm.

‘Law and economics’ studies are considered to have given to legal doctrine and argumentation a powerful analytical apparatus, which helped to detail the empirical consequences of legislative and judicial decisions. The main body of thinking of an economic analysis of law has been the new institutional economics, and by its side a rising approach in economic thought. This chapter tests the hypothesis that social systems theory can provide an alternative approach to the interface between law and the economy. This approach is aimed at providing social systems theory with a conceptual framework able to detail the variety of institutions in the interface between the legal and economic systems, and to map and investigate the distinct legal modes of social ordering (within and beyond national law) and some of the flaws in the functioning of contemporary economy, such as problems of hyper-reflexivity (financialisation).

Zombie formalism describes a type of art designed specifically to cater to the demands of the market. I will argue that recent developments on the art market challenge the institutional theory of art since it appears increasingly questionable whether the artworld–the centrepiece of the institutional theory–is guided by a deep understanding of art rather than economic considerations. Given that the institutional theory remains rather vague about the very definition of 'the artworld', the artworld may also comprise investment-minded mega-collectors and art dealers. If, however, money becomes the driving force for the creation and exhibition of art, how does this impact on the artworld as institution that decides about whether or not something may count as an artwork? Can the institutional theory of art survive zombie formalism? In order to answer these questions, I will map out recent developments in the artworld that might force us to amend the institutional theory to be applicable also to contemporary phenomena. My summary of the main approaches to institutional theory will reveal that none of them has yet succeeded in providing persuasive account of the nature of the artworld. I will suggest as an outlook that we need to critically interrogate David Hume's standard of taste in order to work towards a curatorial standard of taste.

The urban population of India has grown by 32% in the last decade (Census of India 2011), and the struggle to find affordable shelter in major cities becomes increasingly more difficult, especially for the poor who make up a fourth of city dwellers. While one in three urban Indians rent, more than four out of five tenants have no written agreement or contract with their landlord (NSSO 2010) . This paper uses qualitative and quantitative methods to draw insights on the rules and functioning of rental submarkets in informal settlements, using data from a survey conducted in two informal settlements in Hyderabad, India between January 2014 and April 2014. The inter-disciplinary framework draws on the theories of institutions from economics and sociology to analyse the intricate relations between landlords and tenants, as well what holds these oral agreements in place. While family connections and social networks are the predominant path to access housing in informal settlements, in about a fifth of the cases landlords and tenants were found to have no previous association. There is some evidence to suggest that absentee landlords may charge higher rents as compared to Resident Landlords, which can be attributed to higher monitoring costs for the former, and non-price discrimination on the part of the latter.

The global market for oil and gas resources is rapidly changing. Three major trends—the rise of new consumers, the increasing influence of state players, and concerns about climate change—are combining to challenge existing regulatory structures, many of which have been in place for a half-century. Global Energy Governance analyzes the energy market from an institutionalist perspective and offers practical policy recommendations to deal with these new challenges.

Much of the existing discourse on energy governance deals with hard security issues but neglects the challenges to global governance. Global Energy Governance fills this gap with perspectives on how regulatory institutions can ensure reliable sources of energy, evaluate financial risk, and provide emergency response mechanisms to deal with interruptions in supply.

The authors bring together decisionmakers from industry, government, and civil society in order to address two central questions:

    What are the current practices of existing institutions governing global oil and gas on financial markets?
    How do these institutions need to adapt in order to meet the challenges of the twenty-first century?

The resulting governance-oriented analysis of the three interlocking trends also provides the basis for policy recommendations to improve global regulation.

Contributors include Thorsten Benner (Global Public Policy Institute), William Blyth (Chatham House), Albert Bressand (Columbia University), Dick De Jong (Clingendael International Energy Programme), Ralf Dickel (Energy Charter Secretariat), Enno Harks (BP), Wade Hoxtell (GPPi), Hillard Huntington (Energy Modeling Forum, Stanford University), Christine Jojarth (Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, Stanford University), Frederic Kalinke (Oxford Univeristy), Wilfried Kohl (Johns Hopkins University SAIS), Jamie Manzer (GPPi), Amy Myers Jaffe (James A. Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University), Yulia Selivanova (Energy Charter Secretariat), Tom Smeenk (Clingendael International Energy Programme), Ricardo Soares de Oliveira (Oxford University), Ronald Soligo (Baker Institute), Joseph A. Stanislaw (Deloitte & Touche), Coby van der Linde (Clingendael Institute), and Simonetta Zarilli (UNCTAD).

Public institutions have played a central role in the development of many cultural fields within Western society and have been frequently studied by sociologists of culture. Yet we lack an explicit model that defines exactly what public institutions are, how they work, and what makes them distinct from other organizational forms. This paper attempts to lay the groundwork for such a model by arguing that it is their access to donated resources rather than dedication toward communitarian interests that make public institutions sociologically distinct. Access to these resources depends on the ability of public institutions to build “public legitimacy”, which is defined as the belief among outsiders that the institution serves the public good. This paper argues that the strategies involved with building and maintaining public legitimacy shape the organizational logic of public institutions. Understanding these strategies helps us to better explain why certain cultural forms tend to be produced within the public sector, and how this culture differs from that created by market-based producers. In outlining this argument, the paper draws on a case study of two public museums in Toronto and existing studies of public cultural institutions.

Given their cultural, intellectual, and scientific achievements, surely the Greeks were able to approach their economic affairs in a rational manner like modern individuals? Since the nineteenth century, many scholars have argued that premodern people did not behave like modern businesspeople, and that the “stagnation” that characterized the economy prior to the Industrial Revolution can be explained by a prevailing noneconomic mentality throughout premodern (and nonwestern) societies. This view, which simultaneously extols the “sophistication” of the modern West, relegates all other civilizations to the status of economic backwardness.

But the evidence from ancient Athens, which is one of the best-documented societies in the premodern world, tells a very different story: one of progress, innovation, and rational economic strategies. Making Money in Ancient Athens examines in the most comprehensive manner possible the voluminous source material that has survived from Athens in inscriptions, private lawsuit speeches, and the works of philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. Inheritance cases that detail estate composition and investment choices, and maritime trade deals gone wrong, provide unparalleled glimpses into the specific factors that influenced Athenians at the level of the economic decision-making process itself, and the motivations that guided the specific economic transactions attested in the source material. Armed with some of the most thoroughly documented case studies and the richest variety of source material from the ancient Greek world, Michael Leese argues that the evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that ancient Athenians achieved the type of long-term profit and wealth maximization and continuous reinvestment of profits into additional productive enterprise that have been argued as unique to (and therefore responsible for) the modern industrial-capitalist system.

В статье анализируются методологические возможности применения неоинституционального анализа для социологического изучения структурных проблем развития процедурной демократии и ее взаимосвязи с трансформацией социальной структуры современного общества. В статье показано, что необходимо отказаться от идеологического и политизированного взгляда на развитие демократических процессов, и рассматриваться демократические режимы с точки зрения социальных возможностей развития, которые они предоставляют общественным группам. Анализируя "провалы" и структурные особенности демократии, автор приходит к выводу, что институциональные процессы являются ключевыми в демократическом развитии общества.

Uncertainty and institutions are each vital concepts in entrepreneurship research. However, little work has been done to combine them into a consistent conceptual framework for analyzing the dynamic aspects of entrepreneurial action, uncertainty, and institutional change. Using insights from new institutional economics, we develop a model that explains the institutional uncertainty resulting from conflicts between institutions on different “levels” of social activity. We further explain how entrepreneurs can both cause and mitigate this uncertainty through market and institutional action. Finally, we focus on a special case of institutional uncertainty, “regime uncertainty”, wherein entrepreneurs are left without reliable means to overcome uncertainty in political institutions.

The book is innovative in that it applies legal concepts to economic analysis.  It explains that modern economies require the existence of a specific legal system to operate.  The analysis builds on the prior work of institutional economists.  It brings it forward by integrating what was missing: the legal component. Taking its distance from the economic analysis of law, it provides a legal analysis of economics.  It is superior in this regard because real life economic actors must abide by legal rules.  Their economic activity is dependent on the existence of rules making it possible, something present economic analyses neglect completely.  Without States and the services they provide (protection services, a legal system, property rights, justice, roads, contract enforcement, and so on), economic activity cannot flourish.  The book concentrates on the particular importance of property rights.  They always played a key role in economic development.  They now play a key role in the operation of a global economy because of the surge of multinationals built on the right of property concentrated via corporations. The role of corporate law in the reconfiguration of the power system from a State System to a Global Power System is explained.
The book is of interest for all social scientists interested in the operation of our present world economy and in globalization generally.  It provides new insight on how to address global issues, in particular global climate change, which is a direct consequence of the spreading of a world economy over a divided State System.

Corrupt exchanges are often brokered by a third party, but this phenomenon has not been satisfactorily explored by researchers of corruption. Literature on brokerage in general provides interesting models but they have not previously been applied to corrupt exchanges. Based on in-depth qualitative interviews with respondents who participated in actual corrupt transactions, this paper identifies several distinct brokerage types in low-level corruption in contemporary Hungary. The paper also provides explanation of variation in corruption brokerage in terms of actors' group affiliations, forms of the corrupt exchanges, brokerage mechanisms, as well as neutrality, benefit and motivation, risk distribution, and stability of the brokerage structure. Finally, we discuss some policy implications of corruption brokerage.

Within the current context of privatisation and commercialisation, there is a group of European institutions – all part of a confederation called L’Internationale – which are actively trying to rethink the role of the art museum as a public space that fosters debate and speculation about possible alternatives. Setting out to explore what is or should be the public role of an art museum in the 21st century, this paper will present the mission, activities, and shared vision of L’Internationale and two of its key members, the Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven and Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst in Antwerp. Their critical approach will be set within a broader trajectory of demands for democratisation of the museum from the 1960s onwards: namely, Institutional Critique, the planning and development of the Pompidou Centre, new museology, and New Institutionalism. What becomes apparent through this historical perspective is that the ‘demand for democratisation’ today is not only voiced through artists, museologists, curators, or independent art spaces, but from a group of museums that altogether call for a profound rethinking of the institution. This fact speaks of a broader need to not only radically experiment within existing structures but also renegotiate the very notion of publicness itself.