Clean energy technologies

The technical and economic feasibility of the installation of a mini-hydroelectric power plant on El Valle River in Venezuela is assessed. Special attention is paid to modeling Venezuela’s energetic and economic scenarios. Sensitivity, risk and emission analyses are also carried out. The results of the study show very attractive economic indicators, such as a 280.3% internal rate of return and a 0.4 years pay-back period. The positive results of the study are indication that clean energies could find very fertile scenarios in countries such as Venezuela, where the advantages of their application may not be evident.

This paper presents a summary of research to utilise the massive amount of low grade heat energy, for instance which exists in the worlds oceans, by a new type of magnetic cycle. Developed herein are methods based on 2nd order phase changes that make it possible to achieve high efficiency despite small temperature differences with the reservoir. Ferrofluids displaying temporary magnetic remanence are an almost perfect embodiment of the working substance for these cycles. Standard Kinetic Theory, Thermodynamic and Electrodynamic analysis and experiment validates the new cycle.

In this study, we study and evaluate a zero emission integrated system, as taken from the literature, for coproduction of electricity and methanol. The investigated integrated system has three subsystems: water electrolysis, Matiant power plant (oxy-fuel combustion of pure methane), and methanol production unit. The system and its components are analyzed energetically and exergetically. The rates of exergy destructions, relative irreversibilities, and sustainability indexes of each subunit of each subsystem, as well as the overall system are analyzed to identify the greatest exergy losses and possible future research directions. The total rate of exergy destruction of the overall system is calculated to be around 280 MW. The greatest rate of exergy destruction, therefore the greatest irreversibility, occurs within the power plant unit (about 60 % of the total rate of exergy destruction). The energy efficiencies of electrolysis, power plant, and methanol synthesis unit are found to be 30 %, 76 %, and 41 %, respectively. The exergy efficiencies of electrolysis, power plant, and methanol synthesis unit are found to be 30 %, 64 %, and 41 %, respectively. Depending on the utilization of the heat rejected from the different units of each subsystem, the overall system could have energy and exergy efficiencies up to 68 % and 47 %, respectively.

That Africa’s population and economies are growing is old news. That the continent is in ever growing need of energy supply is a logical consequence. In order to meet this demand, the implementation of interconnected grids based on green energy resources (which the continent offers in abundance) is a possible solution. Several advantages exist. The grid could for example act as cement for continental and intercontinental cooperation. Further, cheap energy can be produced and even exported in order to boost Africa’s economies. A bigger market place and jobs can be created as a result. Cooperation between African states will ultimately be fostered. However, certain challenges present themselves as well. The countries present on the continent often are constraint by significant conflicts and face political insecurity. This discourages investors to pump money into the respective areas, which in turn affects the whole continent. As Africa is generally seen as the third world, GDPs are low, corruption rates are high and incentives for sustainable development are not always given.To what extent is the East and South African Clean Energy Corridor an example for interconnected grids, relying on renewable energy sources and successfully tackling the challenges of bringing sustainable clean energy to developing countries?

Health impacts and a decrease in the quality of life caused by air pollution is a major problem worldwide. Krakow is one of the most affected cities in the EU by air pollution mostly caused by burning solid fuels in households' furnaces. It is considered that the most effective remedies would be adequate spatial planning solutions and application of low-emission sources including renewable energy sources (RES). This article draws from the analysis of the use of RES as a means for reducing harmful emissions in Krakow Functional Area (KrOF). The inventories of renewable energy sources and systems were compiled by the authors as a part of the EU project "Smart Edge-Sustainable Metropolitan Areas and the Role of The Edge City". Using the data from the inventories, a SWOT analysis has been carried out to identify factors that determine the smart management of the RES potential, particularly the decisions of households on the transition towards RES. The results of the analysis have shown that many actions have been taken at the national, regional, and local levels but the greatest influence bear the solutions initiated and implemented at the communal level. The conclusion is that legislative regulations should be combined with locally tailor-made instruments. The proposed method of analysis can be applied in other metropolitan areas as a diagnostic procedure supporting action planning to solve air-quality problems caused by distributed emission sources.

As scientists’ consensus shifts from sober scholarly dialogue into the wider plane of culture, there has been a need to find a framework upon which to hang popular understanding. An increasingly common move is to grasp for a (Global) Green New Deal. This move comes in many forms. I would like to start by dismissing the ones which deserve dismissal, and then dialoguing with those which do not. First to the trash bin is the disquieting embrace of nuclear power so that we can keep using the same if not more energy. If this is a shade of green, it’s one which glows in the dark (there is a reason insurers do not really insure nuclear power). Much more serious is the responsible if distant cousin of the high-energy fission-based deus ex machina: the move to draw all of our needed energy from lithium batteries and solar. One issue is that this tech seems to have an immaculate conception and does not require cutting into Western China, host of the rare earth metals needed for clean energy. This matter ought to be dealt with head-on, since there is a trade-off between carbon-neutral energy, and ecological devastation in Chinese mining sites and Malaysian ore processing centers. Perhaps the larger issue is that the GND, even when fission-free, is frequently a coded call for a social-democratic U.S. plus Europe, but clean, which is then turned into a template transported to the poorer countries

This unique book describes how the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) can be used to solve various power system operation and planning optimization problems. This book is the first of its kind to provide readers with a comprehensive reference that includes the solution codes for basic/advanced power system optimization problems in GAMS, a computationally efficient tool for analyzing optimization problems in power and energy systems. The book covers theoretical background as well as the application examples and test case studies. It is a suitable reference for dedicated and general audiences including power system professionals as well as researchers and developers from the energy sector and electrical power engineering community and will be helpful to undergraduate and graduate students.

In general the conception was formulated by the author in 1995 and today we can say that the concept of physical vacuum, which is a new source of energy, finds more and more supporters. The fundamental works about nature of "zero point energy" are published, for example, Andrew D. Sakharov, Hal T. Puthoff and many other interesting works. It is clear now that space or "physical vacuum" has its internal structure, therefore it can be used as a new source of energy if we organize the process of changing of this structure. Moreover, according to some theories, the existence of reality (i.e. the World of some certain parameters of space and time) is defined by the function of probability of energy density. For example, Dr. Nassikas, Greece, proves that it is not possible to consider the space without its energy, and there is no space without energy. The internal structure of reality is coexistence of two forms: gravitational energy and electromagnetic energy. Any local increase of the first one should produce decrease of the second one, so the sum amount of the change is zero.

This paper explores the case for system change as theorised by the idealist/humanist tradition in International Relations theory with the most explicit example of Alexander Wendt’s constructivism, as the difficult to accomplish, yet creative solution to the climate crisis. The paper aims to offer an innovative, original account of the climate crisis based on studies of specific authors within constructivism, international political economy and philosophy. The paper excels in examining the significance of a complex issue that has been 'a tough nut to crack' as clearly as possible summarizing a lot of complex information into a well-organized synthesis of ideas by relying on meditative flow followed by objective analysis and policy recommendations. Climate change is persistent just as the predominant theory of International Relations, Realism, is. To solve it, scholars have to change paradigm. Although among the top leadership, progress within the existing global climate governance architecture is steadily proceeding in averting the worst security impacts of climate change by attempting to significantly reduce global carbon emissions, there is also a common perception among societies that action happening within the system is disappointingly slow, even considered ineffective. Despite the existence of several solutions such as: 1) climate negotiations within the system of global governance focused on significantly reducing global carbon emissions, 2) the commitment within the private sector, that is, a hundred companies in the world that produced 70 percent of the world’s emissions, 3) introducing of the carbon tax, 4) reforming capitalism, 5) giving more credibility to the scientific community and scientific solutions and 6) politicising the issue to the point when people can vote for climate leaders who make climate as the number one priority; none of the above offers a sufficiently comprehensive or lasting solution. The idea is to introduce radical solutions that could have a massive, exponential impact. The unconventional solution offers a more spontaneous way out of the problem. The research problem is the most profound issue humanity has ever attempted to solve in the history of civilization, arguably requiring a complete transformation of the system. It comes down to the conscious evolution of human species to act in time since the climate clock will soon be surpassing tipping points which make humanity close to transgressing planetary boundaries after which cataclysmic climate change occurs alongside the increased risk of conflicts over water, migration crises, food shortages and humanitarian disasters. Paper consist of an introduction, the chosen method, educational research on creativity is explained; a brief overview of constructivism where the possibility of system’s transformation is explained; an overview of the system change theory; an evaluation of whether system change is a viable way forward; plus section explaining pathways of advancing civilization to the next level followed by conclusions. A major, analytical finding is that with people’s power inspired by hope even the most difficult, seemingly impossible is possible. Agency, the capacity to make things happen to envision and enact change, can bend and shove the structure. The majority of people have bought into the false idea that we have to serve, and behave, and be enslaved else chaos will engulf the world. We need to carry out objective analysis of the situation to the point where people believe in change and make change happen. If the majority of people continue as up to this point, then the fate of the whole planet might be in peril. Why are so many so submissive? Why are they so forgiving to gangsterism and horrendous evil done to the planet by the autocratic and corrupted politicians, 'big fish' who impudently swim in the water of the system. The answer may be that the established structure of the system is not only very entrenched but also increasingly sophisticated in its perfection of subliminal mechanisms of control of the people and exploitation of the planet. It is not only through the action or inaction of authoritarian tyrants or grandiose, imperialistic thinking of obsessive dictators or through press releases and the enforced idiocy of television, the drama of the dying world has been turned into a soap opera for most people. People do not understand that climate change is their story and that they will be in one way or another affected by climatic changes. At the end, all will be affected. Earth must be healthy and Nature benign again. Our Lady of Fátima on 13th May 1917 asked for the Consecration of Russia to Her Immaculate Heart, and the Communion of reparation on the First Saturdays. If Her requests are heeded, Russia will be converted, and there will be peace; if not, she will spread her errors throughout the world, causing wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred; the Holy Father will have much to suffer; various nations will be annihilated. ''In the end, my Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, and she shall be converted, and a period of peace will be granted to the world.'' (Santos, Fatima in Lucia's Own Words I, 2003: 123–124). There must come a moment for penance, repentance, turning back to God, prayer and belief in salvation of one's soul. Humans cannot be happy without God in our lives. There must come time of global, spiritual awakening, accepting the beauty of the Earth, rejecting militant conquests, enslavement of humanity under repressive doctrines which justify militarily invasions, conforming to rapacious materialism and secularism. There is a need for cleaning up of the system, giving a second chance to the planet, draining of the water, getting rid of the ageing 'big fish' swimming in the dirty water of system - climate-denialist politicians who do not respect the ecological balance with nature. The rise of the movement is inevitable when the machinery or machinations of the unjust structure of the system become so odious, and so exposed that people are willing to strive for change and force the re-evaluation of the situation. The forces of the status quo weaponize gangsters in the system who want to thwart change. As Steffen (2022) noted, ''We need a politics of boldness and possibility, one that brings people and institutions together to achieve spiky successes and strong ruggedization.'' Somebody has to stand against the unfair structure of the system, defend trees, and somebody has to make the point: we disown our past, and we will start living according to our own inner being and create our own future. We will not allow the past to create our future…. And, it could be done by marching for the Earth, claiming our vision, our being, our intuition and acting from that without regret inspired by hope. More recently, a broad array of influential climate action advocates started to demand immediate, disruptive changes to destroy fossil fuel demand and drop emissions in decisive ways. Change comes from the people - to beat a machine, change the structure of the system with a movement. Climate change is a global, multi-generational threat featuring impacts that lie entirely outside anything that modern humanity has ever experienced. Indeed, the most sustainable society is the one which passes forward the best possibilities to future generations. Justifiably, the issue of global climate change has moved to the centre of the international agenda. Actively, rapidly and deliberately driving high-carbon industries out of business is an unavoidable step in every real climate action strategy. Those industries do not deserve our sympathy. It is their own predatory delay over decades that has led to their on-rushing demise. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Address to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference on August 16, 1967) reminded, ''the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” Change takes a long time, but it does happen. Energy transition from addictive and dirty fossil fuel structures is inevitable. As François Jacob said, ''It is hope that gives life meaning. Hope is based on the prospect of being able one day to turn the actual world into a possible one that looks better.'' Thus, ''let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows.'' (Martin Luther King, Jr, “Remaining Awake Through a Great Revolution.” Speech given at the National Cathedral, March 31, 1968). In the service of the above, this paper constitutes a modest, cutting-edge, interdisciplinary policy-relevant research with the aim of exposing a pertaining political problem through an experiment with Gordian-knot, style-resolved, possible creative solutions leading to cascading dynamics of solution activating momentum.

The use of carbon-base fuels by diesel engines release gases such as CO, NOx, SO2, and THCs which constitute a major source of environmental pollution. These gases when released into the atmosphere result in the formation of acid rain and cause greenhouse effect. In the present study, an experiment was carried out with and without the use of HHO gas. The concentrations of the emitted gases were measured using an E8500 Plus gas analyzer. The results showed that the average concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburnt hydrocarbons (THCs), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emitted from the combustion chamber of the test engine was decreased by 68.8%, 35.2%, 16.4% and 97.9% respectively when a mixture of HHO gas/petrol/air was used instead of petrol/air mixture in an internal combustion engine. However, the average concentration of oxygen (O2) gas increased by 1.7%. Copyright © 2019 IJASRD. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Common Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HIGHLIGHTS 1) Production of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 2) Production of HHO gas using KOH as catalyst. 3) Measurement of HHO gas flow rate. 4) Modification of the petrol engine using a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. 5) Determination of performance of HHO gas on emission characteristics of a petrol engine.

We are in an era where everything is now requested to be smart. Here are some examples, such as smart materials smart devices, smartphones, smart grid, and smart metering. In regard to energy portfolio, we need to make it in line with these under smart energy solutions. With the developed cutting-edge technologies and artificial intelligence applications, we need to change the course of action in dealing with energy matters by covering the entire energy spectrum under five categories, namely, energy fundamentals and concepts, energy materials, energy production, energy conversion, and energy management. It is important to highlight the importance of a recent event. On 17 January 2017 a total of thirteen leading energy, transport and industry companies in the World Economic Forum in Davos (Switzerland) have launched a global initiative, so-called: Hydrogen Council, to voice a united vision and long-term ambition for hydrogen to foster the energy transition. It has aimed to join the global efforts in promoting hydrogen to help meet climate goals. This is a clear indication that smart solutions are not possible without hydrogen options. This study focuses on introducing and highlighting smart energy solutions under the portfolio pertaining to exergization, greenization, renewabilization, hydrogenization, integration, multigeneration, storagization, and intelligization. Each one of these plays a critical role within the smart energy portfolio and becomes key for a more sustainable future. This study also focuses on the newly developed smart energy systems by combining both renewable energy sources and hydrogen energy systems to provide more efficient, more cost-effective, more environmentally benign and more sustainable solutions for implementation. Furthermore, a wide range of integrated systems is presented to illustrate the feasibility and importance such a coupling to overcome several technical issues. Moreover, numerous studies from the recent literature are presented to highlight the importance of sustainable hydrogen production methods for a carbon-free economy.

Abstract- The struggle to replace fossil fuel with clean bioenergy has come to an end. The
possibility of electric batteries opens a new era for the transportation sector. This revolution is
causing a great impact on the automobile sector by replacing fossil fuel with hybrid batteries. As
such, there is a huge marketing potential for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations as the
popularity of electric vehicles continues to grow. Aside from the potential revenue of owning one,
planning and strategic management plays an important part. This research attempts to prove the
flexibility of owning and managing an electric vehicle charging station, as with the current pace of
the technology revolution it is believed to be a potential major field and a worthy investment.
Keywords: charging, batteries, hybrid, clean, energy.

This paper focuses on clean energy solutions in order to achieve better sustainability, and hence discusses opportunities and
challenges from various dimensions, including social, economic, energetic and environmental aspects. It also evaluates the
current and potential states and applications of possible clean-energy systems. In the first part of this study, renewable and
nuclear energy sources are comparatively assessed and ranked based on their outputs. By ranking energy sources based on
technical, economic, and environmental performance criteria, it is aimed to identify the improvement potential for each option
considered. The results show that in power generation, nuclear has the highest (7.06/10) and solar photovoltaic (PV)
has the lowest (2.30/10). When nonair pollution criteria, such as land use, water contamination, and waste issues are considered,
the power generation ranking changes, and geothermal has the best (7.23/10) and biomass has the lowest performance
(3.72/10). When heating and cooling modes are considered as useful outputs, geothermal and biomass have
approximately the same technical, environmental, and cost performances (as 4.9/10), and solar has the lowest ranking
(2/10). Among hydrogen production energy sources, nuclear gives the highest (6.5/10) and biomass provides the lowest
(3.6/10) in ranking. In the second part of the present study, multigeneration systems are introduced, and their potential benefits
are discussed along with the recent studies in the literature. It is shown that numerous advantages are offered by renewable
energy-based integrated systems with multiple outputs, especially in reducing overall energy demand, system
cost and emissions while significantly improving overall efficiencies and hence output generation rates.

This study explores business opportunities in the Indian coal based power value chain for European small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that specialise in clean coal technology (CCT), while also providing a general overview of the Indian coal based power value chain and its three 'pillars': coal mining, coal logistics and coal power plants.

Every year two billion tons of MSW are produced globally. Due to the impact of solid waste and population growth, it is necessary to develop an integrated solid waste management plan. Such a plan, holistic in scope, would aim to minimize the negative impact of this material in the environment while being economically viable. The designation and terming of any one mode of waste treatment as superior or preferable is an intricate issue in which a large set of standards and measures should be taken into account. The decision must consider not only economic and political aspects and realities but also environmental ones in the long term. According to the traditional method of life cycle assessment (LCA), it is possible to evaluate the environmental impact of different technologies and systems used for solid waste management such as recycling and biological treatments, waste-to-energy facilities and landfills. In order to provide examples and bases for comparison, several previous LCA studies are considered in this paper. Furthermore, various pros and cons of landfills and waste-to-energy facilities, taking into consideration European environmental, financial, and political realities are verified as well as the importance of European regulations and economic instruments adopted in several member countries. The results prove that the MSW hierarchy (avoid, reuse, recycle, recovery energy and landfill) present in the European regulation is the most adequate way to treat waste.

Solar power has significant potential to reduce reliance on conventional energy sources in South Africa. A prefeasibility study for a communal solar water heating system (SWHS) is performed for an apartment building in the Cape Town area. Energetic-economic modelling of the system is performed via the calculation of the solar fraction, and fundamental indicators of the financial analysis such as internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), and benefit-cost ratio. Results indicate that a SWHS with a solar fraction of 32% and a benefit-cost ratio of 3.05 is realizable. Additionally, sensitivity analysis of financial results with respect to incentive rebate amount and electricity escalation rate is performed.

This study presents an energy resource assessment for six sites, one from each geo-political zone of Nigeria. It assessed the feasibility and economic viability of RE resources that can provide sustainable electricity and enhance ICT development for rural communities cut off from the national grid. Hypothetical rural communities made up of 200 homes, a school and health centre was conceived. Specific electrical load profile was developed to suite the rural communities. The required load was analyzed as 358 kWh per day, with 46 kW primary peak load and 20 kW deferrable peak load. The
meteorological data utilized were obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Department spanning 1987-2010. Assessment of the design that will optimally meet the daily load demand with LOLP of 0.01 was carried out by considering standalone PV, Wind and Diesel, and a hybrid design of Wind-PV. The Diesel
Standalone system was taken as the basis for comparison. The optimization tool employed after the feasibility analysis with RETScreen® software was the HOMER® software. The outcome showed that the most economically viable alternative for power generation at most of the sites is the wind standalone system. It proved to be the optimal means of producing renewable electricity in terms of life cycle cost and levelised cost of energy which ranged between $0.129/kWh for Jos and $0.327/kWh for Benin City. This is very much competitive with grid electricity. Renewable technologies could then become the subject of rigorous pursuit for rural electrification and ICT development in local communities around the sites.

The book “New Energy Sources” was published in Russia at first time in 2011, ISBN 978-5-7679-1848-5 and it was issued in new version with ISBN 978-5-7679-3858-2 in 2017. Author is Mr. Alexander V. Frolov, independent research scientist, former owner of Faraday Lab Ltd company, St.-Petersburg, Russia. It is interesting book about new energy technologies, discovering for us great World of unlimited free energy. Author started his experimental research in 1991 and he present new knowledge in popular form, without mathematics and formulas. Content of the book in several words: Chapter 1. Modern age is time of changes. Fuel power engineering is changing to be fuel less technology. Solar energy, heat pumps, wind power are new sources but it is also not perspective in comparison with free energy technologies. New technologies allow us to get unlimited power in any place without fuel, to reduce cost of electricity up to zero prices. New free energy sources will change World market. Author describes possible changes in economical balance of Russia and USA that is result of decreasing oil and gas prices. Chapter 2. On the theory of fuel less energy sources. Theory is simple and it does not require formulas. Ocean of free energy is aether. Matter particles are processes in aether, some type of vortex. The aether produces all matter particles for free, and the same process can be used to get free energy. Chapter 3. The gravitational potential field. Examples of gravity wheels including modern workable devices are considered here. It is simple workable mechanical devices. Some of examples were discovered in 1150 year. European famous inventors demonstrated it in 1700 period. Chapter 4. The Centrifugal force. Several experimental devices are presented to find analogies and conclude that we can get free power and heat by means of centrifugal forces. It is also related with aether inertial effects. Chapter 5. Russian old inventions of XIX century. Professor Pavel Yablotchkov is inventor of first Russian electromagnetic transformator, single wire resonance electric circuit, water fuel cell and many other technologies were innovated in Russia more than 100 years ago before Tesla. He also described several methods to get over-unity electric generators with 150% efficiency. Chapter 6. Tesla’s experiments Tesla made interesting experiments to demonstrate high efficient methods of energy transformation. Now we can explain some of his results in modern terms and our new understanding allow us to get development of fuel less power engineering. Chapter 7. Working electric potential field. Any potential field is area of some force and it is source of energy. We can build different devices to get power from gravity potential field. Also we can get free power from it is changes of electric potential field. It can be changes of intensity (density of aether) or changes of properties of rotor in electric field. Several workable devices are considered here. Chapter 8. Mr. Tariel Kapanadze and his generator. Famous Georgian inventor Mr. Tariel Kapanadze presented his method as development of Tesla’s technology. It is simple high voltage device. Notion: the devices should be electrically connected to ground. This connection allow us source of free electrons in the electric circuit. Chapter 9. Resonant processes. The Nature demonstrates many resonance effects and we need to follow the natural ways in electromagnetic technologies. Author described here several resonant over-unity devices. Chapter 10. Technologies using permanent magnets. Examples of electro-generators using permanent magnets to provide torque without any fuel. Chapter 11. Unipolar machines. Several examples of over unity unipolar machines are considered. Chapter 12. Solid state energy converters. Most perspective topic for practical application is solid state energy converters. “No moving parts” means the most reliable technical method. Chapter 13. Water and hydrogen energy. Water is liquid fuel. Efficiency of this method depend on technology of splitting of water to gas molecules. Original author’s experiments on atomic hydrogen cycles of dissociation – recombination are described and explained here. Chapter. 14 Heat energy Converters. The clean energy way is transformation of environmental heat to useful energy. Environmental heat is real powerful source of energy. Several methods of its conversion into useful work are considered here. Chapter 15. «Аir as fuel» topic. Dr. Andreev was Russian author of air fuel technology. He proved that usual auto fuel engine can use 100 times less oil fuel for the same power and distance range. In this case he described transmutation of air nitrogen gas into carbon micro particles. Chapter 16. Capillary phenomena. To understand high efficient Nature we must learn capillary phenomenon. Examples of simple devices are presented for our readers. Chapter 17. Plasma. The plasma effects can produce more heat output than electric input. Examples are demonstrated. Chapter 18. A multipolar energy. Important new area of modern science is understanding on bipolar electricity effects and development of multipolarity ideas. Multipolar interactions are way to free energy and fuel less power engineering. Chapter 19. New photoelectric effects. Perspectives of photovoltaic technologies are demonstrated. Author present here new discovery as “inertial photo effect” and “longitudinal photo effect”. The discovery allow us to develop over unity photovoltaic energy sources using impulse (flash) light source. This photovoltaic equipment does not require Sun and it can work in autonomous mode as free energy device. Chapter 20. Conclusions. The World is changing now to be fuel less World and we have chance to use this change for commercial applications. There are 232 illustrations in the book, about 60,000 words (357 pages in first Russian edition of 2011). The book is useful for technically minds, inventors and innovators, both for undergraduate and postgraduate students. It is scientific popular view on modern situation in area of free energy research.

Direct steam generation by means of solar energy can be subject to inconsistencies, instability, and lower efficiency when the transmission of solar energy to water is interrupted. Phase change materials are used as a solution and it is to be investigated numerically and experimentally for characterization of the charging and discharging profiles of a phase change material (PCM). Energy stored in this two phase region of the PCM is maximized due to the higher temperature difference maintained between the source and the PCM.
Heat Transfer rates decrease for concentric annuluses as flow rate increases, although eccentric cases make up for this and perform better with an increase in flow rate than a cantered case, which performs well at low flow rates.

In this article we can find new method to create energy and powerful power processes without fuel or some external source. This raises the most interesting question about the total energy of the system. Academician Naan writes in 1964: "The mass of the Universe (the world + antiworld system) is identically equal to zero, since all the masses of the world are balanced by the same antiworld masses with the opposite sign. The same is the case with charges. On average, a totally symmetrical universe consists of only one void. Therefore, it can arise from the void with strict observance of all conservation laws. The statement about the possibility of emergence from nothing (emptiness, vacuum) with strict observance of conservation laws should seem extremely paradoxical. After all, the meaning of conservation laws consists in the fact that nothing arises from nothing, nothing can generate something. The hypothesis being developed here in no way disputes this position. Nothing can not generate (only) something, but it generates more... it generates something and an anti-something at the same time! " Technical examples are considered in this article to demonstrate the symmetry principle in designing process to get over-unity energy sources.

The manufacture and deployment of clean energy technologies is a key element in China's quest to become a global technology leader. China has focused on renewable energy and cleaner, more efficient mobility systems to help transform its economic model from one based on highly-polluting, energy-intensive manufacturing to a high-tech system based on the production of goods and services at the top of the value chain. These technologies are also crucial for strengthening China's energy security, protecting its environment and safeguarding the global climate. The country now leads the world in solar and wind power, electric vehicles and battery production, catalysing dramatic cost reductions throughout the world. Yet China faces myriad challenges in scaling up these technologies and accelerating its energy transition away from fossil fuels, especially as it begins to phase out subsidies in favour of a more competitive market-based approach. Addressing these challenges is essential if the country is to ensure its long-term economic sustainability and reach its goal of becoming a world leader in technology and innovation.

A great challenge in water electrolysis is how to optimize the major factors that influence the production of hydrogen gas. Over the past years, different methods have been used to produce hydrogen gas from carbon-base fossil fuels but these methods have been proven to be environmentally unfriendly due to the enormous release of greenhouse gases associated with their use. In this work, an experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of electrolyte strength, voltage and time on the volume of HHO gas produced using a design built HHO gas generator. The generator was constructed from Stainless Steel 316 L plates made of 3 anodes, 3 cathodes, and 20 neutral plates. During the study, the strengths of KOH, NaOH, and NaHCO 3 was prepared within the range of 0.010 M-0.030 M. The prepared strengths for each catalyst were then varied across voltage range of 9 V to 13 V for 50 seconds. The experimental results obtained showed that, increasing electro-lyte strength, voltage and time proportionally increased the yield of HHO gas. An optimal yield rate of 2.27 cm 3 /s of HHO gas was obtained when the generator was run at 13 V using 0.025 M KOH. In addition, other factors studied including electrode surface morphology, plate's configuration, and temperature also showed improvement in yield of HHO gas by 41.85%, 69.74%, and 71.96% respectively.

The research sought to identify barriers preventing low income urban households from accessing electricity, and preventing them making formal connection in particular. The project gathered data from both households (demand side), and from local supply utilities (supply side). The aim of the project was to gather data on the use of electricity amongst the urban poor in order to inform future policy decisions on power sector reform; the Purpose statement was: ‘to promote a pro-poor policy in private sector participation (PSP) to improve the access and affordability of electricity services to the urban poor’. A series of key informant interviews in each country were used to identify the factors influencing access to electricity and constraints to use. Based on the key informant responses, the survey methodology and questionnaire was adapted for use in each country. Samples of over 200 households were drawn from a number of communities representing various types of dwellings and types of electricity connections. A statistical analysis was made of the responses, including non parametric linkages between variables. The results were the subject of an extended analysis process that included consultation activities in each country. These activities, along with input from expert members of the team, served to identify the policy recommendations. The research was designed by Gamos Ltd. in conjunction with the Indcare Trust (India), Philrads (the Philippines), and the Energy Research Centre (South Africa); expert analysis was provided by Halcrow Business Solutions and by the Electrical Energy and Power Systems groups at Manchester University.

DSG by means of solar energy can be subject to inconsistencies, instability, and lower efficiency when the transmission of solar energy to water is interrupted. Phase change materials are used as a solution and it is to be investigated numerically and experimentally for characterization of the charging and discharging profiles of a phase change material (PCM). Energy stored in this two phase region of the PCM is maximized due to the higher temperature difference maintained between the source and the PCM. Heat Transfer rates decrease for concentric annuluses as flow rate increases, although eccentric cases make up for this and perform better with an increase in flow rate than a cantered case, which performs well at low flow rates.

Many scholars and other stakeholders trace environmental problems facing many oil-rich jurisdictions to the current fossil fuel energy regime that oil-dependent economies rely on. In a quest for ways to reduce environmental problems, an examination of the situation and prospects of renewable energy as a complement, and where possible an alternative, to fossil fuel in an oil-dependent jurisdiction such as Nigeria is necessary. The literature on renewable energy and related topics has not sufficiently answered questions on why renewable energy has failed to thrive despite the interests governments have shown in it. Nigeria's renewable energy sector can succeed only if stakeholders develop jurisdiction-specific policy frameworks addressing current renewable energy challenges. A peep into the scientific literature on renewable energy reveals facts and figures specific to different geographical zones in Nigeria, informing the right course of action for renewable energy policy and business in the country. Nigeria has commercially exploited hydropower and commenced exploiting solar energy, but has not exploited wind energy, bioenergy, and geothermal energy considerably despite their prospects across the geographical zones of the country. Nigeria should fill this gap by developing suitable jurisdiction-specific policy instruments and institutional frameworks.