- Radboud University Nijmegen
Nijmegen School of Management
PO Box 9108
6500 HK Nijmegen
The Netherlands
Taco Brandsen
Radboud University Nijmegen, Public Administration, Faculty Member
- Taco Brandsen is Professor of Comparative Public Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. His ... moreTaco Brandsen is Professor of Comparative Public Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands. His research focuses on issues such as public service delivery, co-production, governance and innovation.
He is presently:
- Coordinator of the project WILCO (Welfare Innovations at the Local Level), funded by the 7th European Framework Programme. www.wilcoproject.eu/
- Vice President for Europe of the IRSPM (International Research Society on Public Management). www.irspm.net/
- Steering Committee member of the EGPA (European Group of Public Administration). www.iias-iisa.org/egpa/e/Pages/default.aspx
- Director of the International Master Programme on the Coordination of Transition (IMPACT), supported by a consortium of the universities of Budapest, Ljubljana and Nijmegen. www.impact4.me
- Co-editor of the Palgrave series ‘Governance and Public Management’ and member of the editorial board of the Nomos book series 'European Civil Society'.
His past work includes:
- Participation in the Third Sector European Project (TSEP, 5th European Framework Programme);
- Participation in the Network of Excellence "Civil Society and New Forms of Govermance" (CINEFOGO, 6th European Framework Programme).
- The organisation of panels and discussions in international research networks such as EGPA, EMES, IRSPM and ISTR, as well as the European PhD network on the third sector and civil society.
- A large number of applied research projects funded by Ministeries, local govenments and non-profit organisations.edit
In the context of interactive governance, self-organisation represents the most extreme manifestation of active involvement. It means that, rather than participating in government initiatives, citizens take the initiative themselves and... more
In the context of interactive governance, self-organisation represents the most extreme manifestation of active involvement. It means that, rather than participating in government initiatives, citizens take the initiative themselves and government may or may not be involved. Long restricted to the field of civil society and voluntary sector research, self-organisation is increasingly becoming a topic on the agenda of public administration, in research and practice (Brandsen and Helderman, 2012; Meerkerk et al., 2013; Nederhand et.al, 2015). In this chapter, I will present key issues in helping to understand this phenomenon. Compared to more traditional types of citizen participation discussed in this book, we know far less about how it works and about how governments can adopt a constructive role. Nor is it self-evident what government should hope to achieve. More so than other types of interactive governance, self-organisation raises moral questions over the role of public authorities and the legitimacy of their interventions.
To start with, I will argue that the dream of self-organising citizens is of a longer-term trend, despite its current appearance of fashionable frill. I will go on to discuss how different theories can help us explain why and how citizens organise themselves. Next, I will examine the moral and practical dilemmas faced by governments in dealing with self-organisation. Finally, I will reflect briefly on the future potential for collaboration between government and self-organising citizens.
To start with, I will argue that the dream of self-organising citizens is of a longer-term trend, despite its current appearance of fashionable frill. I will go on to discuss how different theories can help us explain why and how citizens organise themselves. Next, I will examine the moral and practical dilemmas faced by governments in dealing with self-organisation. Finally, I will reflect briefly on the future potential for collaboration between government and self-organising citizens.
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Despite growing interest in the potential of digital technologies to enhance coproduction and co-creation in public services, there is a lack of hard evidence on their actual impact. Conceptual fuzziness and tech-optimism stand in the way... more
Despite growing interest in the potential of digital technologies to enhance coproduction and co-creation in public services, there is a lack of hard evidence on their actual impact. Conceptual fuzziness and tech-optimism stand in the way of collecting such evidence. The article suggests an analytical framework that distinguishes between the impacts of different technologies on different elements of coproduction and co-creation, and illustrates this in three different areas. It argues that there is no reason to assume that digital technologies will always encourage coproduction or co-creation. In fact, they can also be used to bypass interaction with citizens.
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In the article, we analyse the impact of changing policy environments on the development of the third sector in Europe. Based on the results of systematic comparative research in eight European countries (Austria, Croatia, France,... more
In the article, we analyse the impact of changing policy environments on the development of the third sector in Europe. Based on the results of systematic comparative research in eight European countries (Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the UK), we identify commonalities and differences. In a three-step analysis, we examine policy changes, effects on the third sector and responses by third sector organizations (TSOs) in the social domain. Overall, the third sector in Europe has proven resilient. However, not only have public
and private funding decreased, the process for acquiring such funding has become more demanding for TSOs, as have requirements to be accountable. There are signs of a proliferation of more market-based, hybrid organizations. Despite this general trend towards marketization, the impact of policy changes varies across Europe with TSOs being better equipped to adapt and survive in countries where collaborative ties between the state and the third sector have traditionally been strong.
and private funding decreased, the process for acquiring such funding has become more demanding for TSOs, as have requirements to be accountable. There are signs of a proliferation of more market-based, hybrid organizations. Despite this general trend towards marketization, the impact of policy changes varies across Europe with TSOs being better equipped to adapt and survive in countries where collaborative ties between the state and the third sector have traditionally been strong.
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Co-production is the involvement of citizens in the design and delivery of services. In primary schools, this involves parents working with teachers to improve the educational development of their children. In this contribution, we... more
Co-production is the involvement of citizens in the design and delivery of services. In primary schools, this involves parents working with teachers to improve the educational development of their children. In this contribution, we present the results of a systematic literature review on co-production in primary schools to establish what research has been conducted and to what extent there is evidence on the effectiveness of co-production in this context. After three subsequent steps of literature selection, an initial database of 3121 articles was reduced to 122 articles which were then carefully analysed. Generally, co-production in education tends to be aimed at specific groups, which makes it hard to generalize, but some findings appear more generally applicable. Co-production does appear to improve students' knowledge acquisition. Parent–teacher relationships can be difficult and ambiguous, but teacher training appears to be an effective tool for improving co-production.
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Co-production of public services means that services are not only delivered by professional and managerial staff in public agencies, but also co-produced by citizens and communities. While recent research on this topic has advanced the... more
Co-production of public services means that services are not only delivered by professional and managerial staff in public agencies, but also co-produced by citizens and communities. While recent research on this topic has advanced the debate considerably, there is still no consensus on what co-production means precisely. This article argues that, rather than trying to determine one encompassing definition of the concept, several different types of co-production can be distinguished. Starting from the classical definitions of Elinor Ostrom and Roger Parks, the article draws on the literature on professionalism, volunteering and public management to (1) identify the distinctive nature of co-production, (2) to identify basic dimensions on which a typology of co-production can be constructed. Recognizing different types of co-production more systematically is a critical step in making research on this phenomenon more comparable and more cumulative.
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This article illustrates the development of government-nonprofit collaboration in The Netherlands. It first gives an overview of scope and structure of the non-profit sector and voluntary work and then explains the crucial steps in the... more
This article illustrates the development of government-nonprofit collaboration in The Netherlands. It first gives an overview of scope and structure of the non-profit sector and voluntary work and then explains the crucial steps in the evolution of partnership arrangement between the public sector and nonprofit institutions. The article describes the past significance of so-called pillarization on the development of the nonprofit sector and its collaboration with the state. In accommodating a broad diversity of nonprofit organizations with different religious and societal background, The Netherlands created an elaborate mechanism for government-nonprofit collaboration in which nonprofit organizations fulfil functions in service delivery and policy formation. However, the sector is now fundamentally fragmented and now has little shared identity left. Paradoxically, its past success also makes it less likely that the Dutch nonprofit sector will be regarded as a solution to current social problems.
Research Interests: Nonprofit Studies, Third Sector, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Voluntary Associations, Civil Society and the Public Sphere, and 9 moreHistory of The Netherlands, Nonprofit Governance, Third Sector Studies, Civil Society, Volunteering, Netherlands, The Netherlands, Holland, and Pillarisation (Verzuiling)
European cities are teeming with new ideas, initiated by citizens, professionals and policymakers. The problem is, despite all the case studies of social innovation that exist, it is still not sufficiently understood how social... more
European cities are teeming with new ideas, initiated by citizens, professionals and policymakers. The problem is, despite all the case studies of social innovation that exist, it is still not sufficiently understood how social innovations are linked exactly to their wider urban context. It is this gap that the book addresses. We have defined social innovations as ideas, turned into practical approaches, which are new in the context where they appear and which are marked by a high degree of risk and uncertainty, e.g. due to the specific context they meet. According to this working definition, social innovations are, in a significant way, new and disruptive towards the routines and structures prevailing in a given (welfare) system or local setting. Given that non-profit organisation often act as a force for renewal in the local context, research on social innovations is inextricably connected to the study of non-profits.
In practice, innovations arise within a complex context of local discourses, policies and institutions. While there have been many case studies documenting this, few, and none in recent years, have made a hard comparative study of emerging patterns: which types of innovations in European cities and how are they linked to contexts of urban governance? A key indicator for successfully rolling out social innovations constitutes the urban governance context in which the innovative idea emerges and develops into either an organised structure or another sustainable governance arrangement, in which nonprofit organizations and/or civic engagement might play a central role.
The book is one of the main scientific final products of a three-year research project on local welfare (WILCO: Welfare Innovations at the Local level in favour of Cohesion).
In practice, innovations arise within a complex context of local discourses, policies and institutions. While there have been many case studies documenting this, few, and none in recent years, have made a hard comparative study of emerging patterns: which types of innovations in European cities and how are they linked to contexts of urban governance? A key indicator for successfully rolling out social innovations constitutes the urban governance context in which the innovative idea emerges and develops into either an organised structure or another sustainable governance arrangement, in which nonprofit organizations and/or civic engagement might play a central role.
The book is one of the main scientific final products of a three-year research project on local welfare (WILCO: Welfare Innovations at the Local level in favour of Cohesion).
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Recent social policy forms have included the introduction of quasi-markets in the implementation of policy, usually by imposing a market type design upon existing public or third sector fields. Many of these experiments have not worked... more
Recent social policy forms have included the introduction of quasi-markets in the implementation of policy, usually by imposing a market type design upon existing public or third sector fields. Many of these experiments have not worked out as planned. This book argues that this largely stems from a failure to anticipate the response of the providers concerned and to take account of the institutional setting upon which quasi-markets are grafted. It uses theories drawn from organisational and economic sociology to explore this theme. These theories not only focus upon “survival tactics” in the quasi-markets, but also on processes of innovation and learning. They are also sensitive to the influence of the specific historical setting upon which a quasi-market has been imposed, which in many cases is a non-profit (third sector) context.
The theoretical points are illustrated through an elaborate case study of Dutch social housing. The government decentralised financial risks to the private non-profit housing providers. These semi-professional organisations were initially ill-equipped to respond adequately to the market incentives to which they were exposed. They adapted by drawing heavily upon the social capital inherent in the corporatist network they inherited from the previous system, which allowed the swift dispersal of new ideas. This explains the widespread occurrence of certain activities (e.g. mergers, models of distribution, organisational structure). However, at the same time there is growing diversity in the field in terms of strategies, and the social bonds that are so vital to innovation are now disappearing as the old networks fall apart.
Using the findings from the case study, the book explores issues related to the quasi-market introduction. First, there is the question whether the benefits of a private non-profit sector can be maintained within a policy framework that encourages commercialisation. The evidence suggests that the imposition of a quasi-market type of system may erode the social fabric of a sector and blurs the boundaries between the non- and for-profit spheres. It also indicates that the design of a quasi-market may prove vulnerable to attempts by providers to dampen market risks.
The theoretical points are illustrated through an elaborate case study of Dutch social housing. The government decentralised financial risks to the private non-profit housing providers. These semi-professional organisations were initially ill-equipped to respond adequately to the market incentives to which they were exposed. They adapted by drawing heavily upon the social capital inherent in the corporatist network they inherited from the previous system, which allowed the swift dispersal of new ideas. This explains the widespread occurrence of certain activities (e.g. mergers, models of distribution, organisational structure). However, at the same time there is growing diversity in the field in terms of strategies, and the social bonds that are so vital to innovation are now disappearing as the old networks fall apart.
Using the findings from the case study, the book explores issues related to the quasi-market introduction. First, there is the question whether the benefits of a private non-profit sector can be maintained within a policy framework that encourages commercialisation. The evidence suggests that the imposition of a quasi-market type of system may erode the social fabric of a sector and blurs the boundaries between the non- and for-profit spheres. It also indicates that the design of a quasi-market may prove vulnerable to attempts by providers to dampen market risks.
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What has been the impact of the rise of new social risks and of the recent economic crisis on social cohesion of contemporary cities in Europe? Based on original research carried out in twenty cities in ten different countries, this book... more
What has been the impact of the rise of new social risks and of the recent economic crisis on social cohesion of contemporary cities in Europe? Based on original research carried out in twenty cities in ten different countries, this book provides a new, extensive, empirically-based analysis of social and economic transformations driving the emergence of new social risks in European cities in the last two decades. What are the main factors and mechanisms contributing to the rise of social vulnerability in urban contexts? What are the material conditions and coping strategies adopted by vulnerable groups to deal with these risks? And, finally, what is the role played by local welfare systems in times of welfare retrenchment at the national level? The focus of the book is on urban contexts: it is in cities that most of the new social risks are concentrated and welfare policies face the most dramatic tensions in times of austerity.
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In recent years public management research in a variety of disciplines has paid increasing attention to the role of citizens and the third sector in the provision of public services. Several of these efforts have employed the concept of... more
In recent years public management research in a variety of disciplines has paid increasing attention to the role of citizens and the third sector in the provision of public services. Several of these efforts have employed the concept of co-production to better understand and explain this trend.
This book aims to go further by systematizing the growing body of academic papers and reports that focus on various aspects of co-production and its potential contribution to new public governance. It has an interdisciplinary focus that makes a unique contribution to the body of knowledge in this field, at the cross-roads of a number of disciplines - including business administration, policy studies, political science, public management, sociology, third sector studies, etc. The unique presentation of them together in this volume both allows for comparing and contrasting these different perspectives and for potential theoretical collaboration and development. More particularly, this volume addresses the following concerns: What is the nature of co-production and what challenges does it face? How can we conceptualize the concept of co-production? How does co-production works in practice? How does co-production unfold in reality?
What can be the effects of co-production? And more specific, firstly, how can co-production contribute to service quality and service management in public services, and secondly, what is the input of co-production on growing citizen involvement and development of participative democracy?
This book aims to go further by systematizing the growing body of academic papers and reports that focus on various aspects of co-production and its potential contribution to new public governance. It has an interdisciplinary focus that makes a unique contribution to the body of knowledge in this field, at the cross-roads of a number of disciplines - including business administration, policy studies, political science, public management, sociology, third sector studies, etc. The unique presentation of them together in this volume both allows for comparing and contrasting these different perspectives and for potential theoretical collaboration and development. More particularly, this volume addresses the following concerns: What is the nature of co-production and what challenges does it face? How can we conceptualize the concept of co-production? How does co-production works in practice? How does co-production unfold in reality?
What can be the effects of co-production? And more specific, firstly, how can co-production contribute to service quality and service management in public services, and secondly, what is the input of co-production on growing citizen involvement and development of participative democracy?
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The market, the state and the third sector have all been heralded as the guardians of civilization. It has been claimed that participation in voluntary associations enables people to learn civic skills and, in effect, to be ‘civilized’.... more
The market, the state and the third sector have all been heralded as the guardians of civilization. It has been claimed that participation in voluntary associations enables people to learn civic skills and, in effect, to be ‘civilized’. Likewise, there are claims about the civilizing effects of doux commerce, the ability of trade and commerce to mitigate conflicts and convert them into peaceful competition. And according to many political and legal theories, democratic states and their institutions are the final bulwark of civil virtues. However, the voluntary sector can be a source of particularism; the market of exploitation; the state of oppression.
This book, which brings together authors from across Europe, argues that such sector perspectives should be left aside and examines how civil behaviour can be identified and encouraged in any institutional setting. Crossing traditional spheres and disciplines, we explore the concept of ‘civicness’ to search for the source of our modern civil society.
This book, which brings together authors from across Europe, argues that such sector perspectives should be left aside and examines how civil behaviour can be identified and encouraged in any institutional setting. Crossing traditional spheres and disciplines, we explore the concept of ‘civicness’ to search for the source of our modern civil society.
This book is a collection of papers from the 5th Transatlantic Dialogue in Washington DC, 2009.
his is my doctoral dissertation, which shows how organisations in Dutch social housing collectively reinvented themselves through isomorphic processes.
Deze bundel uit 2006 was destijds het eerste Nederlandstalige overzichtswerk van theoretisch en empirisch werk over hybride organisaties. Het boek geeft een overzicht van verschillende sectoren en verschillende theoretische benaderingen.
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Collaborative governance (CG) refers to a mode of policy and service delivery that shifts away from government- or market-centric settings to a setting in which public, private nonprofit, and private business actors are jointly involved... more
Collaborative governance (CG) refers to a mode of policy and service delivery that shifts away from government- or market-centric settings to a setting in which public, private nonprofit, and private business actors are jointly involved in and accountable for policymaking and service delivery to create public value that could otherwise not be achieved. This mode has arisen as a result of societal issues’ becoming increasingly “wicked,” lacking consensus about what the exact nature of the problem is and what the appropriate solutions are (e.g., migration and refugees, climate change, poverty). These CG networks can often be fragmented and deprived of resources as part of increased fiscal stress, stimulating the search for cross-boundary arrangements for policy and management. Consequently, both practitioners and academics explore how more and better collaboration between semi-autonomous actors with different interests and resources can be achieved in efforts to tackle wicked issues. ...
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Research Interests: Psychology and Art
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La co-production est definie comme la participation des citoyens a la conception et la prestation de services. Dans les ecoles primaires, la co-production consiste a faire cooperer les parents et les enseignants pour ameliorer le... more
La co-production est definie comme la participation des citoyens a la conception et la prestation de services. Dans les ecoles primaires, la co-production consiste a faire cooperer les parents et les enseignants pour ameliorer le developpement educatif des enfants. Dans cet article, nous presentons les resultats d’une revue systematique de la litterature de recherche sur la co-production dans les ecoles primaires, afin de montrer quelles recherches ont ete menees et quelles preuves de l’efficacite de la co-production ont ete obtenues dans ce domaine. Apres trois etapes successives de selection des articles de recherche, un premier corpus de 3 121 articles a finalement ete reduit a 122 articles, qui ont ensuite ete analyses en detail. Generalement, la co-production dans le domaine de l’enseignement cible plutot des publics particuliers, ce qui la rend difficile a generaliser, mais certaines conclusions paraissent pouvoir s’appliquer plus largement. La co-production semble effectivement ameliorer l’acquisition du savoir par les eleves. Enfin, si les relations parents-enseignants peuvent parfois etre difficiles et ambigues, la formation des enseignants semble etre un outil efficace pour ameliorer les relations de co-production.Remarques a l’intention des praticiensBien que la co-production a l’ecole soit de plus en plus repandue, son utilisation a surtout ete testee avec des groupes socio-economiques particuliers. De nouveaux travaux sont necessaires pour savoir si cette methode gagnerait a etre generalisee.La co-production a l’ecole requiert une approche sur mesure. Les conclusions des recherches suggerent qu’elle n’est efficace que lorsqu’elle est adaptee au contexte. Il est donc fallacieux de parler de la co-production en milieu scolaire comme d’un phenomene univoque ; il existe de nombreuses formes de co-production a l’ecole.Investir dans la formation des enseignants se revele utile pour surmonter les resistances initiales.
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Third-sector organizations (TSOs) in Europe have been confronted with profound changes to their regulatory and societal environments. By applying the concepts of “organizational paradoxes” and “governance,” we analyze how TSOs have... more
Third-sector organizations (TSOs) in Europe have been confronted with profound changes to their regulatory and societal environments. By applying the concepts of “organizational paradoxes” and “governance,” we analyze how TSOs have adjusted their governance as a response to these environmental challenges. Based on organizational case studies in France, Germany, and the Netherlands, we argue that TSOs have found multiple ways to address tensions at the organizational level, for example, by mobilizing and combining resources, re-arranging their organizational governance and by adopting new legal forms. These changes have resulted in hybridization and increased organizational complexity that might translate into the emergence of new paradoxes at the organizational level. Therefore, dealing with paradoxes constitutes an ongoing process for TSOs that goes beyond incremental adjustments.
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Contains fulltext : 95358.pdf (author's version ) (Closed access
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Item does not contain fulltextHet wordt tijd dat good governance in de publieke sector niet alleen wordt besproken maar ook concreet wordt gemaakt. ‘Mentioning good governance’ – de gevleugelde woorden te pas en te onpas laten vallen –... more
Item does not contain fulltextHet wordt tijd dat good governance in de publieke sector niet alleen wordt besproken maar ook concreet wordt gemaakt. ‘Mentioning good governance’ – de gevleugelde woorden te pas en te onpas laten vallen – zou wel eens plaats mogen maken voor ‘scanning good governance’: kijken, vergelijken en daarvan leren. Voor zinvol governance scanning heeft men ten eerste een handzame scanner nodig en ten tweede een begrijpelijke gebruiksaanwijzing. Van beide zijn in dit artikel de contouren geschetst.23-29 p
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Contains fulltext : 112098.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access
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The digital transformation of society raises high hopes for the improvement of the design and implementation of coproduction processes, which may lead to higher levels of acceptance, satisfaction, and trust with respect to public... more
The digital transformation of society raises high hopes for the improvement of the design and implementation of coproduction processes, which may lead to higher levels of acceptance, satisfaction, and trust with respect to public services. Yet and despite a growing number of studies on the role of digital technology on coproduction, our knowledge on how to assess the quality of digital coproduction is still very limited. The difficulty of defining quality indicators relates to three issues: the complexity of defining quality in public services, the lack of a clear understanding of quality in a coproduction process and the tendency to evaluate coproduction using the same approach as with other digitalised services. In this article, we adopt an interdisciplinary perspective to develop a conceptual model that builds on and bridges theoretical approaches commonly used to assess the quality of digital services, while adding elements that are specific to coproduction.
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Abstract The theme of partnership with the third sector has been on the agenda of public management research for a long time now, not least in this journal. As an introduction to a special issue on this topic, the article discusses two... more
Abstract The theme of partnership with the third sector has been on the agenda of public management research for a long time now, not least in this journal. As an introduction to a special issue on this topic, the article discusses two issues crucial to further study of this phenomenon. The first on the types or categories that can be distinguished when comparing these partnerships between countries or policy fields; the second how recent public management reforms (especially of the New Public Management variety) have affected the nature of third sector organizations and their role in relation to the state.
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Bigger cities represent a housing situation that is quite distinct from that of other areas. They have been the primary target of national construction efforts and more generally of interventions in the housing stock, with the result that... more
Bigger cities represent a housing situation that is quite distinct from that of other areas. They have been the primary target of national construction efforts and more generally of interventions in the housing stock, with the result that they show the visible remnants of past housing policies, arranged next to or on top of each other, like ancient settlements uncovered by archaeologists. The rental sector and particularly social housing are strongly over-represented, as are areas with concentrations of the socio-economically deprived and the socially vulnerable. Yet the scope for local interventions in the field of housing is relatively limited compared to the other policy fields described in this book,1 especially at a time of public stringency. As the level of housing distress rises, paradoxically, so has the inability of local welfare policies to deal with it. This is due to the fact that housing policies have a limited potential to affect the housing situation, due to the basic inflexibility of the housing stock, and much of the space for policy making has been taken up by national or regional, rather than local, governments.
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his is my doctoral dissertation, which shows how organisations in Dutch social housing collectively reinvented themselves through isomorphic processes.
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The goal of Work Package (WP4) is to identify the current range of approaches to risk in innovation in public services across European countries as well as to identify the key contingencies in two policy sectors and to empirically... more
The goal of Work Package (WP4) is to identify the current range of approaches to risk in innovation in public services across European countries as well as to identify the key contingencies in two policy sectors and to empirically identify and evaluate current approaches for relevant stakeholders to engage in discussions about levels of risk for public service innovations. It also investigates how these discussions are translated into specific risk management and governance models
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1. Co-Production as a Maturing Concept Taco Brandsen, Victor Pestoff and Bram Verschuere Part 1: What Is Co-Production? Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives 2. Co-Production and Third Sector Social Services in Europe: Some Crucial... more
1. Co-Production as a Maturing Concept Taco Brandsen, Victor Pestoff and Bram Verschuere Part 1: What Is Co-Production? Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives 2. Co-Production and Third Sector Social Services in Europe: Some Crucial Conceptual Issues Victor Pestoff 3. From Engagement to Co-Production: How Users and Communities Contribute To Public Services Tony Bovaird and Elke Loeffler 4. Co-Production: Contested Meanings and Challenges for User Organizations Benjamin Ewert and Adalbert Evers 5. Third Sector and the Co-Construction of Canadian Public Policy Yves Vaillancourt 6. From Co-Production to Co-Governance John M. Ackerman Part 2: How Does Co-Production Work? 7. Co-Production from a Normative Perspective Edgar S. Cahn and Christine Gray 8. Co-Production and Network Structures in Public Education David O. Porter 9. The Conditions for Successful Co-Production in Housing: A Case Study of German Housing Cooperatives Taco Brandsen and Jan-Kees Helderman 10. Co-Production in an Information Age Albert Meijer Part 3: How Does Co-Management Work? 11. Co-Management to Solve Homelessness: Wicked Solutions for Wicked Problems Kerry Brown, Robyn Keast, Jennifer Waterhouse, Glen Murphy and Myrna Mandell 12. Co-Management in Urban Regeneration: New Perspectives on Transferable Collaborative Practice Hans Schlappa 13. 'Don't Bite The Hand That Feeds You?' On The Partnerships between Private Citizen Initiatives and Local Government Karolien Dezeure and Filip De Rynck 14. Co-Producing Safety or Participative Window Dressing? Regulation Partnerships in German Local Governance Arrangements Matthias Freise 15. The Potential of Nonprofit-Government Partnerships for Promoting Citizen Involvement Ichiro Tsukamoto Part 4: Effects Of Co-Production: Service Quality, Accountability and Democracy 16. Co-Production and Service Quality: A New Perspective for the Swedish Welfare State Johan Vamstad 17. Co-Production: An Alternative to the Partial Privatization Processes in Italy and Norway Andrea Calabro 18. The Challenges of Co-Management for Public Accountability: Lessons From Flemish Childcare Diederik Vancoppenolle and Bram Verschuere 19. New Public Governance, Co-Production and Third Sector Social Services in Europe: Crowding In and Crowding Out Victor Pestoff 20. Conclusion: Taking Research on Co-Production a Step Further Taco Brandsen, Bram Verschuere and Victor Pestoff