Public Policy and Administration

Honolulu is susceptible to coastal flooding hazards. Like other coastal cities, Honolulu&s long-term economic viability and sustainability depends on how well it can adapt to changes in the natural and built environment. While there is a disagreement over the magnitude and extent of localized impacts associated with climate change, it is widely accepted that by 2100 there will be at least a meter in sea level rise (SLR) and an increase in extreme weather events. Increased exposure and vulnerabilities associated with urbanization and location of human activities in coastal areas warrants serious consideration by planners and policy makers. This article has three objectives. First, flooding due to the combined effects of SLR and episodic hydro-meteorological and geophysical events in Honolulu are investigated and the risks to the community are quantified. Second, the risks and vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and the surface transportation system are described. Third, using ...

Last decade has brought several advanced technologies for journalists. This in turn brought in a new era of revolutionary concepts of journalism. One among those concepts is citizen journalism. Citizen journalism is a concept in media that refers to journalistic activities of ordinary people. It means citizens themselves report the issues confronting them. Although the practice of citizen journalism existed even centuries before, it is the new media only that have accelerated its pace in contemporary times. The proposed chapter, ‘Citizen Journalism: News Gathering by Amateurs', presents a detailed description of various aspects of citizen journalism, including its concept, parameters, significance, limitations and types. It provides a detailed history and evolution of citizen journalism. It reveals that citizen journalism has a history older than professional journalism. The chapter also draws a comparison between citizen journalism and mainstream journalism. Moreover, it presen...

In this book, the author analyzes e-government reforms in Kazakhstan from a multitude of dimensions, including, but not limited to, political, social, economic and technological ones. It examines the adoption of a wide range of technology-driven public sector projects and identifies key drivers, challenges, regulation policies and stakeholders of e-government policies in this transitional society. Taking into account recent changes in public sector affairs, such as the development of mobile government, the growth of civic engagement trends and advent of the open data-driven movement, and the overall progress of the national digital government project, this book addresses the emergence of new challenges and concerns associated with the advancement of the e-governance concept in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, it suggests that a universal framework can be applied when investigating e-government reforms in other countries, too.

Offering a wide range of practical recommendations on how to overcome the issues associated with the adoption of e-government reforms, this book will be a valuable resource for anyone wishing to improve their understanding of the multidimensional nature of the phenomena. It will be especially of key interest to academics studying Public Policy, Public Administration Studies, Digital Politics, Open Governance, Technology Reforms, Development and Central Asian Studies.

Chile implemented a new national quality assurance system for its higher education institutions in 2006 that included a set of policies and procedures for graduate education. Ten years after its implementation, this study looks at the perceived alignments and misalignments between the national accreditation goals and the graduate programs’ visions of improvement. By using the concept of loosely coupled systems, we studied eight science and technology master’s and doctoral programs at four research-oriented Chilean universities. In total, we conducted 26 interviews, visited all campus sites, and analyzed related documents. The results indicate that the national accreditation system improved academic quality across programs by strengthening the influence of university central administrations and raising faculty productivity standards. In particular, the accreditation meant a push for internationalization, which was welcomed at all institutional levels. However, after a decade, the accreditation system seems misaligned with programs’ new improvement efforts, such as the promotion of multidisciplinary work. To some extent, accreditation standards, based on strong disciplinary orientations, penalize a diverse student body and curricular innovation and do not consider the challenges of publishing multidisciplinary research.

Using objective measures of investor protections in 170 countries, I establish that the level of investor protection matters for cross-country differences in GDP growth: countries with stronger protections tend to grow faster than those with poor investor protections.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

Since public sector reform initiatives, public accountability and transparency have advanced democracy and good governance on managing state finances. State financial management mechanism involves regional policies and fiscal decentralization trend in the devolution of responsibility for empowerment from central to local units of governments, but the governance face challenges to effectively manage and control the use of public funds that best meet citizen’s needs. This study determines the effect of public accountability and transparency on the management of state finances in Indonesia, as well as the extent to which public accountability and transparency affect the management of state finances. Based on a descriptive quantitative case-oriented research approach, 60 survey interviews are collected and analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. This study concludes that Public Accountability partially has a significant effect on the Financial Management Mechanism. On the other hand, partially public transparency has no significant effect on the State Financial Management Mechanism. Cumulatively, some aspects of Public Accountability and Transparency have a significant effect on the State Financial Management Mechanism. If unaccountability in decentralise administrative model prevails, the problem of ineffective policy output may persist to impair sustainable finance and public values for good governance in times of covid-19 crisis-related society

This paper highlights the significance of training for all initiatives in improving public services delivery systems, and enablers of building capacities and competencies of the public servants to make public service delivery systems more effective and efficient. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the
NTP in relation to capacity building for effective public service delivery, drawing on Indian experiences.

Problematyka rozwoju lokalnego była wielokrotnie podejmowana w literaturze przedmiotu. Liczne prace poświęcone mu koncentrują się na jego celach, czynnikach, stymulowaniu go i na jego pomiarze. Mimo to, jak dotąd niewiele uwagi poświęcono pojęciu polityki rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonej przez władze lokalne. Kategorii polityk rozwoju lokalnego prowadzonych przez władze ponadlokalne w ogóle nie formułowano i nie omawiano. Polityki takie są jednak prowadzone w Polsce i za granicą, a ich znaczenie rośnie. Istnieje zatem potrzeba ich definiowania i charakteryzowania dla budowy aparatu pojęciowego wykorzystywanego w dyskursie naukowym, w praktyce projektowania i aplikacji tych polityk oraz w dydaktyce.
Artykuł to próba odpowiedzi na to wyzwanie. Otwiera go prezentacja genezy i istoty lokalizmu oraz koncepcji rozwoju lokalnego. Następnie sformułowano pojęcia rozwoju lokalnego postrzeganego z perspektyw lokalnej i ponadlokalnej oraz omówiono paradygmat rozwoju lokalnego, jego znaczenie i pozycje˛ wobec innych paradygmatów rozwoju. Bazując na lokalnej i ponadlokalnej perspektywach rozwoju lokalnego, sformułowano kategorie lokalnej (gminnej) praz ponadlokalnych (regionalnej, państwowej i ponadpaństwowej) polityk rozwoju lokalnego i wskazano podmioty, które je prowadzą. Omówiono także cele i cechy tych polityk, sposoby ich prowadzenia oraz ich pozycje wobec innych polityk funkcjonalnych i horyzontalnych. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono spójności wertykalną i horyzontalną ponadlokalnych polityk rozwoju lokalnego. W artykule wykorzystano metody badawcze krytycznej analizy literatury przedmiotu, indukcji, dedukcji i analogii.

[The local development issues were repeatedly discussed in the subject literature. Numerous works devoted to it focus on its objectives, factors and its measurement. Despite this, until now, a little attention has been paid to the category of local development policy pursued by local authorities. The categories of local development policies pursued by the supra-local authorities have not been formulated or discussed at all. Nevertheless, such policies are held in Poland and abroad, and their importance is growing. Thus, there is a need for their definement and characterizing for the construction of nomenclature used in academic discourse and in the practice of design and the application of these policies and in didactics as well. The purpose of this article is to answer this challenge. It opens with the presentation of the origin and the nature of localism and the idea of local development. Then the categories of the local development perceived from the local and supra-local perspectives have been formulated, as well as local development paradigm, its meaning and position in relation to other paradigms of development have been described. Based on local and supra-local perspectives of local development, the categories of local (municipal) and supra-local (regional, national and international) policies of local development have been formulated and the entities who pursue them have been pointed. Also the purpose and features of these policies, ways of their pursuing and their positions in relation to other functional and horizontal policies have been described. Next, the vertical and horizontal cohesion of supra-local policies of local development have been presented. The article uses the research methods of critical analysis of the subject literature, induction, deduction and analogy.]

The field of public policy involves two fields of study: "producing knowledge for public policy" and "producing knowledge of public policy". This distinction, which leads to defining public policy on the dualities of politics-knowledge, value-decision, participation-interference, goal-means, depends on the separate consideration of the state's regulatory functions and politics/political structure. While giving the causality of the genesis of the field, the approaches based on this distinction have endeavored to find a historical moment that explains their theoretical positions rather than discovering historical and theoretical roots. The denial of this distinction and the reception of public policy as the product of social relations occurred in a particular conjuncture that would have changed the determinations about the causality of the genesis. The field of public policy is an answer to be given to the political and administrative problems of the US during the period of the Second World War. The reflection of this problem oil the government as the strengthening of execution has realized the definition of public policy as political planning.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the role of ethical leadership and ethical culture as a safeguard against corruption.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data from public managers in local authorities in The Netherlands, Serbia, Montenegro and the USA in a comparative study.FindingsThe USA and The Netherlands, generally, display higher levels of organizational integrity than Montenegro and Serbia. Second, the strongest effects of ethical leadership were found in Montenegro. Third, in all four countries a rule‐based approach to ethics dominated.Research limitations/implicationsIt is difficult to determine the extent to which survey participants felt free to express their true opinions. Different social values need to be included as part of any comparative analysis.Practical implicationsThe role of ethical leadership is crucial; the importance of laws and rules underpinning ethical conduct cannot be underestimated.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the grow...

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

En el presente trabajo se estudió la relación que guardan los parámetros de productividad, desperdicio y crecimiento de la empresa de la Industria Textil Mexicana con el nivel de implementación y certificación de los Sistemas de Aseguramiento de Calidad, evaluando el nivel de cumplimiento de diez principales conceptos contemplados en la Norma de la serie  ISO 9000, además de la relación con la utilización de la planeación estratégica en la administración de las empresas, dentro de un mercado globalizado. El periodo de la investigación comprendido fue a  partir de la adhesión de México al Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) hoy conocido como la Organización Mundial de Comercio (1986) hasta el año de 1999.

Se  revisaron  los conceptos como los acuerdos multifibras en el comercio internacional de productos textiles, la globalización, normalización integral y la certificación de sistemas y de productos.  También se hace presenta una revisión cronológica de la evolución de la Industria Textil Mexicana, haciendo énfasis en los conceptos de la Normalización Integral,  en cuatro etapas importantes que son: a) la industrialización o mecanización (1833-1943), b) nacimiento de la DGN hasta la adhesión de México al GATT (1943-1986), c) periodo donde ocurre la apertura de comercio hasta la entrada en vigor del TLCAN (1986-1994) y d) la etapa donde se vigoriza un comercio regional preferente  con crecimiento de los textiles mexicanos en la participación mundial desde 1994.

Con el conocimiento obtenido en la investigación se proponen alternativas de acción, para aplicarlas en una estrategia, que pueda ayudar a las empresas del sector textil mexicano a enfrentar el nuevo escenario, a partir del 2005, con un mercado internacional de aranceles limitados y libres de cuotas para los países miembros de la OMC, con acuerdos regionales como es el caso del ALCA (Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las Américas) y del TLCUE (Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea), con un crecimiento impactante de las exportaciones de China  así como la evolución de las formas de comercio en los productos textiles.

Education plays a vital role in the development of human process. As such, this development transcends in the socio-economic and sociopolitical progress of our nation. This study aimed to evaluate the Alternative Street Education Program (ASEP) of the City Social Services and Development Office (CSSDO), a linkage education partner of the University of Mindanao in Davao City. The descriptive-evaluative method was utilized using survey questionnaire and interview, employing weighted mean and t-test to six staffs and street educators, and eighty five street children enrolled in the program. Findings showed that out of six street educators, only three of them worked as service providers of the Alternative Street Education Program. The program was under the supervision and management of the CSSDO but is implemented by the Alima Development Center. The budget allocated by the local government of Davao was P52,500.00 annually allotted for the street children’s snacks. The design of the module for the street children was guided by four
lessons namely, health education, Value Formation, Group Building, and Socio-Legal Interventions apart from teaching life skills and basic literacy. Furthermore, the respondents agreed that the instructional materials used by the street educators and the Modular Development Program of ASEP was highly effective. The recruitment and selection process, training and development and personality attributes of the street educators were perceived to be highly effective. The budget allocated and the funding sources were perceived as moderately adequate. However, the effectiveness of ASEP in terms of social and intellectual growth of street children and in the coordination with other external resources was perceived as effective. A number of recommendations were underscored including the hiring of additional street educators to efficiently meet the vision, mission and goals of this program. Also, a campaign for education of the street children shall be implemented with the support of the local
government of Davao.

A large number of the street children in Dhaka city are addicted to drugs. Various socioeconomic factors contribute to drug usage among street children. Drug abuse directly influences the physical and socio-behaviourial problem of children and affects the economic and social aspects of a society as well as a country. This paper examines whether there is any relation between social bonding and drug addiction. The role of the state and society are also analyzed. In this paper primary data are collected by interview with a semi-structured questionnaire. Secondary sources are UN publications, Government documents and reports, review of newspaper reports as well as related books and journal articles. This paper progresses with content analysis through contemporary literature review analysis and finally conclusion. Role of social bonding in controlling of drug abuse and reason of drug addiction are also discussed here in the light of interview. This paper also argues that about 53 percent street children of Dhaka city are addicted to drugs as they are separated from family and social bondage. This asserts that, the children separated from social bondage are vulnerable to drug addiction than the children who are in social bondage.

When individuals exchange gifts, social bonds are strengthened and reciprocity is created. If the gift and the reciprocation both come from private resources, it is clearly a gift. If what is reciprocated after a gift is given comes from an organization, or is a government resource rather than from " one's own pocket " then it is most likely a bribe. This study reviews the anthropological literature on gift giving and constructs a typology for examining the gift/bribe distinction in public administration. This classification helps distinguish analytically among different gift practices and clarify conceptual ambiguity of the terms gift and bribe.

Lindblom, who became 100 years old this year,  summarized his views in a book, explicitly called “The Policy-Making Process,” with a first edition in 1968, a second one in 1980, and a coauthored (with Edward Woodhouse) last edition in 1993. Since Lindblom and Woodhouse have done later generations of policy scholars the favor of referring to Lindblom’s previous works as insertions and footnotes to this text, we are in a position to
judge how Lindblom himself saw his contribution to theories of the entire policymakingprocess. It is therefore only appropriate to start, in Section Two, with a summary and some clarifying comments on this book. Section Three starts with Linblom’s curious silence on epistemology and methodology. Section Four deals with how incrementalism relates to present views on long-term policy dynamics.
Section Five looks at incrementalism as method of strategic analysis, and how since the 1990s a suite of “neo-incrementalist” theories and approaches has developed.
The final section offers a critical but appreciative assessment of Lindblom’s work for future challenges by returning to his major thesis that there are predictable
limits to responsible policy change in democratic regimes.

Kebijakan publik merupakan hasil keputusan pemerintah sebagai upaya untuk menyelesaikan masalah-masalah publik. Agar kebijakan publik yang dirumuskan benar-benar sesuai dengan kebutuhan masyarakat maka keterlibatan publik/ masyarakat merupakan keniscayaan. Keterlibatan publik dapat dilakukan secara terorganisir (organized) maupun secara individual (unorganized). Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang keterlibatan unorganized individuals dalam proses perumusan kebijakan RPJMD Provinsi Lampung 2010-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses perumusan kebijakan RPJMD Provinsi Lampung 2010-2014 belum melibatkan secara maksimal individu-individu yang memiliki kapasitas dan kapabilitas memadai. Keterlibatan publik masih banyak diwakili oleh orang-orang yang mewakili organisasi tertentu. Beberapa kriteria yang dapat digunakan untuk melibatkan individu-individu yang memiliki kualifikasi tertentu dapat dilihat dari aspek pendidikan, pengalaman, ketokohan dan dedikasi.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

ABSTRACT
In the governing system of the Federal Republic of Germany, the chancellor takes center position. This is how the constitution designed it, and the real development of party and media democracy has underlined the prime importance of the German prime minister. Compared to the early days of the West German republic in Bonn, when the Office of the Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzleramt) was really not much more than a secretariat, today an extensive bureaucracy answers the chancellor. This office offers the chancellor political leadership resources which he must use to fulfill his own functions: leading – not just managing – the federal government.
The chancellery’s domain is process of politics and policy-making. In a democratic constitutional order, coordination and procedure are as important as legitimacy and material policy. But governing is more or less strongly led by normative concerns; it is the chancellery which enables the head of government to exercise coordinating and normative decisive political leadership. It serves its key functions as a hub for people and policies and as a hinge between parliament and parliamentary government – not as an autonomous, overly independent apparatus, but by substantially incorporating the chancellor’s person.
The thesis demonstrates how the government head’s tasks are reflected by the work of the chancellery, and how he utilizes the office. The study aims to bring the complete process of governing into view. It investigates the structures of the governing process and their consequences for government action, the real significance of the chancellery and its collaboration with other centers of decision-making – also under the aspects of power and control.
Note: The thesis was submitted in 1993. Its focus therefore is on the West German chancellery 1949-1993, with an emphasis on the modern, post-1970 office under the chancellorships of Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt and Helmut Kohl. Despite much continuity, the chancellery has since undergone significant changes reflected in the capital’s relocation from Bonn to Berlin, new governing styles of Gerhard Schröder and Angela Merkel, party system realignments, transformations in political communication, Europeanization, in a new orientation of German foreign policy, and in post-2008 crisis management.


ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der Bundeskanzler nimmt im Regierungssystem der Bundesrepublik Deutschland eine zentrale Position ein. Die Verfassung will es so, und die Entwicklung der Parteien- und Mediendemokratie hat die herausragende Bedeutung des ersten Ministers unterstrichen. Verglichen mit den frühen Tagen der Bonner Republik, als das Bundeskanzleramt nicht viel mehr war als ein Sekretariat, untersteht dem Kanzler heute eine umfangreiche Bürokratie. Mit dieser Behörde stehen dem Kanzler Ressourcen politischer Führung zur Verfügung, die er nutzen muss, um seine eigene Aufgabe zu erfüllen: die Führung — nicht nur die Geschäftsführung — der Bundesregierung.
Die Domäne des Bundeskanzleramts ist der Ablauf der Politik. Koordination und Verfahren sind in der demokratischen Verfassungsordnung ebenso wichtig wie Legitimation und materielle Politik. Regieren ist aber mehr oder minder stark normativ geleitet; das Kanzleramt erst versetzt den Regierungschef in die Lage, koordinierende wie normativ entscheidende politische Führung auszuüben. Als Drehscheibe für Personen und Politikinhalte, als Scharnier zwischen Parlament und parlamentarischer Regierung erfüllt diese unentbehrliche Behörde eine Schlüsselaufgabe — aber nicht als eigenständiger, womöglich verselbständigter Apparat, sondern in der und durch die weitgehende Einbindung des Bundeskanzlers selbst.
Diese Arbeit zeigt, wie sich die Aufgaben des Regierungschefs in der Arbeit des Kanzleramtes widerspiegeln und wie er die Behörde nutzt. Sie will den Gesamtprozess des Regierens in den Blick bekommen. Sie fragt daher nach den Strukturen des Regierungsprozesses und seinen Folgen für das Regierungshandeln, nach der Bedeutung des Kanzleramtes und dessen Zusammenwirken mit anderen Entscheidungszentren — auch unter den Aspekten Macht und Kontrolle.
Hinweis: Die Diplomarbeit stammt aus dem Jahr 1993. Ihr Fokus liegt daher auf dem westdeutschen Kanzleramt 1949-1993, mit dem Schwerpunkt auf der modernen Behörde nach 1970 während der Kanzlerschaften Willy Brandts, Helmut Schmidts und Helmut Kohls. Trotz vieler Kontinuitäten hat das Kanzleramt seitdem bedeutende Veränderungen erfahren, die sich im Umzug von Bonn nach Berlin widerspiegeln, in neuen Regierungsstilen bei Gerhard Schröder und Angela Merkel, in der Neuausrichtung des Parteiensystems, Wandlungen in der politischen Kommunikation, in der Europäisierung, in der Neuorientierung der deutschen Außenpolitik und im Krisenmanagement nach 2008.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) strategic literature is in an under-theorized condition for large-scale strategy setting and classification. However, the research intends to fill the gap by proposing a literature-supported governmental-scale SE strategic grid. Thus, a systematic SE literature review was conducted up to getting four core strategic orientations of Externalism vs. Internalism, and Governmentalism vs. Volunteerism. Accompanied with a study of large-scale SE strategic partnerships by local, global, national and international social enterprises, four patterns of partnership (hence, dimensionality) within Localism vs. Globalism, and Nationalism vs. Internationalism were emerged. Later, the orientations and dimensions were corroborated based on the officially released documents of 15 governments, selected randomly in three economic classes, based on the recent UN's triad economic classification. Next, four comprehensive SE strategic classifications of Global Citizen Strategy, Opened Door Strategy, Closed Door Strategy, and Country Citizen Strategy were recognized. Finally, combining the classified strategies with their orientations and dimensions on a visualized framework led to an

Resumen:
Una frecuente y peligrosa confusión respecto a la innovación es la creencia de que se trata de una nueva moda propiciada por los expertos del management. Ello definitivamente no es así. La innovación es un principio fundamental y universal de supervivencia de cualquier sistema. La innovación no es más que el proceso a través del cual los sistemas –ya sean biológicos, productivos, sociales, políticos u otros- mantienen la congruencia con el entorno que los hace posibles (Vignolo, Ramírez y Vergara, 2010). Lo anterior, en la práctica, se ve reflejado de distintas formas y adquiere modalidades diversas en las organizaciones: mejoras incrementales en la prestación de servicios; nuevas formas de organización y/o nuevas formas de incentivar o recompensar a los actores; rediseño de procesos y “reinvención”; nuevas formas de gestión y comunicación; cambios radicales en los modelos de negocio y en la incorporación de tecnología; etc. (Mulgan, 2007). Es por todo ello necesario indagar sobre los niveles de avance que la innovación ha presentado en el sector público en los últimos años y si es factible lograr acuñar una nomenclatura y marco de referencia propio que potencie el mejoramiento de nuestras instituciones públicas.
Palabras clave: Innovación, gestión pública, cambio organizativo, sector público, modernización administrativa.

Abstract:
A frequent and dangerous confusion about innovation is the belief that it is a new trend brought about by the management experts. This definitely is not. Innovation is a fundamental and universal principle of survival of any system. Innovation is just only the process by which systems - biological, productive, social, political or other - maintain consistency with the environment that makes it possible (Vignolo, Ramirez and Vergara, 2010). This, in practice, is reflected in different ways and takes different forms in organizations: incremental improvements in service delivery, new forms of organization and / or new ways to encourage or reward the actors, process redesign and "reinvention", new forms of management and communication, radical changes in business models and the incorporation of technology, etc. (Mulgan, 2007). Is necessary to investigate all levels of advancement that innovation presented in the public sector in recent years and if it is feasible to strike a nomenclature and framework to enhance improvement of our public institutions.
Keywords: Innovation, public management, organizational change, public sector, administrative modernization.

This chapter aims at clarifying the concepts of innovation and innovativeness for public servants. It first explains what public sector innovation is and how it differs from private sector innovation (what question). Then, it discusses why public sector employees and public organizations need to innovate (why question). It also highlights how to support innovativeness of public servants, by addressing the innovative skills that can be improved (how question). In particular, are there any specific conditions and drivers for innovation in public service? This chapter also discusses which types of jobs and workplaces require more innovative skills for the public servant of the future (where question) and briefly explores evolving opportunities and challenges in the workforce (when question) to predict what the public servant of the future will look like.

Implementation of International Law at the domestic level has become increasingly perplexing and sophisticated since it is sometimes difficult to determine who, in the final count, has the responsibility for applying it. It is the parties to the Geneva Conventions, which have the obligation to respect and ensure respect for the rules of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) contained in the Conventions. The role of international bodies, such as the ICRC, is to undertake activities to encourage and induce governments to fulfill their responsibilities in accordance with the relevant international standards; to engage governments in cooperative procedures aimed at assisting them in the implementation of internationally recognized standards and in overcoming difficulties that they may experience in that regard; and to respond to, or attempt to deal with, violations of the internationally recognized rules. Bangladesh has become party to the four Geneva Convention of 1949 in 1972. Bangladesh ratified two Additional Protocols of 1977 in 1980 and some other documents in different time. Although Bangladesh ratified Geneva Conventions, two Protocols relating to it and some other instruments compliance with those instruments are not found satisfactory. That is why the objective of this paper is to determine the status of Bangladesh in the implementation of the IHL focusing on the national efforts to ratification of different instruments on the subject matter and making legislation to comply with the obligation under those instruments.

Resulta muy difícil entender la política en nuestro mundo actual sin conocer las claves que ayudan a descifrar el complejo sistema de pesos y contrapesos que la accionan. Frente a esta realidad, las redes políticas son la urdimbre que entrelaza las relaciones entre actores como el Estado, las instituciones y las corporaciones. En esta obra se aborda el referente institucional de las redes políticas, planteando preguntas que la autora considera básicas y que tienen que ver con el modo en que las redes políticas se configuran para ayudar a identificar los diversos escenarios en los cuales ocurren. Siendo que de la interacción de las redes políticas se determinan las decisiones públicas, entonces nuestras vidas cotidianas pudieran estar atravesadas por las relaciones entre los factores que conforman las redes políticas, pues establecen las condiciones en las cuales se desarrolla nuestra convivencia ciudadana.

En la presente obra, la autora reúne de manera exhaustiva un extenso compendio de autores, en los que se apoya para desarrollar su perspectiva acerca del complejo tema de las redes políticas. Factores ejecutivos, alto gobierno, ministerios, grupos y actores sociales, económicos y educativos, son objeto de estudio incluyendo otros tan controversiales en el mundo político actual, como los lobbies.

El texto es una explicación sencilla de lo que son las "ciencias de políticas" y que actualmente podemos nombrar como políticas públicas. El artículo establece que no cualquier acción de gobierno no es una política pública, tal como aseguran diferentes actores desinformados en la administración pública.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

The article examines how “equity in healthcare” contributes to realizing “equity in health”, with particular regard to the role played by administrative plan-ning and organization. After an outline of the principles that inspire the Italian healthcare system, it focuses on the essential levels of healthcare, which should en-sure uniformity in health protection in the whole territory. Some of the included ser-vices show a particular attention to equity, like screenings or integrated care ser-vices, whose beneficiaries are vulnerable individuals. However, notwithstanding the definition of the essential levels, inequalities continue, as it emerges from the analy-sis of three critical issues: co-payment, waiting lists and the North-South divide in health protection. Consequences can be severe: the most disadvantaged slice of the population quite often foregoes treatment. The paper aims at highlighting how solu-tions for these problems depend not only on available economic resources, but also on organizational settings. Finally, some reflections concern how planning and organ-ization of equity affect freedom of self-determination as to health treatment.

" […] El gobierno abierto se postula como un renovado paradigma de reforma del Estado y modernización de la administración pública a partir de una nueva forma de articular las iniciativas de transparencia, participación ciudadana y colaboración de diversos actores para la co-producción de valor público […] "
Ramírez-Alujas y Dassen, Vientos de Cambio (2014)

En los últimos años, el paradigma de gobierno abierto se ha posicionado en la agenda internacional como un conjunto de políticas y estrategias en materia de transparencia, acceso a la información pública, rendición de cuentas e integridad que responde al dilema de resolver el agotamiento de un modelo de gestión pública, y que intenta hacerse cargo de las múltiples y variadas demandas ciudadanas en un contexto de profundos cambios en materia política, social y económica. Se trata de abrir nuevos espacios para la participación ciudadana, promoviendo un mejoramiento en el uso de los recursos fiscales y la generación de nuevos modelos de gestión y provisión de servicios públicos, a través del uso intensivo de plataformas digitales e innovaciones de carácter cívico que le han dado un nuevo impulso a las tradicionales estrategias de gobierno electrónico en el mundo (Ramírez-Alujas, 2011; Ramírez-Alujas y Dassen, 2012). Las políticas de gobierno abierto se sustentan en la articulación de tres principios fundamentales: 1) La transparencia, que supone proporcionar información sobre lo que está haciendo el gobierno, poner a disposición sus fuentes y bases de datos, y publicar los planes de actuación, por los que puede ser considerado responsable frente a la sociedad. Ello fomenta y promueve la rendición de cuentas ante la ciudadanía y un permanente control social; 2) La participación, para promover el derecho de la ciudadanía a participar activamente en la formulación de las políticas públicas y facilitar el camino para que las administraciones públicas se beneficien del conocimiento, ideas y experiencia de los ciudadanos, creando nuevos espacios de encuentro y diálogo que favorezcan el protagonismo, implicación y deliberación de los ciudadanos en los asuntos públicos; y 3). La colaboración, que significa comprometer e implicar a los ciudadanos, y demás agentes sociales, en el esfuerzo por trabajar conjuntamente para resolver los problemas públicos, aprovechando el potencial y energías disponibles en vastos sectores de la sociedad. Ello supone la colaboración, cooperación y el trabajo coordinado, no sólo con la ciudadanía, sino con las empresas, asociaciones, organizaciones de la sociedad civil y demás actores, y permite el esfuerzo conjunto dentro de las propias administraciones, entre ellas y sus funcionarios transversalmente (Ramírez-Alujas y Dassen, 2014; Naser y Ramírez Alujas, 2014).
La aplicación de estos principios se ha ido materializando en iniciativas concretas, las cuales han permitido mejorar los niveles de transparencia y acceso a la información mediante la apertura de datos públicos en formatos abiertos (para favorecer la transparencia y facilitar la rendición de cuentas) y la reutilización de la información del sector público (para promover la innovación y el desarrollo económico); facilitar la participación de la ciudadanía en el diseño e implementación de las políticas públicas (e incidir en la toma de decisiones) a través de plataformas tecnológicas y las posibilidades que alberga la Web 2.0; y favorecer la generación de espacios de colaboración e innovación entre los diversos actores, particularmente entre las administraciones públicas, la sociedad civil y el sector privado, para co-diseñar y/o co-producir valor público, social y cívico.

South Africa, surprisingly, negotiated a peaceful process of regime change from the racial Apartheid to a non-racial, non-sexist democracy. It has become a beacon to the world and Africa, attesting to the viability of negotiated settlements for complex socio-political.....

“The ANC took the reins of Government as a movement of liberation, transforming into a ruling party. The ANC has always maintained that it is a ‘Broad Church’, that is, a 'coalition' of almost all the varieties of ideologies that exist in South Africa: from the National Democratic Revolution incorporating all the varieties of socialism to Neo liberalism and blatant capitalist interests together with of Black Consciousness and Pan Africanism. The ANC even incorporated the remnants of the old Nationalist Party as many dropped their former political alignments in the service of the ANC and their careers. This coalition has all centred round the revolutionary Tripartite Alliance of the ANC, South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Union.

Many differing ideologies came to the ANC with their own value systems, interests, habits and customs only somewhat tempered by their membership of the ANC. Perhaps they should have heeded the warnings of history. Commenting on  the Elamite victory over Babylon circa 700 B.C., Maspero (1900) wrote, "His [Elam’s] descendants would assuredly have brought Mesopotamia into lasting subjection, had not the feudal organization of their empire tolerated the existence of contemporary local dynasties, the members of which often disputed the supreme authority with the rightful king." (p. 228). The ANC coalition runs the same danger. The ANC has had a difficult time in negotiating the compromises necessary to hold the coalition together and certainly has not been able to keep to a holistic and consistent practice. In the case of the ANC only time will tell whether the centre can hold its complicated coalition together.

Peter E. Franks (2013)

Fragment from an early draft of the paper on training in the South African Public Service which the Belgian editors made me snip because of its, to them, uncomfortable (sic) religious  connotations.

However, now the feudal ‘kingdom’ is breaking up, or is it down.

The dramatic increase in the use of the World Wide Web and the Internet in government may foreshadow important changes in the nature of governance. A number of theorists have posited that the adoption of networked information systems is accompanied by inevitable shifts toward democratic government. Others argue that technologies are secondary factors in changes in levels of democracy or types of governance. Our article examines the openness of cabinet-level websites in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and post-communist countries as a measure of an important aspect of governance that has only recently been operationalized. It provides a brief review of other studies in this field and the directions in which they are heading. The article analyzes the effects of political, cultural, economic, and technical factors on openness of cabinet-level websites in OECD and post-communist countries. The question is whether the level of democracy and cultural legacies affect openness of electronic governments. The study employs statistical analysis of a comparative database of national-level public agency websites that is produced by the Cyberspace Policy Research Group (CyPRG). The dependent variable is based on transparency and interactivity scores and availability of cabinet-level websites. The independent variables include Freedom House and Polity indexes of democracy, historical legacy, religious tradition, and the GDP per capita and number of Internet users per 1,000 people. Regression analysis shows that democracy, historical legacies, level of economic development, and religious tradition affect openness of cabinet-level websites in OECD and post-communist countries. This study demonstrates need to distinguish between cyberdemocracy and “Potemkin e-villages,” that is, window-dressing, in electronic governments.