Product Design

This article presents planning and design interventions that support walking at various scales, from stair-aids for older adults to neighbourhood design proposals to urban masterplans. The focus is on the use of prototyping and technologies that are often engaged to optimise urban plans and designs.

To cite this paper:  Ford, Chris. (2012). “The Found Object in Design,” Forward 112: Process. AIA National Associates Committee, American Institute of Architects, July 2012. p38-51.

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While artists have an established record of scholarship about the role of found objects in their work, there is a disappointing lack of scholarship that considers the role of found objects in design. Perhaps this can first be attributed to the different motivations by which an artist and a designer choose to incorporate a found object.  This difference in motivations illuminates that primary reasons for selection are rooted in the source disciplines themselves. The found object in art has no responsibility to perform beyond its aesthetic affect, and the found object in design has no further responsibility beyond its pragmatic (i.e. mechanical, structural) affect.  Because the incorporation of found objects is non-essential to all design solutions, then as designers, there is a need to explicitly understand the benefit of incorporating found objects, the criteria for their selection, their impact on design thinking, and their ramifications for use.  This paper will articulate four generative strategies for how found objects are / can be used within the design discipline: Resource Availability, Political Heuristics, Creative Heuristics and Aesthetic Heuristics.  Design solutions from both architectural design and industrial design are used in support of the formation of these categories, which include work by Michael Rotondi, Phoenix Commotion, Baker + Hesseldenz Design, and LOT-EK.  Ultimately, this paper showcases the finished design work of students for an assignment titled “FOCO: The Found-Object Craft-Object,” in which each author must answer the question of how ought a found object be used in design.  Student work featured emerged from a three credit hour graduate-level elective titled “Modern Craft” offered by the author while faculty at the University of Nebraska, College of Architecture.

This volume has been prepared under the auspices of the project entitled, ‘Competition Reforms in Key Markets for Enhancing Social & Economic Welfare in Developing Countries’ (CREW Project). This project was implemented by CUTS in four countries: Ghana, India, Philippines and Zambia, and across two common sectors: Staple Food and Bus Transport with the support from DFID (UK) and BMZ (Germany) facilitated by GIZ (Germany). The aim of the project was to highlight the relevance of competition reforms for social and economic welfare in developing countries, and motivate other countries, governments and development partners to accord greater attention to the subject of competition reforms. In view of this overall aim of the project, with inputs from the project advisers CUTS designed the final conference of the CREW project on a broader theme to talk about ‘Relevance of Competition & Regulatory Reforms in Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Developing Countries’. The theme was thought to be both contemporary and relevant in view of the adoption of the SDGs a couple of months before this final conference. In addition to the support it received from DFID (UK), BMZ (Germany) and GIZ (Germany), the conference also received support from the World Bank, G-77 Secretariat and the OECD. CUTS is grateful to all the above organisations for supporting the conference, and indeed also the production of this volume. We acknowledge the support from the members of the Project Advisory Committee of the CREW project, who contributed to make this conference a grand success. Special thanks to Clement Onyango and colleagues at CUTS Nairobi for their support and tireless efforts in the run-up and during the conference. We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and patience of all the paper authors for contributing extremely interesting individual chapters to this volume. We are also thankful to those friends of CUTS who reviewed the draft papers – Eleanor Fox, Tania Begazo/Martha Licetti (World Bank), Rafaelita Aldaba, R S Khemani, Frederic Jenny, Payal Malik, Allan Fels, David Ong’olo, Ashwini Swain, Peter Holmes and John Davies/Lynn Robertson (OECD). We are indebted to Mukhisa Kituyi, Secretary General, UNCTAD for writing an encouraging Foreword – and we hope to continue to receive his and UNCTAD’s support. We greatly appreciate the diligence of Madhuri Vasnani and Garima Shrivastava for editing and Mukesh Tyagi for preparing the layout of this report. Special thanks are due to Ashutosh Soni for his excellent coordination of communication with authors and reviewers of papers of this volume. We acknowledge the efforts of all the members of the CREW team, especially Cornelius Dube, Shreya Kaushik and Neha Tomar. Last but not the least, this report would not have seen the light of the day without the skillful direction, and overall guidance of Pradeep S Mehta, Secretary General, CUTS. He took special interest in this volume and went through each and every paper carefully himself. Words alone cannot convey our sincere gratitude to each and every individual who have contributed in every small way towards bringing out this volume. But it is only words that this world thrives on. We express our sincere gratefulness to all such individuals, without whom the publication of this volume would not have been possible.

Il volume attraverso fonti in gran parte inedite (disegni, immagini, interviste), fornisce un'analisi critica delle opere di architettura e di design di Manuel Aires Mateus, protagonista dell'architettura portoghese contemporanea. Un capitolo specifico è dedicato ad aspetti compositivi e tecnologico-costruttivi di exhibit design. Il volume è interamente bilingue (italiano/inglese).

Context: Development of software-intensive products and services increasingly occurs by continuously deploying product or service increments, such as new features and enhancements, to customers. Product and service developers must continuously find out what customers want by direct customer feedback and usage behaviour observation. Objective: This paper examines the preconditions for setting up an experimentation system for continuous customer experiments. It describes the RIGHT model for Continuous Experimentation (Rapid Iterative value creation Gained through High-frequency Testing), illustrating the building blocks required for such a system. Method: An initial model for continuous experimentation is analytically derived from prior work. The model is matched against empirical case study findings from two startup companies and further developed. Results: Building blocks for a continuous experimentation system and infrastructure are presented. Conclusions: A suitable experimentation system requires at least the ability to release minimum viable products or features with suitable

This article introduces how one can design for product longevity through eliciting consumer-product attachment in order to restrain the rate of product replacement. The research disclosed the design tool ”Contexts of Experience” (COE) which combines strategies of consumer–product attachment and associated psychological phenomenon. The COE was disclosed and analyzed through case study.

Alvar Aalto’s career – his perspectives as seen in his writings and in his architecture - progressed from being initially influenced by classicism (which he applied in a playful manner aligned with Nordic Romanticism), on to modernist functionalism and rationalist attitudes (through his contact with the International Congresses of Modern Architecture (CIAM) and its prominent members), which he later developed further into his own ‘humane architecture’ encompassing the psychophysical field.

The research is in relevance to the importance of colors in product design. As per Ms. Courtney Garvin research [1A] has shown that color has an emotional touch which is the key to successful design .The agenda of this research is to understand the meanings of color and its psychological and emotional influences on the consumers. As Color is a key component in the function of Product design, selection of the right colors in any design is essential, as to how your product is portrayed in your consumer's mind. As color conveys different messages to different groups of consumers/ tribes, this should be taken care off while using colors in product designing. In order to understand the color in terms of product design, the study was designed which includes primary research (Interviews & questionnaires) as well as secondary research (books on product designing & color, internet, magazines).

Dalla Rivoluzione industriale a oggi, la prima storia completa del design. Uno dei piu grandi fenomeni culturali e socio-economici dell'eta contemporanea, visto nei suoi aspetti piu specifici: la progettazione, la produzione, il consumo e la vendita. Un nuovo inserto illustrativo completa la nuova edizione del volume.

Market globalization has brought us not only new opportunities, but also new challenges. The theme of innovation has become a mandatory topic for all industries -it has become a focal point for the enterprise, society and the world. The goal of innovation is to create business value by developing worthwhile ideas into a customer-centric marketable reality. This, for most companies, is difficult to achieve due to the lack of a methodology and tools for systematic innovative thinking. This paper introduces the concept and strategies for product-service innovation based on a Dominant Innovation Design approach. An innovation toolset that effectively combines an Innovation Matrix, Application Space Map, and QFD tools is explained. This methodology enables the identification of hidden customer needs and gaps as they relate to product-service requirements. This paper also shares two case studies of how this tool-set can be utilized for real product-service innovation. The case study includes an overall IT-enabled service solution for a traditional product, which encompasses service thinking, blueprint planning, technical solution evaluation, service platform implementation, and service operation. Combining these elements can lead manufacturing industries into new service business model based on their core product while creating more value to their customers.

Parametric Design is a computer based design approach that treats the geometric properties of the design as variables. The dimensions, angles and geometric properties (like curvature) remain malleable as the design progresses. Although at any time the 'parametric model' displays a determinate shape according to the set of currently chosen values, the essential identity of the parametric design resides in the malleable object's topology rather than its momentary determinate shape. This means that the design consists in the relationships that are maintained between the various elements of the composition. In fact the parametric design model is conceived as a network of relations or dependencies. This way of building up a design has the important advantage that the build-up of complexity and the detail resolution of the design can progress while simultaneously maintaining the malleability to adapt to changing requirements as new information is fed into the design process. The generation of alternative options remains viable and economical deep into the detail design without requiring abortive modeling and drafting work. This parametric malleability is advantageous both for the sake of continuous design adjustments as the design progresses, and for the sake of the generation of options and variations. The parametric model can be conceived as general building plan or genotype for the generation of many different versions or phenotypes that might co-exist (rather than substitute each other as options). Optioniering thus leads to versioning. Mechanical repetition is being replaced by mass customization.

Apple Inc. is an international technology company found in the United States with its head office at Cupertino (Khan, Alam & Alam, 2015). It is a designer, developer, and distributor of electronics, online services as well as consumer electronics. Apple Inc. has different hardware products, which are inclusive of iPad tablet computer; Apple watches smartwatch, iPhone smartphone, Apple TV digital and the Mac personal computer.  The company also produces software’s which includes iTunes, macOS as well as iOS operating systems, iLife and work suites and other apps like the Logic pro, Xcode and Final Cut Pro (Khan et al. 2015). Ronald Wayne, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak formed the company in April 1976. Apple ranks as the most significant information and Technology Company regarding its revenue and ranks second regarding mobile phone manufacturing. It was named as the first United States Company to be valued at US$700 billion in 2015.

Product design defines the functions that qualify a product or service, in order to identify and organise the distinctive specifications of the company offer, and to develop goods and services based on analysis of the needs of demand (customer satisfaction). The first imperative for global corporations is, indeed, to deliver value to empowered customers (market-driven management). For global corporations, achieving a differential advantage in terms of product design therefore means designing an offer based on the best interpretation of corporate imitation and innovation processes

Àtrucc è una caraffa da tavola destinata al vino ed è, in sintesi, un tentativo di coesione tra artigianato e disegno industriale: un salto nella tradizione ceramica rustica pugliese per sottrarre alle generazioni passate un "trucco", ovvero un "segreto", indagarlo ed avanzare ipotesi morfologiche e strutturali capaci di dare vita ad un prodotto contestualizzabile alla nostra modernità.

This article addresses the new theories and concepts of design management: design thinking, user experience (UX) and service design. They consider people's experiences and focus on the characteristics of each one of them. From industrial design, the scope and relationships between these definitions-now better visible-were analyzed, which always belonged to the design field of the discipline, from which an attempt was made to identify how they influence innovation, design and development of new products. To account for the evolution that the design field has had, the most significant processes are contrasted to visualize the differences that make this change fundamental. Finally, it is concluded on its strategic relevance for the application in public and private organizations. Also taking into account how these theories are methodologically incorporated into the set of activities inherent to industrial design.

The creation of new knowledge that comes from Knowledge Mode Conversion (KMC) activities improves New Product Development (NPD) activities. However, there is still limited understanding of “how” a Knowledge Mode Conversion activity varies using collaborative and conversational technologies to improve product development performance. The main contribution of this research is to establish a set of indicators that can be used as guides to help identify effective Knowledge Mode Conversion activities that can be useful for ...

Density is an important property of ionic liquids (ILs) that is required for process and product design. A recent article by Gardas and Coutinho (2008) reports the extended density correlation of ILs in wide ranges of temperature and pressure. However, they validated the density correlation only for ILs based on the following cations: imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, and phosphonium. The objective

Within the conception of the Environmentally Integrated Design (dAI), the caña brava (Gynerium sagittatum) particle boards product design and manufactoring process improvements and adhesive fenol - formaldehyde (FF) at 10% and 13% were carried out. The practical investigation was made in the National Laboratory of Forest Products, University of The Andes, Mérida, Venezuela. The design of the product and analysis of results phase was made in the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), Spain. The results were compared with the Venezuelan standards (COVENIN) and the Cuban standards (Tecnoazúcar). From the integrative vision of the Environmentally Integrated Design positive results were determined in the design of the product, in the manufactoring process and the values in the physical and mechanical properties. For Venezuela, the proposal of elaborating boards starting from caña brava and other gramineous is innovative and it allows, among others, to diminish the industrial pressure ...

Despite its risks, an increasing number of buyers share design work with their suppliers. However, the outsourcing of design work has been relatively neglected in the literature. Based on mail survey data from 174 U.S. and 122 Japanese automotive component suppliers with product design capability, this study investigates the degree of supplier involvement in design and the factors leading to supplier involvement. The two strongest predictors of the degree of early supplier involvement in design in both Japan and the United States are the degree of technological uncertainty and supplier technical capabilities. Automotive companies are more likely to outsource designs of high uncertainty and select suppliers of high technical capability for design outsourcing. Technological uncertainty also has interaction effects-in the United States, high uncertainty makes customers want to give greater design responsibility to highly technically capable suppliers and those who are most dependent on them as a percent of supplier sales. Overall, the study supports notions of convergence between the U.S. and Japanese supplier management practices in joint product development.

One of the prominent roles of ergonomics is to understand, and design lifestyles support system that apart from optimizing human well-being and overall system performance also brings good experience of using any product. This paper is focused on understanding the good experience part of any design, and presents a pilot study conducted to understand how foul smelling shoes affects the good experience of using a shoe-rack. Literature reports many studies concerning the interaction of humans with shoes and shoe-racks, but limited research has been reported on understanding how the foul smelling shoes affects the overall experience of using a shoe rack. India is a hot and humid country, and people often perspire after medium to rigorous physical activity leading to foul smelling body, clothes, and shoes. People regularly bathe and wash cloths, but shoes are seldom washed, and without proper ventilation it becomes a breeding ground for a very smelly bacterium called Kytococcus Sedentarius. This paper posits that this foul smell affects the users' experience of using shoe-racks, and reports a pilot study conducted to understand the severity of the problem. The paper starts with a literature review establishing the research gap. It then illustrates on the results of the survey conducted and why existing solutions are not so popular in India. The last part of the paper presents some base experiments conducted which when integrated with the shoe-rack design may eliminate the problem of foul smell and improve the overall experience of users.

Kidults, Mario Bros e Pikachu: uma breve análise sobre a influência da cultura pop japonesa no design Kidults, Mario Bros. and Pikachu: a brief study about the influence of Japanese pop culture on design Resumo Abstract O presente artigo discute as influências da cultura pop japonesa sobre a produção e consumo de design no Brasil, mais especificamente dentre os jovens

Purpose -Most advanced durable industrial products need some kind of support to compensate for weaknesses in design or in product exploitation. Aims to examine different scenarios for product support and discusses approaches for development of product support strategy for conventional and functional products. Design/methodology/approach -The paper is based on a case study of a manufacturer of advanced durable industrial production systems. Findings -Traditionally, the customer buys, operates, and maintains equipment used in production systems. Alternatively, the customer can buy the performance, instead of the physical product. In such cases, the manufacturer is responsible for operating, maintaining, and supporting the product in addition to designing and making it. Thus, the long-term profit for both user and manufacturer will depend on the product's designed-in life cycle costs, RAMS (reliability, availability, maintainability and supportability) characteristics, as well as on the effectiveness and efficiency of the product exploitation and support processes. In general, product support is a source of income for the manufacturer. In a functional product scenario, the need for product support is a liability and a cost driver for the manufacturer. Hence, delivery of performance requires a fundamentally different approach for product support strategy. Originality/value -An examination of different scenarios and different approaches for manufacturers' product support strategies.

This work concerns studies related to strategic development of products in which bio-based plastics are or will be applied, referred to as bio-based products. The studies cover (1) current and potential benefits of bio-based products in extended value chains including activities after end-of-life of products, (2) value communication between stakeholders in extended value chains, and (3) creating an integrated development approach for optimized bio-based products. Most existing models for value chains were found to be one-way single-flow models to which iterations and interactions have been added to obtain realistic representations of best practices. Interviews of thirteen professionals clarified some barriers between the current implementation of bio-based plastics and the ideal sustainable value chain fulfilment. The most noticeable barriers included trustful information sharing, information and knowledge gaps, sub-optimum application of bio-based plastics, and the need for facilitating product design. The main designers' needs are increased integrated literacy related to bio-based materials, eco-effectiveness and a more effective communication competence in value chains. Based on all findings, six approaches of design tasks integration into value chains have been proposed. These approaches encourage designers to think and act widely across value chains and particularly help implement life cycle thinking to achieve profitable sustainability.

A Recuperative cooling mechanism was designed to improve the battery life of an electric vehicle which suffers from premature aging or degradation due to the heat generation during discharging and charging periods and also improving the performance of the vehicle. The cooling effect is produced by the bleeding of the refrigerant from the refrigeration system, thereby increasing the cooling effectiveness and reducing the cost by eliminating the conventional cooling equipment. Several initial and final boundary conditions were set based on the past studies. The analysis revealed that the temperature across the surface of the battery is in the range of 20-25°C, which is in the safe operating temperature of the battery.

This paper reviews some of the tools available for the measurement of emotion in product design. These tools are organized using the five components of emotion: feelings, expression, behavior, physiological activation and appraisal. Several problems specific to the measurement of user experience during interaction with products are also described and a coherent approach to address them is sketched. This approach includes several components: self-confrontation (video-supported self-report) to collect data about users' feelings, using tangible interaction principles and approach/avoidance tendencies to map the quality of the experience on the device used to report it, psychophysiological and facial expression recording to provide continuous measures of emotional arousal and valence. Finally, questioning users about appraisal processes underlying their affective responses is recommended as a useful inspirational tool at the beginning of the design process.

Thrombospondins are a family of extracellular, adhesive proteins that are widely expressed in vertebrates. Five distinct gene products, designated thrombospondin-1 through -4 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), have been identified. With the exception of thrombospondin-4, the structure and location of thrombospondin genes have been determined in the human and/or mouse genomes. In this study, the structure and location of the murine thrombospondin-4 gene and the location of the human thrombospondin-4 gene are reported. The murine thrombospondin-4 gene is approximately 4.5 kb in length and includes 22 exons. Interspecific backcross analysis of progeny derived from matings of (C57BL/6J × Mus spretus)F 1 × C57BL/6J mice indicates that the thrombospondin-4 gene is tightly linked to the Dhfr locus on murine Chromosome (Chr) 13. The human gene maps to Chr 5 in band q13 by in situ hybridization to human metaphase chromosomes. The thrombospondin-4 promoter is similar to promoters of some housekeeping, growth control, and other thrombospondin genes in that it contains multiple GC box sequences and lacks a CAAT box. The presence of multiple E-box sequence motifs is consistent with thrombospondin-4 expression in muscle and bone tissue.

Leading an investigation in product design about children’s home furniture, a research for a case study on evolutive chairs brought us to an approach which can point out ways for a better and more adequate practice in Design. The work of Peter Opsvik (n. 1939), a Norwegian designer, searches for a balance between traditional materials, innovative ergonomic approaches and ecological and ethical concerns. Finding elements which define Opsvik’s practice and thinking, we may conclude his theories, apart from traditional design approaches, add a valuable study in human nature and lead to a better and more complete attitude as a designer.

Nosotros los latinoamericanos podemos mejor que nadie decir que el proceso de globalización, con todo y sus secuelas, comenzó el mero día del descubrimiento inesperado de América. Se desarrollaron los medios de transporte y se modificaron las economías cerradas hacia un mercado mundial. La gran desventaja de los pobladores originales fue no haber conocido la pólvora, la brújula, ni el papel y la imprenta. Lo que se ha tratado de maquillar como "Encuentro de Dos Mundos", más bien fue un "Encontronazo".

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A thick industrial design studio curriculum INTRODUCTION Izmir University of Economics is located on the Izmir bay on the Aegean coast of Turkey. Nearly six thousand students attend this English speaking private university which was established in 2001. The Faculty of Art and Design ...

An automatic method for generating assembly instructions using CAD files is presented in this paper. Algorithms for extracting geometrical information of objects stored in a non-proprietary format, ISO-10303, STEP-CAD data file are explained. The developed algorithms form an important link between design and manufacturing. In our previous work, we designed a hierarchical assembly model that allows designers to evaluate products for manufacturing cost using a structured assembly coding system (SACS). Each SACS code represents a sequence of assembling/disassembling operations for mating two parts. The developed algorithms in this paper will generate the required SACS codes based on the geometrical and topological information extracted from the STEP files of a product in a CAD environment. Based on the generated SACS codes, the proper assembly operations can then be derived for assembling the designed product. An example of assembly with simple parts is presented to verify the method.

Using data from 137 completed new product design (NPD) projects, we examine the direct and indirect effects on new product design quality of technological novelty, project organization complexity, and design-manufacturing integration (DMI). We use structural equation modeling to test the potential of DMI as a mediator of the effects of project organization complexity and technology novelty on product design quality. The results suggest that DMI is a strong driver of design quality, whereas technology novelty and project organization complexity serve to improve design quality only indirectly, in so much as they are associated with greater DMI. These findings extend prior research by establishing the importance of DMI at the NPD project level, suggesting that it is an effective means for coping with technological uncertainty and project organization complexity. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research and for managerial practice.

A new multidisciplinary design and entrepreneurship course is being offered at Bilkent University. The course entitled "Innovative Product Design and Development I-II" is open to senior students of six different departments. It is a two-semester course that brings together students from Departments of Computer Engineering, Economics, Electrical Engineering, Graphic Design, Industrial Engineering, and Management. A team of six professors, one

With the advent of Concurrent Engineering (CE), the engineering product design process has c h g e d substantially. Different factors of the product life cycle, such as the manufacturing process, part assembly and quality control, can now all be simultaneously involved in the design phase. To achieve CE traditional Computer-Aided Design systems are inadequate. Cooperative product design needs more powerful modelling techniques and geometric representation schemes than those offered by actual commercial CAD systems. I n this paper a multiple-view CAD representation, called Intermediate Model, is presented. The Intermediate Model has been defined with the aim to upgrade a traditional CAD system to a feature-based modelling system which allows to represent different context dependent views of the product.

Several studies show that cultural variation is reflected in products and their use. The study presented here will offer a case, which might be representative for people's daily life activities, i.e., the home kitchen. Dutch and Korean kitchen environment was investigated on cultural differences and similarities. A focus group method was used in combination with cultural probes. The study shows that cultural diversity is reflected in products and product experience of the kitchen environment. Understanding the needs, tasks and environments of the people for whom products are designed is the key for cross-cultural product design.

Current Computer Aided Design (CAD) software tools focus on rapid production of computer models, which usually takes place after the product design is completed. The product design process, which has more significant influence on product life-cycle costs, is not fully supported. This work documents the development of an automatic design and optimization system for industrial silencers. The developed system greatly reduces the production costs and shortens the silencer design time from one day to a few minutes. Moreover, the system proves the feasibility of developing an open-architecture CAD system supported by Design of Experiment (DOE) based optimization methods to integrate product life-cycle considerations into the design. It is expected that the developed system can help the development of similar systems for other products. Through the development of this system, some further research issues are identified.

We describe a methodology for making the decisions associated with the concurrent engineering of a product and its downstream field support. We adopt, for the overall metrics for evaluating these decisions, long-run system availability and life-cycle cost. The decisions that constitute the concurrent engineering effort can be categorized into three phases: designing the product; designing the manufacturing and logistics systems; and setting operations-control policies for parts production and field support. As an enhancement to well-established methods of coordinating decision makers in concurrent engineering and sharing data across different phases of design and deployment, we have developed a methodology that simultaneously makes the decisions that constitute these phases. This methodology is based on a dynamic programming model of these decisions which is robust and efficient when compared to manual methods of coordinating the concurrent engineering effort. We recommend its use as a decision support mechanism, not as a substitute for interaction among design-team members.