Living Labs

Dünyanın sahip olduğu kaynaklar hızlı bir şekilde tükenirken bu durum karşısında şehirlerin mevcut altyapıları yetersiz kalmaktadır. Şehirlerdeki hızlı nüfus artışı, istihdam, barınma, kaliteli yaşam, eğitim, sağlık, ulaşım, su, elektrik, temiz hava ve yeşil alan gibi ihtiyaçların karşılanmasını güçleştirmektedir. Ortaya çıkan bu durum, mevcut altyapıların daha verimli ve akıllı kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Sunulacak hizmetlerin daha az maliyetle ve daha verimli şekilde gerçekleşmesini sağlayacak olan akıllı teknolojiler, şehirlerde sürdürülebilir yaşam için kilit bir rolde olacaktır. Akıllı şehirler, doğal kaynakların, insan kaynağının ve finansal kaynakların etkin kullanımını sağlarken, maliyet tasarrufunu da teşvik edecektir. Bu yeni süreçte ulusal ve yerel bütün karar alıcılara en büyük destek ise Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinden (BİT) gelecektir. Bu kapsamda bilişim dünyasında büyük ses getiren teknolojilerden birisi olan Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) kavramı karşımıza çıkmaktadır. IoT, çeşitli haberleşme protokolleri sayesinde birbirleriyle haberleşen farklı nesnelerin bir araya gelerek bir ağ oluşturmasını ve bilgi paylaşmasını sağlayan anahtar bir teknolojidir. Ulaşım sistemlerinin gelişmesi, trafik sıkışıklığının azaltılması, atık yönetiminin sağlanması gibi insan yaşamının kalitesini arttırmayı amaçlayan hizmetlerin IoT ile gerçekleştirilmesi, şehirleri akıllı hale dönüştürür. Bu çalışmada, IoT’nin mevcut durumu, gelişimi, karşılaştığı zorluklar ve gelecek yönelimleri sunulmuştur. IoT tabanlı çeşitli akıllı şehir projelerinin, yaşam laboratuvarlarının ve sınama ortamlarının genel değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

L’open innovation se heurte indéniablement aujourd’hui à des problèmes d’éthique et de manque d’efficacité. Et si la blockchain représentait une voie à emprunter pour redonner liberté et pouvoir aux communautés d’individus désireuses de créer et d’innover ?

The main theme of this thesis is an exploration of living labs/city labs through practices in two Copenhagen’s spaces. It is investigated how living labs work with tensions between their ideals of engagement, openness to information and at the same time mobilizing resources to ‘pay the rent’ and invest in necessary technology they seek. Further, it is explored how objects in the living labs are formed, and how they are enacted in different situations/practices that can be located in different spatialities. Fieldwork is conducted by application of ethnographic methods via interviews and participation in daily activities. The findings contribute the understanding of living labs by extension of studied dimensions and in-depth practice exploration. Recommendation for future research is the application of such broader set of dimensions on a more extensive number of spaces to be able to contribute for better categorization. And involvement on large-scale of digital methods as post- demographics gains more importance.

Cities have high demand and limited availability of water and energy, so it is necessary to have adequate technologies to make efficient use of these resources and to be able to generate them. This research focuses on developing and executing a methodology for an urban living lab vocation identification for a new water and energy self-sufficient university building. The methods employed were constructing a technological roadmap to identify global trends and select the technologies and practices to be implemented in the building. Among the chosen technologies were those for capturing and using rain and residual water, the generation of solar energy, and water and energy generation and consumption monitoring. This building works as a living laboratory since the operation and monitoring generate knowledge and innovation through students and research groups that develop projects. The insights gained from this study may help other efforts to avoid pitfalls and better design smart living ...

The current era of austerity is placing increasing pressure on governments everywhere to do more with less, particularly at the local level where government services have the greatest impact on citizens' everyday lives. Thereby the roles of information and communication technologies and citizens are highlighted. This article is designed to yield insights into how local city administrations can facilitate and optimize citizen involvement in the context of the co-production of city services deploying mobile devices. Cities can be seen to open up public data aiming at offering new opportunities for the generation, use and integration of, among others, economic, social and environmental data. They seek to do so via city-hosted toolkits allowing users – which are the most important users of the city's urban environment and generating the most current data and knowledge that may inform and enrich governing practices, such as planning  - to develop mobile applications emphasizing local deployment. The analytical framework focuses on the role of the (purposefully) city-provided toolkit and the citizens' capacities to engage in the public domain guided by the Living Lab approach. In doing so, the dynamics between the provided tools (and data) addressing the needs of the city and citizens underpinning citizens' everyday life experience in navigating and appropriating the urban space, are drawn out. The empirical results are used as preliminary evidence to yield a more rounded understanding of co-production of e-government information and services leveraged as a core innovative process, currently being played out, in the city of Athens (Greece) and Ghent (Belgium).

Basisstudie Geplante Obsoleszenz. Arbeitspapier im Arbeitspaket 1 (AP 1.2b) des INNOLAB Projekts. ARGE REGIO Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung GmbH, Berlin. Übersicht zur Geschichte der geplanten Obsoleszenz mit Hinweise zur Relevanz für die nachhaltige Forschung mit Living Labs. Anregungen zur Forschung mit Living Labs für mehr Nachhaltigkeit im Einzelhandel.

Living Labs are spaces for innovative and participative research, development and activities that use multidisciplinary approaches and promote the co-creation paradigm. Our specific interest lies in exploring the value of the Living Lab concept for creating environments that enable equal opportunities for people living in rural and urban areas, and for making rural areas attractive places to live. Moreover, through the existing practices and research results available, Living Labs are seen as one of the important building blocks of smart rural development and an important step towards establishing a Smart Village environment. Living Labs are a valuable player in enhancing circular economy, digital transformation, local self-sufficiency and other elements of sustainable living. The main aim of this paper is therefore to put Living Labs in the context of rural areas and evaluate their possible contributions for sustainable rural development. This paper argues that the element of community and social change should be considered as a key element in enabling sustainable living.

Rural Living Labs (RLL) constitute a new and not yet validated approach of enabling user driven ICT-based innovation initiatives aimed to the development in rural areas. Living labs provide a context for open innovation based on partnerships between all stakeholders. This paper presents some of the characteristics that distinguish the Living Labs from other development methodologies, and presents initial lessons learnt from the C@R Integrated Project. The process of establishing the Living Labs the involvement of users, their roles in the experimentation and innovation processes, and the suitability of the methodology for the rural environment are being discussed in order to reach some conclusions about the suitability of the RLL as tools for development in the rural areas.

Living Lab (LL) research should follow clear ethical guidelines and principles. While these exist in specific disciplinary contexts, there is a lack of tailored and specific ethical guidelines for the design, development, and implementation of LL projects. As well as the complexity of these dynamic and multi-faceted contexts, the engagement of older adults, and adults with reducing cognitive and physical capacity in LL research, poses additional ethical challenges. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 26 participants to understand multistakeholder experiences related to user engagement and related ethical issues in emerging LL research. The participants’ experiences and concerns are reported and translated into an ethical framework to guide future LL research initiatives.

Ce rapport est le fruit d’une commande du CETIC dans le cadre des démarches Creative Wallonia, visant à proposer des recommandations méthodologiques concernant les approches centrées utilisateurs au sein des Living Lab. Il aborde deux sujets en particulier : la constitution d’une communauté d’usagers et la définition des processus et méthodes d’enquêtes centrées utilisateurs.

This paper explores some a novel approaches to harnessing the Internet-of-Things (IoT) as a teaching and research vehicle in education. For teaching we argue that the Internet-of-Things provides a highly motivating topic to capture students’ imaginations, and a perfect platform for teaching computer science. In addition, we explain the potential for entire campuses or buildings to be constructed from Internet-of-Things technologies and the potential for this infrastructure to act as a teaching platform. This proposition is perfectly captured by the axiom “The college building (or campus) is the lab”. This philosophy is part of a wider movement that started in the EU, called Living Labs. In achieving these aims, our work seeks to combine a number of concepts; first we utilise the Internetof- Things, second we incorporate Living Labs ideas, third we harness the iCampus vision, forth we use the ‘Smart Box’ concept and finally we implement the Pervasive-interactive-Programming (PiP) paradigm. We contend this approach can be used in various mixes to produce highly motivating and effective educational environments. We illustrate this work by describing the application of these ideas to a real-world venture, the Harlow UTC (in the UK). The main focus of this paper concerns the use of PiP, together with the Internet-of- Things, to teach elementary programming skills. In in support of this we present results of an evaluation of PiP with 18 participants (students and staff) of varied age and gender. The main conclusions of these evaluations were that PiP enabled students and staff, with diverse backgrounds, to quickly master the programming skills involved. The paper concludes by describing our future plans for this work.

La littérature d’économie et de management traite actuellement beaucoup d’innovation collaborative (ou « open innovation », ou « innovation résilière»).
L’une des méthodes utilisée lors de ces processus d’innovation collaborative « à la mode » est le « design thinking », que l’on peut appeler en Français « mode de pensée des designers ». Il est présent aujourd’hui partout, en tout cas dans la tête de nombre de managers et dirigeants d’entreprises, comme un cadre de référence intellectuel ou un modèle à suivre. Rien d’étonnant à cela dans un cadre marchand, quand on sait que le « design thinking » a pris son essor dans les entreprises phares de la Silicon Valley, comme Apple, et qu’il semble avoir contribué au succès économique éclatant de ces entreprises. Mais de nombreux indicateurs laissent à penser que le « design thinking », sous sa forme collaborative, gagne aussi le domaine des politiques publiques et des services publics, en France comme dans beaucoup d’autres pays, depuis au moins une dizaine d’années. Y est-il légitime ? Quels résultats produit-il ?
L’analyse économique et managériale des services publics a fourni peu de réflexion et d’études de cas sur ce thème précis. En effet, si beaucoup a été écrit sur le design de services, y compris dans les services publics, il nous semble que le « design thinking » est plus spécifique qu’on ne le croit parfois. Notre démarche a donc consisté en premier lieu à « prendre au sérieux » l’idée d’une entrée des services publics et de l’action publique, spécialement à l’échelon local, dans « l’ère du design thinking ». Cela signifiait d’abord donner une définition précise du « design thinking » et attester de la réalité des pratiques correspondantes. Mais nous avons cherché aussi à inscrire ces démarches dans un contexte (politique, économique…), et dans des cadres organisationnels concrets, d’où les notions de « genèse » et de « formes ». Ceci, afin de saisir et d’expliquer la variété des formes prises par les actions de « design thinking ». Nous avons enfin essayé d’établir et d’expliquer quelles étaient les conséquences « naturelles » de ce mode de pensée (et des pratiques associées) sur le design des services publics.
A ce niveau, nous avons en priorité cherché à saisir les effets de l’adoption du « design thinking » par les services publics sur les formes d’innovation dans le service public. Mais nous avons aussi abordé, plus brièvement, la question générale de la « création de valeur » dans les services publics, qui pourra faire l’objet de développements ultérieurs.
Nos principales conclusions (provisoires, compte tenu de la faible quantité de données récoltées, et ici volontairement simplifiées) sont les suivantes :
- Le « design thinking » inspire bien les politiques publiques et les services publics dans certains domaines à l’heure actuelle en France ;
- Ce « design thinking » favorise bien des nouveautés en matière de service public ;
- Ces innovations ne conduisent pas forcément au respect de certains des objectifs usuels des services publics, telle l’équité : en fait, la diversité des acteurs et la philosophie même du design thinking conduisent selon nous souvent à un brouillage des objectifs et des résultats de la démarche d’innovation dans les services publics, ce qui revient à dire qu’il y a une baisse d’efficacité politique ;
- En revanche, on peut noter que l’application du principe de « désirabilité » contenu dans le design thinking conduit à des services publics qui plaisent (mais est-ce l’objectif naturel de toute forme de service public, en toutes circonstances, que de plaire ?). On peut même parler, dans certains cas, d’une recherche de l’ « innovation clinquante ».
Il nous semble donc, pour terminer, que l’application des règles du design thinking dans le domaine du service public, s’il peut répondre à certaines problématiques du service public et des hommes politiques (séduire davantage, proposer des nouveautés) peut poser problème quant à l’atteinte d’autres objectifs potentiels des services publics. Et que l’open innovation peut donc avoir pour conséquences un brouillage des politiques publiques.

The CreativeMED project and its overall assessment are at the centre of this book that its editors consider to be of particular interest, not only as account of the achieved results, but also because it had been granted by the European Union with the main purpose of capitalising on the outcomes of the work previously developed by the MED programme.
In addition to that, the editors are well aware of the need to stimulate the debate and reflection on the so-called ‘Smart Specialisation’ and to participate in a broader discussion of a concept that challenges cities and regions – or rather territories – to define their priorities and find ways and means to implement them. (...)
One of the partners in the CreativeMED project was a team from the University of Évora. Apart from its active contribution to the ‘Smart Specialisation’ model described in the final report, the team sought to verify the model proposed. In other words, as the final model was essentially a theoretical one, it was important to try it out in practice and to validate it.
Hence, it was decided to devise a dynamic structure that would lead to the creation of a Living Lab dedicated to cultural heritage. The theme was, so to speak, a natural choice. On the one hand, the Évora team was/is linked to a UNESCO Chair, hosted at its University, that focuses on (in)tangible heritage and sustainable development, and on the other it is based in a World Heritage city that has a lot to offer to its visitors and whose regional authorities have begun to pay close attention to the issues of cultural heritage and social cohesion. (...)
This book is published by the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage at the University of Évora because its editors consider it relevant that critical reflections on projects and good practices in the Mediterranean are disseminated, especially when they are based on the respect for the involved communities and firmly rooted in their identity and cultural profile.

El erotismo está en los límites, en los pequeños espacios de frontera que delimitan lo conocido de lo presumible. Esos espacios que dan vida a la imaginación, a la fantasía, al enigma. A la emoción de no saber si lo que pensamos que es de una manera, lo es realmente, y lo que proyectamos para que sea, cobre existencia. Sin dudas esta forma de interpretar a los laboratorios de innovación pública es de una gran eficiencia poética, pero las preguntas que nos surgen a partir del sinnúmero de experiencias en torno a ellos, no provienen de la literatura. Mas bien creemos pertinente explorar qué rol se le asigna a estos nuevos espacios en la siempre conflictiva intervención estatal.
¿Cómo abordar desde el Estado a una sociedad que funciona a partir de nuevas infraestructuras de información? ¿Qué formas adopta la legitimación de la política pública ante estos nuevos escenarios? Ante estos interrogantes, los labs adquieren un contenido más enfocado a la reinterpretación de las capacidades estatales.
Para intentar darles respuesta, partimos del análisis de las actividades de Santalab, laboratorios de innovación ciudadana de la provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina. Recurrimos al diseño de servicios como disciplina teórica y como práctica innovadora que da sentido a los labs; exploramos la confusión entre los paradigmas de Gobierno Abierto y Gobierno Electrónico; y, concibiendo al primero más allá de la gestión, planteamos la importancia para el paradigma en general —y para los laboratorios en particular— de un enfoque de innovación pública que no se agote en una perspectiva tecnológica.

The Product-Service System (PSS) concept represents, theoretically and practically, a promising model to steer our production and consumption systems towards sustainability. PSSs are business models based on selling performance (i.e. results) rather than products. They can provide a range of economic and competitive advantages and, if properly designed, can support the dematerialisation of economy and hence provide environmental benefits.
However, it must be stressed that the uptake of this business concept by companies is still very limited. The key problem is that sustainable PSSs can be considered radical innovations. They may require a profound redefinition of the production and consumption modalities and hence their implementation may cope with the current and dominant socio-technical systems. In other words they may challenge existing customer habits, organisational structures and regulative frameworks. For this reason the introduction and scaling-up of such innovations are not completely under the control of a company (or a small network of actors), because changes in the factors that form the boundary conditions (i.e. existing organisations, institutions and networks that share dominant practices, rules and interests), are also required.
Although the concept of sustainable PSS has been discussed in the literature for over a decade, not much attention has been devoted to understand how the process of introduction and scaling-up takes place and how it can be managed and oriented. There is therefore a knowledge gap regarding the mechanism and factors driving the implementation and diffusion of this kind of innovations and, consequently, there is a lack of strategies, approaches and tools to enable project managers, management consultants and strategic designers in designing and managing this process. The research presented in this book aims at tackling these issues and in particular at answering the following questions: How sustainable Product-Service System can be introduced and scaled-up? How this transition process can be designed, managed and oriented?
The book seeks to answer these challenges by integrating concepts and insights from two research streams: one on Product-Service System (PSS) design and the other on transition studies. In particular the book, through industrial case studies and an action research project, explores and delineates the role of strategic design in supporting the introduction and scaling-up of sustainable PSS innovations.
A new strategic design role thus emerges, a role in which the ideation and development of sustainable PSS concepts is coupled with the designing of appropriate transition paths to gradually incubate, introduce and diffuse these innovations. A key role in these transition paths is given to the implementation of socio-technical experiments: protected spaces where radical innovations can be tested, become more mature, and potentially challenge and change dominant socio-technical practices, habits and institutions. The book contributes to clarify how these socio-technical experiments can act as incubators where PSS innovation can start, proliferate and develop. In particular the book focuses on the role of experiments as Labs (to test, learn and improve the PSS innovation on multiple dimensions and involving a multiplicity of actors), Windows (to raise interest on the innovation project and the related actors, disseminate results, build-up synergies with existing similar projects/initiatives, and attract and enrol new actors), and Agents of change (to influence contextual conditions in order to favour and hasten the societal embedding process).

¿Cómo surgen las innovaciones sociales y tecnológicas? ¿Cómo se desarrollan las innovaciones socio-técnicas? ¿Cuál es la relación entre las industrias creativas y la innovación productiva? ¿Cómo influencian el desarrollo, fundamentalmente en las ciudades? ¿Qué políticas públicas la favorecen o las inhiben? En síntesis, ¿Cómo se navega el proceloso mar de la innovación, y quiénes son sus navegantes?

Este libro, que intenta responder a estos y otros interrogantes, está concebido como una puesta en común de los trabajos de seis investigadores que exploran temas similares y que comparten intereses y curiosidades. Presenta los hallazgos de cuatro proyectos de investigación centrados sobre contenidos diferentes, pero que comparten una temática común; los impactos de la innovación productiva (con énfasis en la innovación socio-técnica) en el desarrollo local. Se muestran diversos puntos de abordaje de las facetas de la innovación: las industrias culturales, los laboratorios vivientes, las políticas públicas, el emprendedorismo, el rol de los diversos actores sociales, sus impactos sobre las sociedades y las ciudades, y finalmente, la construcción actual de los futuros posibles.

Living in Mixed Realities
What does it mean to live, play and work in a world shaped and perceived through digital media, networks and architectures of real and virtual space? How can the development of complex communication spaces, life environments and economic models be designed as an interplay of technological, social, and artistic forces, as Mixed Realities of Art, Science and Technology.

The design of a Mixed Reality Architecture, which connects processes in virtual space to the social environments and everyday cultural practice, poses challenges to technologists, scientists and artists alike. Basic design elements are networked structures, which allow new collaborative forms of work and Knowledge Discovery, human-oriented interaction and Awareness, media spaces, Room ware and advanced interfaces.

cast01 artists and scientists will present innovative technologies, tools and research projects from the European Commission Information Society Technologies Programme (IST). Artists will show aesthetic concepts of digital culture and new interactive media formats.

Some of the topics that symbolize the influence of information technology on patterns of life and work in a networked society are Agents, Avatars, Semantic Web, poetic interfaces. cast01 explores new ways in which the next generation of cultural techniques can be understood, explored and supported through creative interdisciplinary strategies.

cast01 demonstrates outstanding examples of research, technological development and artistic production in the form of research papers and artistic presentations as well as blueprints and posters about ideas still under construction. More than 400 researchers, artists, theorists, practitioners and entrepreneurs submitted interdisciplinary projects and critical concepts on Mixed Reality. Highlights of the conference are the launch of the Internet media lab »netzspannung.org« and the »digital sparks« initiative.

CAST01 // RESUME
http://netzspannung.org/version1/cast01/resume/index.html

REVIEW of recurring issues by maia engeli and phoebe sengers
http://netzspannung.org/version1/extensions/cast01-proceedings/pdf/cast01_resume.pdf

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cast01 // Living in Mixed Realities: Conference on artistic, cultural and scientific aspects of experimental media spaces.
September 21-22, 2001. Sankt Augustin (Bonn, Germany)
Organiser: MARS-Exploratory Media Lab, GMD Institute for Media Communication.
Under the patronage of Edelgard Bulmahn, German Federal Minister for Education and Research

British education remains standardised to 19th century factory models, fostering deep socioeconomic inequalities and failing to prepare students for 21st century life. As a result, academic standards and productivity are in decline. In the last 25 years, Finland’s education policy has continued to adopt an egalitarian ethos of economic equality, curricula personalisation and intergenerational support. Due to these radical changes, the Finnish system now outperforms most other countries. If Britain hopes to improve their current failing academic and productivity record, policy makers must adopt a similar radical egalitarian ethos, supported by a 3-part collaborative learning agenda: (1) co-creation of learning curricula; (2) co-creation of learning assessments; and (3) co-creation of learning spaces. Taken together, these policy changes have the potential to re-engineer British education out of the factory and into 21st century Living Labs. In other words, dynamic research and innovation hubs where diverse teams of people can map real world problems and prototype responsive solutions. Such disruptive education policy changes present significant short-term economic and social challenges. Yet such short-term challenges are insignificant compared to the long-term benefits to people and society. Namely, providing British citizens with the 21st century skillsets they need to flourish, so they can contribute to a better and brighter democracy

This paper discusses the forms and social implications of citizen engagement in government-sponsored participatory innovation platforms designed to serve urban economic renewal. Discussion starts with a review of smart city discourse, which in the context of economic development policy translates into cities' need to support innovativeness by creating smart environments, including facilitated participatory innovation platforms. Platform thinking is gaining prominence in economic renewal as it enables the utilisation of collective intelligence that emanates from the diversity of citizens and other stakeholders involved in local innovation processes. Real-life examples of urban platformisation discussed in this paper include enabler-driven innovation platforms and living labs in two Finnish cities, those of Helsinki and Tampere. Discussion centres on three cases, which involve different target groups in participatory innovation processes: Helsinki Living Labs (users), Demola (students) and Koklaamo (residents). Platforms are used to support both urban revitalisation and economic development, of which the former is based primarily on representative and the latter on instrumental mode of participation. If participatory platforms become a norm in local governance, it will mark a transition from party politics, expert dominance and siloed bureaucracy to public engagement which supports citizens' efforts to produce local public services and to build their own city. In the Nordic welfare society context democratic culture, welfarism and redistributive policy provide support to the emergence of participatory innovation platforms by strengthening social inclusion, taming the growth machine, and easing the tensions between pro-growth and anti-growth coalitions. To summarise, the challenge to cities in different societal contexts is to find locally adjusted ways to facilitate platformisation, and through platform-based citizen engagement support inclusive local economic development, which can be seen as a 'soft strategy' for easing social polarisation, socioeconomic segregation and intra-national inequalities.

Depuis 2015, le projet Metrolab rassemble à Bruxelles architectes, urbanistes, géographes et sociologue autour
de recherches-actions menées auprès de projets de développement urbain financés par la politique européenne FEDER. Inspiré par les pratiques de recherche de l’École de Chicago et l’épistémologie du pragmatisme américain, ce projet de laboratoire-observatoire a visé à rapprocher, autour de situations urbaines concrètes, observateurs universitaires et acteurs d’une politique publique, afin d’améliorer cette dernière par l’enquête et l’expérimentation. Dans cet article, l’auteur, en tant que coordinateur du Metrolab, revient sur
les réussites et difficultés de cette entreprise consistant à accueillir et faire coopérer des savoirs au sujet de la ville, des formes d’engagement et des perceptions de la réalité urbaine très différents. Le texte insiste en particulier sur les épreuves de communication et d’intercompréhension soulevées par ces pratiques de recherche-action, ces situations dans lesquelles des mo(n)des de signification pluriels et concurrents entrent en tension. Trois variétés de ces épreuves, qualifiées ici d’éco- sémiotiques, sont détaillées : celles qui se sont jouées entre représentants de disciplines différentes au sein de l’équipe scientifique du Metrolab ; celles qui ont associé le laboratoire- observatoire et les acteurs des projets urbains suivis ; enfin celles qui se sont posées entre l’observatoire et ceux qui l’ont observé, évalué, qu’il s’agisse de l’autorité de gestion régionale ou d’acteurs critiques issus d’associations et de collectifs militants.

Ce texte propose une critique pragmatiste de l’expérimentation dans la recherche urbaine, à partir du cas des urban living labs qui se sont multipliés récemment dans les métropoles européennes. Les auteurs partent d’une typologie des modes d’expérimentation pour privilégier un « expérimentalisme profond », associé au pragmatisme philosophique de Dewey et à la sociologie écologique de Park. Ils entreprennent alors un récit autocritique du Metrolab, un laboratoire de recherche urbaine, interdisciplinaire et appliquée, installé à Bruxelles. En examinant les pratiques d’expérimentation qui en ont jalonné l’expérience, ils rendent compte
de certaines situations problématiques, à différentes phases du projet, qui ont entravé l’enquête et éloigné les chercheurs de leur ligne pragmatiste. À la lumière de ce parcours fait de revers, qui illustre les difficultés d’une application pratique de l’expérimentalisme deweyen,
les auteurs concluent par l’esquisse d’une critique expérimentale du pragmatisme. Ils visent ici en particulier une rhétorique de l’action présente chez Dewey, et amplifiée par certains commentaires, qui conçoit sur un mode majeur tant les situations problématiques soumises à l’enquête, que ses possibles effets pratiques. À distance de ce pragmatisme héroïque, les auteurs défendent un pragmatisme modeste, dont l’enquête s’accommode du caractère parfois mineur des troubles qui la suscitent
et du caractère indirect, différé et imprévisible de ses conséquences pratiques.

A living lab is a physical or virtual space in which to solve societal challenges, especially for urban areas, by bringing together various stakeholders for collaboration and collective ideation. Although the notion has received increasing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy makers, its essence remains unclear to many. We therefore performed a systematic literature review of a sample of 114 scholarly articles about living labs to understand the central facets discussed in the nascent literature. In particular, we explored the origin of the living lab concept and its key paradigms and characteristics, including stakeholder roles, contexts, challenges, main outcomes, and sustainability. While doing this, we discovered that the number of publications about living labs has increased significantly since 2015, and several journals are very active in publishing articles on the topic. The living lab is considered a multidisciplinary phenomenon and it encompasses various research domains despite typically being discussed under open and user innovation paradigms. What is more, the existing literature views living labs simultaneously as landscapes, real-life environments, and methodologies, and it suggests that they include heterogeneous stakeholders and apply various business models, methods, tools and approaches. Finally, living labs face some challenges, such as temporality, governance, efficiency, user recruitment, sustainability, scalability and unpredictable outcomes. In contrast, the benefits include tangible and intangible innovation and a broader diversity of innovation. Based on our analysis, we provide some implications and suggestions for future research.

La crisis de confianza en las instituciones ha llevado a estas a buscar nuevos canales que conecten con la ciudadanía. Los laboratorios ciudadanos son, posiblemente, la respuesta más innovadora que ha surgido para crear vínculos y construir una agenda alternativa de desarrollo, impulsando nuevos procesos participativos en el marco de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS). Este artículo se centra en un caso concreto, en el de los laboratorios de innovación ciudadana (Labic) de la Secretaría General Iberoamericana, con el objetivo de extraer claves de acción para la renovación institucional. El análisis de su experiencia nos deja cuatro aprendizajes principales: a) experimentar soluciones mediante lógicas de prototipado y ensayo-error; b) transformación sistémica y simultánea en tres planos (ciudadano, institucional y de la cooperación); c) termómetro social de doble funcionalidad, tanto de los problemas como de las soluciones planteadas por comunidades y ciudadanía, y d) trabajar la institución como un sistema orgánico, en continua evolución.

Earth, straw, reeds and wood are the main natural building materials in many parts of the world. These materials have several positive properties including thermal resilience, climatic adaptive performance, and a lower-impact on the environment, which have been tested and proven in vernacular architecture over the years. In contemporary practice there is still a very limited use of vernacular natural materials. Conventional industrial materials dominate, even when traditional materials offer the same quality with the same cost and performance, if not sometimes better. This study is part of a semester-long course in sustainable architecture for students completing masters. It will present students' hands-on experimental work for 8 different wall sections using wood, earth, reeds and straw in several combinations. The wall sections are built at a 1:1 scale and tested in a living laboratory environment consistent with the Danish climate. Energy performance and U-values were mathematically calculated to assure compliance with Danish energy-efficient building standards. Life cycle costs and a life cycle analysis were calculated as they were of prime concern. Thermal performance, time lag and heat coefficient values were modeled and simulated as well. Students also had to consider water and fire resistance and the formation of moisture in their design proposals. The study proved that using traditional materials can provide equivalent thermal performance outcomes as contemporary industrial materials while producing better indoor air quality and a lower impact on the environment through their minimal carbon footprint (based on cradle-to-cradle calculations). The paper concludes that there are diverse challenges that still hinder the use of vernacular thinking in contemporary practice.

The paper focuses on the impact generated by the un-efficient management of waste flows, on both natural environment, and urbanization process, and on the opportunity to invert it by regenerating Wasted Landscapes, i.e. underused, polluted and abandoned sites, especially located in peri-urban areas. This is one of the aims of the REPAiR project, funded in 2016 by the European Commission within the Horizon 2020 framework, developed by University of Naples with TU Delft as Lead Partner. The implementation of multi-scaling/multi-disciplinary approach, for testing out collaborative decision-making, has seen so far the research of a scientific based definition of peri-urban area in the context of the Metropolitan Area of Naples. The selection of the peri-urban areas has also been tested through Living Labs, aimed at designing eco-innovative solutions towards circularity.

Smart City Citizenship provides rigorous analysis for academics and policymakers on the participatory processes and practices of smart cities to help integrate ICT-related innovation into urban life. Unlike other smart city books that are often edited collections, this book focuses on the business domain and the technological disruptions themselves, also examining the role of citizens and the democratic governance issues raised from an interdisciplinary perspective. As smart city research is a fast-growing topic of scientific inquiry and evolving rapidly, this book is an ideal reference for a much needed discussion.

To cite this book:

Calzada, I. (2021), Smart City Citizenship, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc. ISBN-10: 0128153008 ISBN-13: 978-0128153000. doi: 10.1016/c2017-0-02973-7.

Further information:

https://www.elsevier.com/books/smart-city-citizenship/calzada/978-0-12-815300-0

https://www.amazon.com/Smart-City-Citizenship-Igor-Calzada-dp-0128153008/dp/0128153008/ref=mt_other?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=1592420565

The human food system is complex; has significant social and environmental impact; and raises questions around identity and culture. This mix of individual, collective, public, private and environmental concerns positions Environmental Citizenship (EC) central to food system transformation. We discuss three 'FUSILLI' food living labs-a food waste NGO; a venue for creative experimentation of alternative food practices; and a forest-based library. These living labs use participatory research through design to place citizens at the forefront of change processes. We analyse them using the model of Education for Environmental Citizenship to consider how they foster EC and thereby sustainable food system transformation.

The contribution of this article consists on building on the types of innovation mechanisms in Living Lab
networks (Leminen, Westerlund, & Nyström, 2012; Leminen, 2013) by relating each type to a different
theoretical innovation logic (methods for creativity; social innovation; open innovation; user innovation).
Each logic is related to a different type of localized space of collective innovation (Fab Labs, co-creation
spaces, coworking spaces and hackerspaces) and participants’ motivation to collaborate. The literature
review on the main characteristics of each logic and the corresponding motivations of participants provide
some guidelines for Living Lab practitioners about how to motivate participants in the different modes of
“Living Labbing”.

Addressing the need to theorize digital technologies and innovation processes, this paper focuses on how digital innovation can be contextualized in developing countries and made relevant to solve current development challenges. We draw on a current and long-term engagement in the innovation processes unfolding in a living lab established in the public health sector of rural India. Our object of analysis is innovations in the realm of digital technologies in relation to social development, in our case public health. The theoretical framework combines concepts of digital and frugal innovations to develop the notion of frugal digital innovation which emphasizes the need for building intersections between technical, social and institutional innovations. Particular attention is paid on how the material properties of digital technologies, including their ability to recombine, reuse, configure and integrate enable such frugal digital innovation processes. Another contribution of this paper is to understand “how” such innovation processes can be enabled, which we operationalize through the concept and principles of a living lab. Empirically, examples are provided of innovations that have been enabled through this lab. The paper thus makes two key contributions to IS research: one, develop the notion of frugal digital innovation, which has the potential of use in other innovation contexts; and, two, understanding how the living lab contributes to enabling such innovation processes.