Smart Cities

As cities compete globally, the Smart City has been touted as the important new strategic driver for regeneration and growth. Smart Cities are employing information and communication technologies in the quest for sustainable economic development and the fostering of new forms of collective life. This has made the Smart City an essential focus for engineers, architects, urban designers, urban planners, and politicians, as well as businesses such as CISCO, IBM and Siemens. Despite its broad appeal, few comprehensive books have been devoted to the subject so far, and even fewer have tried to relate it to cultural issues and to assume a truly critical stance by trying to decipher its consequences on urban space and experience. This cultural and critical lens is all the more important as the Smart City is as much an ideal permeated by utopian beliefs as a concrete process of urban transformation. This ideal possesses a strong self-fulfilling character: our cities will become Smart because we want them to.

The books opens with an examination of the technological reality on which Smart Cities are built, from the chips and sensors that enable us to monitor what happens within the infrastructure to the smart phones that connect individuals. Through these technologies, the urban space appears as activated, almost sentient. This activation generates two contrasting visions: on the one hand, a neo-cybernetic ambition to steer the city in the most efficient way; and on the other, a more bottom-up, participative approach in which empowered individuals invent new modes of cooperation. A thorough analysis of these two trends reveal them to be complementary. The Smart City of the near future will result from their mutual adjustment. In this process, urban space plays a decisive role. Smart Cities are contemporary with a ‘spatial turn’ of the digital. Based on key technological developments like geo-localisation and augmented reality, the rising importance of space explains the strategic role of mapping in the evolution of the urban experience. Throughout this exploration of some of the key dimensions of the Smart City, the book constantly moves from the technological to the spatial as well as from a critical assessment of existing experiments to speculations on the rise of a new form of collective intelligence. In the future, cities will become smarter in a much more literal way than what is often currently assumed.

Urban spaces are responsible for global warming and bear the brunt of it as well. They must evolve in sustainable ways. This opinion piece published in edit page of leading national daily 'Hindu Business Line' today talks about how cities need to think about more green ways to grow in order to grow as climate smart cities.  At the moment, they are just becoming concrete jungles.

We analyze and compare eight city cases in three continents to find out differences and commonalities in smart city governance and public policies globally: Shanghai (China), Japan, Iskandar (Malaysia), New York (United States), and Amsterdam, Málaga, Santander, Tarragona (Europe). The work shows different ways to address the definition of smart, followed by the particular implementation of the smart concept in particular settings. It shows models, projects and the policy innovations set in place today on smart grounds, as a baseline of opportunities for
sustainable growth and to unlock the potential of both Spanish and European firms and Spanish and European talent worldwide. We explore the following variables: 1) governance and public urban planning 2) management and organization 3) technology 4) policy context 5) people and communities 6) economy 7) built in infrastructure, 8) and natural environment.

Keywords
smart, cities, governance, innovation, China, Shanghai, Malaysia, Iskandar, Japan, United States,
New York, Europe, EU, #EU, Amsterdam, Málaga, Santander, Tarragona, Spain

Il progetto Cultura e Turismo “DiCet‐INMOTO-ORCHESTRA” ha l’obiettivo di definire e realizzare modelli, processi e strumenti innovativi per lo sviluppo sostenibile di un territorio intelligente, sia attraverso la valorizzazione dei suoi beni culturali e delle sue risorse ambientali, sia mediante la promozione e commercializzazione della loro offerta turistica.
Il progetto è organizzato come un cluster integrato di tre linee d’intervento (stream) concentrate su tre aspetti complementari:
- la capitalizzazione dell’offerta culturale (stream "DiCeT" - LivingLab Di Cultura e Tecnologia);
- l’organizzazione e valorizzazione della domanda turistica (stream "InMOTO" - Information MObility for TOurism);
-  lo sviluppo di un insieme di soluzioni tecnologiche orientate alla valorizzazione intelligente del patrimonio culturale, materiale e immateriale, della Regione Campania ad uso e fruizione di turisti, visitatori e cittadini, nel rispetto dei principi di sostenibilità ed eco‐compatibilità (stream "ORCHESTRA").
I tre stream di progetto hanno come filo comune l'utilizzo delle più innovative tecnologie del cosiddetto Internet del Futuro e il paradigma del Social‐Network per realizzare un ecosistema in cui convivono aziende, pubblica amministrazione, cittadini e turisti.
Lo stream "DiCeT" ha lo scopo di definire e sviluppare una piattaforma abilitante aperta di servizi intelligenti di capitalizzazione dei beni culturali, in grado di migliorare l’esperienza culturale, rafforzare l’inclusione sociale e favorire la formazione di luoghi virtuosi, reali o digitali, in cui si possano creare, condividere ed elaborare informazioni, al fine di migliorare la vita dei cittadini e delle imprese in un quadro di auspicabile crescita sociale ed economica. Lo stream studierà e costruirà soluzioni innovative per l’offerta culturale: la conoscenza sul patrimonio culturale da offrire agli utenti (turisti, cittadini, curatori, ricercatori, studiosi, etc.); la fruizione dello stesso; la sua conservazione e salvaguardia.
Lo stream "InMOTO" ha lo scopo di definire e sviluppare un sistema integrato di servizi e applicazioni innovativi per la creazione, certificazione, organizzazione, monitoraggio e promozione dell’Offerta Turistica e Culturale, e una piattaforma real‐time di supporto alla Mobilità Turistica. Lo stream adotterà un nuovo modello strategico di Destination Management Organization e implementerà una declinazione Turismo 4.0 come una formulazione innovativa di strumenti e servizi per la promo‐commercializzazione dell’Offerta Turistica e Culturale attraverso: standardizzazione e razionalizzazione dello scambio di contenuti turistici, processi efficienti di distribuzione di servizi turistici, sostegno pervasivo al turismo in mobilità e promozione di percorsi e itinerari turistici esperienziali.

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an extensive overview of security-related problems in the context of smart cities. The impressive heterogeneity, ubiquity, miniaturization, autonomous and unpredictable behaviour of objects interconnected in Internet of Things, the real data deluges generated by them and, on the other side, the new hacking methods based on sensors and short-range communication technologies transform smart cities in complex environments in which the already-existing security analyses are not useful anymore. Specific security vulnerabilities, threats and solutions are approached from different areas of the smart cities’ infrastructure. As urban management should pay close attention to security and privacy protection, network protocols, identity management, standardization, trusted architecture, etc., this chapter will serve them as a start point for better decisions in security design and management.

Dünyanın sahip olduğu kaynaklar hızlı bir şekilde tükenirken bu durum karşısında şehirlerin mevcut altyapıları yetersiz kalmaktadır. Şehirlerdeki hızlı nüfus artışı, istihdam, barınma, kaliteli yaşam, eğitim, sağlık, ulaşım, su, elektrik, temiz hava ve yeşil alan gibi ihtiyaçların karşılanmasını güçleştirmektedir. Ortaya çıkan bu durum, mevcut altyapıların daha verimli ve akıllı kullanımını zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Sunulacak hizmetlerin daha az maliyetle ve daha verimli şekilde gerçekleşmesini sağlayacak olan akıllı teknolojiler, şehirlerde sürdürülebilir yaşam için kilit bir rolde olacaktır. Akıllı şehirler, doğal kaynakların, insan kaynağının ve finansal kaynakların etkin kullanımını sağlarken, maliyet tasarrufunu da teşvik edecektir. Bu yeni süreçte ulusal ve yerel bütün karar alıcılara en büyük destek ise Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojilerinden (BİT) gelecektir. Bu kapsamda bilişim dünyasında büyük ses getiren teknolojilerden birisi olan Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) kavramı karşımıza çıkmaktadır. IoT, çeşitli haberleşme protokolleri sayesinde birbirleriyle haberleşen farklı nesnelerin bir araya gelerek bir ağ oluşturmasını ve bilgi paylaşmasını sağlayan anahtar bir teknolojidir. Ulaşım sistemlerinin gelişmesi, trafik sıkışıklığının azaltılması, atık yönetiminin sağlanması gibi insan yaşamının kalitesini arttırmayı amaçlayan hizmetlerin IoT ile gerçekleştirilmesi, şehirleri akıllı hale dönüştürür. Bu çalışmada, IoT’nin mevcut durumu, gelişimi, karşılaştığı zorluklar ve gelecek yönelimleri sunulmuştur. IoT tabanlı çeşitli akıllı şehir projelerinin, yaşam laboratuvarlarının ve sınama ortamlarının genel değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

Buhalis, D. (2020), "Technology in tourism-from information communication technologies to eTourism and smart tourism towards ambient intelligence tourism: a perspective article", Tourism Review, Vol 75(1).

Purpose-Technology revolutionises the tourism industry and determines the strategy and competitiveness of tourism organisations and destinations. This paper aims to explore the transformational and disruptive nature of technology for tourism. Design/methodology/approach-This paper is based on systematic research. Findings-Technology innovations bring the entire range of stakeholders together in tourism service ecosystems. Technology-empowered tourism experiences increasingly support travellers to co-create value throughout all stages of travel. Ambient Intelligence (AmI) Tourism (2020-future) is driven by a range of disruptive technologies. Inevitably smart environments transform industry structures, processes and practices, having disruptive impacts for service innovation, strategy, management, marketing and competitiveness of everybody involved. Originality/value-The paper synthesises developments in technology for tourism and proposes a future perspective.

Akıllı şehir, bağımsız karar alabilen ve farkındalığı yüksek olan kentli nüfusun aktivitelerini teknolojik tabanlı uygulamalar üzerine kurmayı, iyi performans gösteren ve kendine özgü nitelikleri olan bir şehir ortaya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir.

Ballester, Patrice, (2017), Rapport pour la mairie de Toulouse, So Toulouse agence attractive, pour le dossier de candidature de Toulouse métropole à l'organisation d'un grand Forum thématique et de détours -flâneries lors de l'Exposition universelle du Grand Paris 2025 Vade-mecum pour la rédaction du dossier de la candidature toulousaine, So Toulouse, Toulouseatout, 74 p.

D’une histoire urbaine mondiale à une histoire urbaine locale.
Les expositions universelles et leurs fonctions, du global au local.
Une géographie de la mondialisation

Curieusement, rarement et étonnamment, les relations étroites entre la pratique des expositions universelles du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours et l’histoire urbaine des villes hôtes n’ont pas fait l’objet de changement d’échelle et de critique historiographique et géographique au plan des apports et des correspondances entre une histoire urbaine locale et une histoire urbaine mondiale. Le réceptacle que sont les expositions universelles nous offre un formidable champ d’investigation pour comprendre les sociétés urbains dans leurs grands traits, mais aussi dans leur capacité à innover, proposer et s’exposer pour des raisons de progrès et de vivre ensemble. Généralement, l’histoire urbaine à pour champ  principal l’étude de l’organisation des villes et les différentes évolutions sociétales  qu’elle connaît. Une multitude de monographies locales sont réalisées à travers le monde et pourtant, avec les expositions universelles on peut dresser un portrait de ville tant historique que géographique permettant de mieux comprendre les adaptations du monde urbain aux effets de la mondialisation et de ses différentes phases.
De plus, les expositions répondent aux autres expositions, elles deviennent une longue chaîne tout en s’influençant et proposant des raccourcis, des amplification ou d’étonnantes similitudes, ce qui d’un côté nous amène à observer une uniformisation des pratiques, mais aussi des différenciations qui s’appuient sur les identités locales tout en rapprochant les formes urbaines créées pour l’occasion.
A travers ce travail de recherche sur les expositions universelles et l’importance de son rattachement à l’histoire et géographie de la métropole de Toulouse, deux histoires, deux géographies en parallèle s’entrecroisent, se répondent et expliquent en partie pour les grandes métropoles les effets de la mondialisation des cultures, des savoirs, des techniques et des modes de vie.
D’une histoire urbaine mondiale à une histoire urbaine locale.

Les expositions universelles et leurs fonctions, du global au local.

Une géographie de la mondialisation

Curieusement, rarement et étonnamment, les relations étroites entre la pratique des expositions universelles du milieu du XIXe siècle jusqu’à nos jours et l’histoire urbaine des villes hôtes n’ont pas fait l’objet de changement d’échelle et de critique historiographique et géographique au plan des apports et des correspondances entre une histoire urbaine locale et une histoire urbaine mondiale. Le réceptacle que sont les expositions universelles nous offre un formidable champ d’investigation pour comprendre les sociétés urbains dans leurs grands traits, mais aussi dans leur capacité à innover, proposer et s’exposer pour des raisons de progrès et de vivre ensemble. Généralement, l’histoire urbaine à pour champ  principal l’étude de l’organisation des villes et les différentes évolutions sociétales  qu’elle connaît. Une multitude de monographies locales sont réalisées à travers le monde et pourtant, avec les expositions universelles on peut dresser un portrait de ville tant historique que géographique permettant de mieux comprendre les adaptations du monde urbain aux effets de la mondialisation et de ses différentes phases.
De plus, les expositions répondent aux autres expositions, elles deviennent une longue chaîne tout en s’influençant et proposant des raccourcis, des amplification ou d’étonnantes similitudes, ce qui d’un côté nous amène à observer une uniformisation des pratiques, mais aussi des différenciations qui s’appuient sur les identités locales tout en rapprochant les formes urbaines créées pour l’occasion.
A travers ce travail de recherche sur les expositions universelles et l’importance de son rattachement à l’histoire et géographie de la métropole de Toulouse, deux histoires, deux géographies en parallèle s’entrecroisent, se répondent et expliquent en partie pour les grandes métropoles les effets de la mondialisation des cultures, des savoirs, des techniques et des modes de vie.

From a world urban history to a local urban history.
The World Fairs and their functions, global to local
A geography of the globalization

Curiously, rarely and strangely, the narrow relations between the practice of the World Fairs  (World expo) of the middle of the XIXth century until our days and the urban history of cities hosts were not the object of change of scale and of historiographical and geographical criticism in the plan of the contributions and of the correspondences between a local urban history and a world urban history.
The receptacle that are the World Fairs (World expo) offers us a great field of investigation to understand the urban societies in their big features, but also in their capacity to be innovated, to propose and to expose for reasons of progress and to live together. Generally, the urban history in for main field the study of the organization of cities and the various societal evolutions which she (it) knows. A multitude of local monographs is worldwide realized and nevertheless, with the World Fairs we can raise city portrait so historic as geographical allowing to understand better the adaptations of the urban world to the effects of the globalization and its various phases.
De una historia urbana global a una historia urbana local.
Exposiciones universales y sus funciones, desde lo global a lo local.
Una geografía de la globalización

Curiosamente, rara vez objeto y, sorprendentemente, la estrecha relación entre la práctica de las exposiciones universales de mediados del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad y la historia urbana de las ciudades anfitrionas no han estado reduciendo historiográfico y crítico y geográfico en términos de contribuciones y conexiones entre una historia urbana local y una historia urbana mundial. El receptáculo que es la muestra universal nos ofrece un formidable campo de investigación para entender las sociedades urbanas en sus características principales, pero también en su capacidad de innovar, proponer y exponerse por razones de progreso y de convivencia. En general, la historia urbana tiene como campo principal el estudio de la organización de las ciudades y las diversas evoluciones sociales que conoce. Una multitud de monografías locales se producen en todo el mundo y, sin embargo, con las exposiciones universales se puede dibujar un retrato de la ciudad histórica y geográfica para comprender mejor las adaptaciones del mundo urbano a los efectos de la globalización y sus diversas fases.
Además, las exposiciones responden a otras exposiciones, se convierten en una cadena larga al tiempo que influyen y ofrecen accesos directos, amplificación o similitudes sorprendentes, lo que por un lado nos lleva a observar una estandarización de prácticas, pero también diferenciaciones que se basan en identidades locales al unir formas urbanas creadas para la ocasión.
A través de este trabajo de investigación sobre exposiciones universales y la importancia de su conexión con la historia y la geografía de la metrópoli de Toulouse, dos historias, dos geografías en paralelo se entrelazan, responden y explican, en parte, a las principales ciudades los efectos de la globalización de las culturas, los conocimientos, las técnicas y las formas de vida.

ÖZET Kentsel alanlar sürekli bir sosyo-ekonomik değişim içerisindedir. Değişim süreci kentsel alanların genişlemesi ve nüfuslarının artması ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Hızlı ve kontrolsüz kentleşme süreci birçok sorunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Teknoloji kentsel dünya ortaya çıkan sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel sorunların üstesinden gelmek; yaşanabilir kentsel alanlar oluşturabilmek için kullanılan araçlardan biridir. Bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinin sürdürülebilirlik ve yaşam kalitesinin arttırılması amacıyla kullanıldığı kentler akıllı kentler olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Akıllı kentlerde sadece teknoloji altyapısının güçlendirilmesi söz konusu değildir. Planlama ve yönetim sürecinde insan, ekonomi, çevre, yönetişim, yaşam ve hareketlilik bileşenleri de dikkate alınmaktadır. Akıllı kent uygulamalarında farklı alanlarda gelişmiş teknolojileri yaygın bir şekilde kullanan öncü kentler (Lighthouse Cities) ve uygulamaları yaygınlaştırma çabası içerisindeki takipçi kentler (Follower Cities) yer almaktadır. Takipçi kentler açısından geliştirilebilecek yaklaşımlardan biri öncü kentlerde yapılan iyi uygulama örneklerinin incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı öncü kentlerde yapılan akıllı kent iyi uygulama örneklerinden hareketle takipçi kentler için çıkarımlar yapılmasıdır. Çalışmanın örneklemi Stockholm ve Bursa kentleridir. Uygulamaların incelenmesinde nitel yaklaşım kullanılmıştır. Kentlerde yapılan akıllı kent uygulamaları akıllı kent strateji, uygulama ve yönetim planları; internet kaynakları ve akademik yayınlar aracılığı ile incelenmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda Stockholm'ün öncü kent olduğu Bursa kenti içi örnek teşkil edebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmış ve Bursa kenti için akıllı kent uygulamalarına yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir. ABSTRACT Urban areas are in continuous socioeconomic change. The process of change brings about the urban sprawl and population increase. The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization process causes certain problems. Technology is a tool utilized for overcoming social, economic, environmental problems areas and creating livable urban areas. The cities where information communication technologies are used for sustainability and enhancing the quality of life are considered as smart cities. Smart cities are not only developing technological infrastructure but also human, economic, environmental, governance, life, and mobility component are taken into consideration in planning and administration process. In terms of smart city practices, lighthouse cities that use advanced smart technologies in certain fields and follower cities aiming to enhance practices emerge. One of the approaches for follower cities is investigating good practices of lighthouse cities. In this context, this study set out to make inference for follower cities based on the good practices of lighthouse cities. The samples of the study are Stockholm and Bursa. Qualitative method is employed to investigate practices. Smart city practices

This paper identifies the characteristics of smart cities as they emerge from the recent literature. It then examines whether and in what way these characteristics are present in the smart city plans of 15 cities: Amsterdam, Barcelona, London, PlanIT Valley, Stockholm, Cyberjaya, Singapore, King Abdullah Economic City, Masdar, Skolkovo, Songdo, Chicago, New York, Rio de Janeiro, and Konza. The results are presented with respect to each smart city characteristic. As expected, most strategies emphasize the role of information and communication technologies in improving the functionality of urban systems and advancing knowledge transfer and innovation networks. However, this research yields other interesting findings that may not yet have been documented across multiple case studies; for example, most smart city strategies fail to incorporate bottom-up approaches, are poorly adapted to accommodate the local needs of their area, and consider issues of privacy and security inadequately.

Buildings shape cities as those cities grow from and nurture people living and working within the built environment. Thus, the conceptualization of smart building should be brought closer to the smart city initiatives that particularly target ensuring and enhancing the sustainability and quality of urban life. In this paper, we propose that a smart building should be interlinked with a smart city surrounding it; it should provide good experiences to its various occupants and it should be in an ongoing state of evolving as an ecosystem, wherein different stakeholders can join to co-produce, co-provide and co-consume services. Smart buildings require a versatile set of smart services based on digital solutions, solutions in the built environment and human activities. We conducted a multiphase collaborative study on new service opportunities guided by a Design Thinking approach. The approach brought people, technology, and business perspectives together and resulted in key service oppo...

This work explores the Internet of Cultural Things (IoCTs) and applications in the context of smart cities and learning cities. Ambient culture is advanced as an emergent form of the IoCTs and applications in the context of 21st century everyday urban spaces. Using the constructs of awareness, learning, openness, and engagement enables formulation and operationalization of a framework for ambient culture in support of this study of the Internet of Cultural Things (IoCTs) and applications in smart cities. A case study approach is used in the gathering of qualitative data through interviews conducted with diverse individuals across several cities in Canada and Europe. In parallel with this study anecdotal evidence is gathered from individuals and groups about smart cities, enabling further analysis and triangulation of data. This work contributes to the research literature across several domains including the IoCTs and applications in relation to smart cities and learning cities. Future research and practice directions are identified for ambient culture going forward.

Despite the benefits of traffic lights in managing the intersection that gives safety to road users, they became disturbing for lots of people. This makes it necessary to design an intelligent traffic lights system. In this paper, we compare traditional and adaptive traffic control systems and discuss how the adaptive system decreases the congestion and how it became important to smart cities. So, our goals of this paper are to introduce an investigative study on the traffic lights control system.

The increased level of air pollution in big cities has become a major concern for several organizations and authorities because of the risk it represents to human health. In this context, the technology has become a very useful tool in the contamination monitoring and the possible mitigation of its impact. Particularly, there are different proposals using the internet of things (IoT) paradigm that use interconnected sensors in order to measure different pollutants. In this paper, we develop a systematic mapping study defined by a five-step methodology to identify and analyze the research status in terms of IoT-based air pollution monitoring systems for smart cities. The study includes 55 proposals, some of which have been implemented in a real environment. We analyze and compare these proposals in terms of different parameters defined in the mapping and highlight some challenges for air quality monitoring systems implementation into the smart city context.

The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles faces the challenges of insufficient capacity and long charging duration. These challenges decrease the electric vehicle users’ satisfaction and lower the profits of infrastructure providers. Reservation systems can mitigate these issues. We introduce a reference architecture for interoperable reservation systems. The advantages of the proposed architecture are: it (1) considers the needs of the most relevant electric mobility stakeholders, (2) satisfies the interoperability requirements of existing technological heterogeneity, and (3) provides a classification of reservation types based on a morphological methodology. We instantiate the reference architecture and verify its interoperability and fulfillment of stakeholder requirements. Further, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept by instantiating and implementing an ad-hoc reservation approach. Our validation was based on simulations of real-world case studies for various reservation d...

Until recently, knowledge-intensive work activities have predominantly taken place in office buildings as a specialized form of economic infrastructure. New digital technologies together with an economic and organizational transition from closed firms to open platforms has changed the pattern of work within the modern metropolis. The office building is no longer the sole workplace typology and work activity has intensified in other urban locations. The questions then are: "How might smart cities reinterpret workplace culture at the urban scale outside the framework of office buildings typology?" and "Which tools and methodologies can be used to make digital workplace culture visible at the urban scale?" In order to answer these questions, workplaces are observed not as private architectural spaces but as compositions of "subjective urban experiences". A Twitter data analysis provides evidence of workplace spatial culture within the innovative global cities of Amsterdam, London and Paris, interpreted as behavior settings. This analysis shows that office pattern locations are generally distributed independently to knowledge intensive business services and workplace demand, as expressed through social media analyses. In addition to office buildings, transit hubs, urban amenities and new digital services play a key role in reframing workplace location. Moving beyond generic visions for digital work in outer spaces, big data therefore provides specific insights and incentives for considering workplace design at the urban scale.

Cities have high demand and limited availability of water and energy, so it is necessary to have adequate technologies to make efficient use of these resources and to be able to generate them. This research focuses on developing and executing a methodology for an urban living lab vocation identification for a new water and energy self-sufficient university building. The methods employed were constructing a technological roadmap to identify global trends and select the technologies and practices to be implemented in the building. Among the chosen technologies were those for capturing and using rain and residual water, the generation of solar energy, and water and energy generation and consumption monitoring. This building works as a living laboratory since the operation and monitoring generate knowledge and innovation through students and research groups that develop projects. The insights gained from this study may help other efforts to avoid pitfalls and better design smart living ...

With rapid race in this era of technologies, Smart Parking in urban areas (Smart Cities) is becoming a big concern for its importance from environmental and economic aspects. Smart parking systems play an important role to improve the city life in terms of reducing the air pollution, gas emission, traffic congestion; it alleviates the time consuming for motorists to easily allocate available parking space lots. This project will provide a Vision-Based approach for easily detection and classification of empty and non-empty parking lots. Firstly, pre-localized coordinates configuration will be done to determine the places of vehicle parking lots. Secondly, an adaptive weather analytic technique that depended on first statistics (i.e., the mean & variance) criteria was adopted in this work to measure and compensate the weather condition changes using information of RGB chromatic channels. Finally, parking spaces inspection technique is used that based on some pixels of empty road and parking areas to detect and classify vehicle occupancy in these lots. The proposed system applied on some common parking standard dataset (PKLot) samples; and the results were promising under different scenarios of weather conditions.

The current era of austerity is placing increasing pressure on governments everywhere to do more with less, particularly at the local level where government services have the greatest impact on citizens' everyday lives. Thereby the roles of information and communication technologies and citizens are highlighted. This article is designed to yield insights into how local city administrations can facilitate and optimize citizen involvement in the context of the co-production of city services deploying mobile devices. Cities can be seen to open up public data aiming at offering new opportunities for the generation, use and integration of, among others, economic, social and environmental data. They seek to do so via city-hosted toolkits allowing users – which are the most important users of the city's urban environment and generating the most current data and knowledge that may inform and enrich governing practices, such as planning  - to develop mobile applications emphasizing local deployment. The analytical framework focuses on the role of the (purposefully) city-provided toolkit and the citizens' capacities to engage in the public domain guided by the Living Lab approach. In doing so, the dynamics between the provided tools (and data) addressing the needs of the city and citizens underpinning citizens' everyday life experience in navigating and appropriating the urban space, are drawn out. The empirical results are used as preliminary evidence to yield a more rounded understanding of co-production of e-government information and services leveraged as a core innovative process, currently being played out, in the city of Athens (Greece) and Ghent (Belgium).

The optimal routing problem has always been the main event of city emergency rescue. Its research object has developed from searching for "the shortest route" to searching "the optimal route". The related algorithms and techniques differ in different situations. In addition to distance problem, the influence of various parameters factors should also be analyzed under the complicated conditions. The amount of the accidents in the world is terrifying and it is viewed as the highest in the world. So in this situation, we need an efficient method for fast intervention that will respond in such situations. Therefore, it is important to encourage the study in ambulance management and routing by introducing a new strategy for guiding ambulance toward the position of the accident in an efficient way. A distributed solution is proposed based on the ant colony system algorithm model. The improved method is based on a distributed architecture to compute and find the optimal path for a set of emergency vehicles. Based on the defect of the ambulance route planning, this paper puts forward a new distributed model to find the best way that minimizes the time while taking into consideration the cases of problems that can appear each time such as traffics, speed limit, number of available ambulances, the position of the hospitals.

Nas Relações Internacionais o conceito de Paradiplomacia foi abordado pelos professores Ivo Duchacek (1986) e Panayotis Soldatos (1990) embora o mesmo já era utilizado dentro da área de Direito Internacional, sendo concebida como uma técnica de negociação entre indivíduos, grupos ou entidades segundo Der Derian (1987) ou como um neologismo para a chamada diplomacia paralela (Cervo,2008). Havendo uma evolução do termo conforme sua adesão no panorama internacional e o próprio desenvolvimento das Relações Internacionais e da ação dos atores no cenário internacional, existindo atualmente, diferentes conceitualizações conforme a realidade nacional dos chamados entes sub-estatais (Prieto.2004; Tewari,2017; Schivon 2004; Iglesias 2008). Isto se deve a própria evolução dos Estados, e de conceitos chaves tais como identidade ou território nacional, sendo a concepção clássica “A ação internacional dos entes subnacionais” limitante, já que a mesma não se encaixa na realidade de determinadas regiões ou a processos recentes tais como a geração de fórums de diálogo entre diferentes modelos de representação territorial.

Territórios ultramarinos, Estados Associados, Regiões Autônomas, Territórios históricos etc. Compõe novos elementos dentro do cenário da Paradiplomacia que por sua vez atua ora de forma conjunta, ora de forma paralela com a chamada diplomacia estatal.

Sendo assim, a Paradiplomacia poderia melhor se definir como “As dinâmicas e projeções dos interesses locais no cenário internacional cuja titularidade é de uma determinada região ou localidade” e dessa forma evitar limitar a mesma a uma conjuntura a formação de Estado predeterminado, abrangendo um maior número de atores e ações que de fato já ocorrem no panorama internacional, como fruto da progênie de organizações desde a consolidação da globalização e o incremento da atividade internacional.

Embora o termo pode e deve ser amplamente discutido pela academia das Relações Internacionais, permitindo uma continua evolução do mesmo. Ao longo deste compilatório são utilizadas distintas conceitualizações conforme a natureza e local do tema discutido, buscando dilatar ao máximo a significância da Paradiplomacia e as múltiplas possibilidades desta.
ISBN 9786558901051

Smart Campus is an android mobile application that has strong features to facilitates students, faculties, admins, parents, and managers. It provides a comprehensive integrated solution to improve the overall performance of the college. The use of mobile applications is increasing day by day. We all use the mobile application in a lot of things in our daily life. We came up with an idea of building an application that will help the students and faculty member to accesses the system as fast as possible. In this study, we will discuss the problem and propose a solution to it, as we will talk about the planning phase and its component, requirements the functional and non-functional with its Data Flow Diagram, etc. We also design the interfaces. This mobile application will help the students and faculty members to do the tasks in the minimum time.

Smart, sustainable and safe cities. But how can a traditional metropolis achieve this complex aim? What facts are go handed together with the sustainability and the safety expected by the townsmen? How could we improve our city better all by ourselves? What kinds of technological side has got a smart city’s construction and development? We could easily illustrate the answers several numbers from among the urban infrastructures. At the same time in our sight the urban traffic infrastructure in the city's fabric such as the vascular system which encompassed human bodies. The vehicular traffic in cities is almost look likes the flow of the blood in our body. Accordingly, we will point out the local transport system of the city only subjective way. The reason of the above applied method is that we would like to analyze the main qualities of the clever city transport subsystem.

This work explores mechanisms for realization of the Internet of Cultural Things (IoCT) and applications in public spaces in the context of learning cities and smart cities. Focusing on the constructs of awareness, learning, and engagement, the purpose of this work is to explore the potential for animating cultural heritage elements or fragments using the IoCT and applications in public spaces. Theoretically this work is situated at the intersection of adaptive reuse and designing for deconstruction enabled by the IoCT and applications in support of learning cities and smart cities. Using a case study approach, qualitative and quantitative data are gathered through in-depth interviews and an online survey. Anecdotal evidence is also gathered in parallel with this study through group and individual interviews enabling further analysis and triangulation of data. This work makes a contribution to the research literature across several domains – the IoCT and applications, cultural heritage, learning cities, and smart cities. This work also contributes to the discussion and debate spaces for ambient culture and ambient heritage with the potential to influence new directions for future research and practice.

Cities are expecting dramatic population growth and so it will need new and intelligent infrastructure to
meet the needs of their citizens and businesses. The water provided by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC)
is not sufficient for the use of citizen. In this project we have only considered the water resources available in the
different area only in the Aurangabad city. All resources are mapped in the Google map using KML platform .The
research also deals with providing a graphical view for the availability of ground water resources of the Aurangabad
city in contour form which can provide a way to study their features. The groundwater flow model for the study area
was formulated by using input data, such as the location of water resources and appropriate boundary conditions.

Il concetto di ‘smart city’ designa un approccio innovativo alla
governance della città mediante il quale tutte le politiche sono definite e
implementate in modo integrato e orientate a migliorare la qualità della vita degli
abitanti, a ridurre le emissioni inquinanti e a promuovere lo sviluppo economico.
In questo paradigma, tuttavia, e sulla base di quanto emerge da una prima disamina
della letteratura scientifica e delle esperienze in atto, sembra che la prospettiva di
genere sia quasi del tutto ignorata. Essa, tuttavia, appare a chi scrive avere
importanti implicazioni per le città smart. Innanzitutto, l’attenzione al genere
andrebbe favorita tramite l’adozione del Gender Mainstreaming Approach in tutti
gli ambiti di policy e in ogni fase del policy-making. Inoltre maggiore enfasi
andrebbe posta sull’aspetto relazionale delle politiche per la città intelligente,
affinché coesione sociale e sostenibilità sociale siano pienamente realizzate.

In recent years, the world’s population living in cities has been rapidly increasing. Cities are transforming their infrastructure in a smarter and more efficient way so that sustainable development forms part of their long-term strategy. However, this transformation does not always result in expected benefits due to a variety of factors such as an absence of social acceptance, a lack of holistic design and the development of unilateral interventions. An analysis of the scientific literature related to the evaluation of the impact of smart city actions revealed a gap in the holistic methods for their assessment. To this end, an accurate evaluation of implemented smart solutions focusing on the energy domain is necessary in order to assess the expected and realized impact of each solution. This paper proposes a seven-step methodology for assessing the impact of smart city interventions and presents a use case for the city of Espoo. A number of major findings were the outcome of our r...

La ley nacional No 23.950, las normativas y jurisprudencia equivalente que permiten a los agentes policiales interceptar, bajo presunción de peligrosidad, la libre circulación de ciudadanos, y privarlos de libertad por horas en una comisaría en caso de no acreditar su identidad, son herederas de una tradición de detenciones ilegales y arbitrarias para el
disciplinamiento social.
Mientras esta ley es un mecanismo legal-jurídico de poder, cuestionable desde su propio carácter legal-jurídico por ser contraria a la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, y por lo tanto parte de nuestra Constitución. Los jueces actúan más en función de que los agentes de la policía respeten las formalidades posteriores a la detención, que en función de determinar si existían las razones excepcionales que constitucionalmente deben verificarse para aceptar la injerencia en la libertad individual (Martín, 2010).
En poco tiempo los más de 44 millones de argentinos habremos obtenido el nuevo Documento Nacional digital de Identidad. Esto significa que nuestros datos biométricos habrán sido recolectados, digitalizados y luego centralizados en una sola base de datos del Registro Nacional de las Personas (RENAPER) al cual pueden acceder todas las policías del país en el marco del Sistema Federal de Identificación Biométrica (SIBIOS), creado para fines de seguridad pública por el Decreto PEN No 1766/11. Esto significa que las agencias policiales federales y provinciales hoy pueden realizar una identificación inmediata y remota de los individuos mediante una captura fotográfica del rostro o con la toma de huellas dactilares en dispositivos itinerantes que, al ser contrastadas en línea con la base de datos federal, permite obtener la identidad del individuo en cuestión.
Esta iniciativa y ciertos proyectos legislativos, apuntan a saldar la responsabilidad internacional de la Argentina sobre la vigencia de las detenciones arbitrarias de la Ley No 23.950 y equivalentes, argumentando que estos avances tecnológicos volverían innecesarios los procedimientos de detención. Más aún, si se tiene en cuenta el creciente paradigma de
ciudades inteligentes y seguras, donde la conectividad es el eje central para una conciencia situacional basada en el intercambio rápido de información con centros de comando y control, y con sistemas y bases de datos múltiples.
En este trabajo introduciré a parte de la investigación que estoy realizando sobre cómo la posibilidad de aplicar tecnología digital para saldar una cuestión de derecho, puede abrir las puertas a una variante cualitativa de estas detenciones arbitrarias que, ante la falla contingente (intencional o no) de los dispositivos digitales, sería capaz de disimular la histórica arbitrariedad policial detrás de una conjugación de supuesta neutralidad científico-tecnológica y de azar.

The possibility of so-called ‘smart' technologies to improve city life has filled both pages of concern and PR leaflets. While the corporations driving these developments have emphasized how smart technologies can improve efficiency, critics have warned against the risks associated with the proliferation of smart surveillance. However, a critical discourse about the potential, limits and risks of the proliferation of smart technologies has not yet emerged, and in most instances public officials and decision-makers are ill-equipped to judge both the value and the externalities of the technologies being sold under the label ‘smart cities'. This paper presents a summary of smart solutions and definitions, and draws on the surveillance literature to address issues and risks related to the global drive to outsmart competing cities in a context of global governance. Using a multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary approach, it aims to provide a starting point for a public debate that involves policy-makers, developers and academics.