Social-Ecological Systems

● Autor principal, junto a otros miembros del Colectivo Etnológico Enharetà, del libro Conjunto hidráulico de las minas, acequias, aljibes, molinos y batán del Barrio Santana (Mijas) y su entorno. Estudio etnológico. Mijas (Málaga): Museo Histórico Etnográfico de Mijas, 2015; 365 págs.

● Main author of this book, along with other members of the Ethnological group Enharetà. Title translation into English: Hydraulic Conjunct of Mines, Ditches, Ponds, Mills and Fuller of the Barrio Santana (Mijas) and its Environment. Ethnological Study.

● Autó prinzipá der libro mentao, kohuntamente kon otroh miembroh der Kolehtibo Ehnolóhiko Enharetà.

For downloading / Para descarga / P’abahárzelo  >

http://huanporrah.edublogs.org/2015/08/12/libro-conjunto-hidraulico-de-las-minas-acequias-aljibes-molinos-y-batan-del-barrio-santana-mijas-y-su-entorno-estudio-etnologico/

• COAUTORES del Equipo Investigador y Redactor
del Colectivo etnológico Enharetà:

- Huan Porrah Blanko
Doctor en Antropología Social y Cultural
Miembro del GISAP (Univ. Pablo Olavide)
Miembro de ASANA
- Juan Alarcón Alarcón
Investigador del patrimonio histórico-cultural
de Mijas
- José Antonio Cortés Postigo
Espeleólogo de la So.E.E. Mainake
- Lázaro Moreno Alarcón
Espeleólogo de la So.E.E. Mainake
- Isabel Moreno Criado
Licenciada en Filosofía
- Sofía Moreno Criado
Licenciada en Derecho
- Mª Dolores Mota Pérez
Licenciada en Biología
- Francisco Fernández Gómez
Licenciado en Biología

In this article, we argue that there must be a clear and consistent connection in research between the theory that we use, the methods that we employ, and the way in which we analyze our data. This is true no matter what aspects of children and families are being studied, although we study children and their families in different cultural contexts. The theoretical approach that we use is derived from Urie Bronfenbrenner’s recent writings. His theory is an ecological and systemic theory, forcing us to examine simultaneously aspects of the developing individual, aspects of the context (immediate, distal, and historical), the interactive processes that link the two and which foster development itself, and to follow that development over time. The research that the first author (Tudge) has been conducting with various colleagues over the past 10 years is the way in which we illustrate how this theory can be applied appropriately.

The problem of misuse or loss of natural resources like the forests are due to a limited understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resour ces (E. Ostrom, 2009). This is because the Social-Ecological systems (SESs) are inherently complex, hence the problems related to their use are rarely due to a single cause which complicate the institutional design and change to solve it. It is in this context that the E. Ostrom's SES framework was developed as a tool of diagnostic analysis to understand the complexity embedded into the governance of the SESs (E. Ostrom, 2007). However, the use of the SES framework to identify how institutional change can be stimulated is still at lower level of development (E. Ostrom, 2009). The objective of this paper is to present how institutional change can be studied using SES framework in a concrete SES case study, and how the micro-/macro-relations can be modelled to understand the functionality of the commons in the context of variable patterns of interactions. This paper bases its methodology on the E. Ostrom SES framework theory and its application (E. Ostrom, 2011), and the meta-analysis of 32 case studies of Mexican community forests in the context of the Social-Ecological System Meta-Analysis Database (SESMAD, 2014). As the results, it was identified that: (i) the performance of each case study is based on a complex set of interactions whose patterns of interactions result into desired or undesired outcomes, hence the institutional change should be based on, to set out the configurations of variables of each case which may lead or not to desired outcomes, (ii) based on a case study as a unit of analysis, the micro-/macro-relations can be modeled through the institutional design founded on and fostered by considering the community forests SES as a complex system of variable interactions, whose patterns lead to successful of unsuccessful situations of the resource use. These results share a conception of that each case should not be considered as unique. The successful cases share some attributes whereas the failed cases present a lack of some of those attributes. Thus, a comparative study is necessary. Keywords: Social-Ecological Systems (SESs), Social-Ecological System (SES) framework, variable patterns of interactions, micro-/macro-relations of the commons, case-based meta-analysis.

The purpose of this chapter is fivefold. First, it highlights that, despite apparent progress, business in general, and marketing in particular, has made little impact upon environmental sustainability. Second, it offers four explanations for the persistent challenges that contribute to this lack of meaningful progress. Third, it presents two theoretical lenses (i.e., assemblage theory and socio-ecological systems theory) for viewing environmental sustainability from new perspectives. Fourth, it offers a mid-range theory, biomimicry, to bridge the gap between these higher-level theories and managerial decisions on the ground. Finally, it offers implications and ideas for future research based on these persistent challenges and new perspectives.

This paper addresses the question of why South Africa’s cultural museums and the South African Museums Association (SAMA) should take action on climate change. What is the relevance of climate change to the future of cultural museums and to SAMA? A literature survey of research on the predicted impacts of climate change on South Africa demonstrates its sociocultural effects. Museological work is considered in support of the argument that museums are social institutions with social responsibility at the core of their mission. These premises motivate the argument that cultural museums have a responsibility to engage with the impacts of climate change in their public programmes and that to do so is crucial to the social sustainability of museums in the medium to long term. The article considers why climate change has so little presence in the work of South Africa’s museums, and concludes that this is due to what Pendlebury calls the “authorised heritage discourse”. This paper contends that the development of an ecological model of heritage practice is an appropriate means through which to adapt the authorised heritage discourse to encompass climate change work. To do so is concomitant with the present socially-oriented goals of the heritage sector, and is in fact crucial to the success of the sector’s transformation project. The broad character of such a model to be developed in future work is outlined in the final part of the article, drawing on the ecocritical work that has been done in cultural studies and on the concept of cultural landscapes.

The word disaster is derived from the Italian disastro or “unfavorable star” and implies a random act of wanton destruction by nature or by human intervention. Yet, in reality, disasters are a regular part of human experience. They occur in every part of the world, taking different forms and touching many lives. Planning to mitigate their effects and acting effectively to help communities to recover is not only possible but necessary (Kasi, Bhadra, & Dryer, 2007). As social workers, we appreciate that disasters disproportionately affect physically, socially, economically, and politically vulnerable populations (Mathbor, 2007; Ritchie, L. & Gill, D., 2018; UN General Assembly, 2007). As clinicians, we appreciate the ways in which experiencing a disaster, as well as every aspect of relief and recovery, can affect the emotional well-being of vulnerable survivors (Inter-Agency Standing Committee [IASC], 2007). We understand that compromised well-being increases vulnerability, so the role that we play is crucial in supporting a population’s ability to survive, thrive, and struggle as active participants in building the future.
This chapter discusses best practices for clinical social work intervention following disaster and terrorism (see Appendix A). The purpose of this chapter is to compile, clarify, and discuss what has been learned in various countries and situations in order to integrate and build upon that knowledge to create opportunities for effective clinical response. Clinical social work principles and practice inform interventions that preserve well-being, support psychosocial development, and facilitate reconstruction as well as address mourning, loss, and care of the mentally ill. They do so by employing the biopsychosocial model that forms an essential unit of clinical social work analysis. This model uses an ecological framework to examine individual, biological, and intrapsychic life as it is situated in the sociocultural sphere. The chapter refers specifically to social ecological theories of resilience, psychodynamic theories that support resilience, as well as the new study of community resilience and the neurobiological principles that underpin it.

Contemporary challenges of climate change, population growth, resource scarcity, and environmental decline prompt designers to envision new relationships between nature and culture. Infrastructure design and adaptation are key to addressing theses issues. This article argues for the formulation of a landscape approach that integrates biotic and abiotic systems to envision more dynamic interactions among infrastructure, ecology, and urbanism. Conceptualized as cyborg landscapes, this approach embraces notions of change, adaptation, and feedback to create hybrid infrastructures of human and non-human systems, of living and non-living entities, across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Three examples illustrate that the profession is already (knowingly or unknowingly) working within this framework. Designed as co-dependent socioecological networks, these projects transform and choreograph landscape processes across multiple spatial and temporal scales. They promote an aesthetic that is predicated on relationships between dynamic things and systems. By stressing co-evolutionary processes between human agency and ecological systems, cyborg landscapes aspire to create multifunctional landscapes that do not simply operate in the present, but learn from experiences in order to adapt and grow smarter.

This paper is the complementary, written component for my Masters Thesis in Ecological Design thinking. The documentary can be found on Vimeo - https://vimeo.com/147702609.

The thesis was an attempt to try and complement both rational and irrational ways of thinking. Allowing theory to be practised with real world experiences within Wilderness.

El libro discute las relaciones entre economía, política y ecología. Recurre a una vasta bibliografía técnica (las referencias rebasan el millar), pero se ubica dentro de los márgenes de la literatura de divulgación, accesible para cualquier lector.
Desde una perspectiva decrecentista, argumenta que la salida más verosímil y hacedera a la crisis ecológica en curso reside en una reformulación del sistema socioeconómico desde abajo, mediante la recuperación de espacios para la interacción significativa y la autogestión.
El recorrido que se realiza en el texto es el siguiente:
El primer capítulo ofrece una panorámica de la crisis ecológica global a través de una somera descripción del estado del arte en las disciplinas que vienen encargándose de dar cuenta de la evolución del cambio climático y el proceso de pérdida de biodiversidad en curso.
El segundo y el tercero se dedican al modo en que han venido tratando dicha crisis, respectivamente, los medios de comunicación y las políticas occidentales.
El cuarto describe cómo la sufren en el tercer mundo.
En el quinto se examinan las causas de la abúlica y desarticulada respuesta ciudadana a dicha crisis.
El sexto se dedica a una de las más importantes y menos divulgadas amenazas medioambientales: la industria alimentaria.
Una vez contemplada la crisis ecológica bajo la óptica social y medioambiental a lo largo de esos seis primeros capítulos, los tres últimos tratan de la economía política que subyace a la misma, y abordan sucesivamente una descripción de la actual época económica, una crítica de los argumentos de sus valedores en el ámbito del debate medioambiental y una concisa presentación de las principales vías abiertas a su superación.

The current and projected impacts of climate change make understanding the environmental and social vulnerability of coastal communities and the planning of adaptations important international goals and national policy initiatives. Yet, coastal communities are concurrently experiencing numerous other social, political, economic, demographic and environmental changes or stressors that also need to be considered and planned for simultaneously to maintain social and environmental sustainability. There are a number of methods and processes that have been used to study vulnerability and identify adaptive response strategies. This paper describes the stages, methods and results of a modified community-based scenario planning process that was used for vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning within the context of multiple interacting stressors in two coastal fishing communities in Thailand. The four stages of community-based scenario planning included: (1) identifying the problem and purpose of scenario planning; (2) exploring the system and types of change; (3) generating possible future scenarios; and (4) proposing and prioritizing adaptations. Results revealed local perspectives on social and environmental change, participant visions for their local community and the environment, and potential actions that will help communities to adapt to the changes that are occurring. Community-based scenario planning proved to have significant potential as an anticipatory action research process for incorporating multiple stressors into vulnerability analysis and adaptation planning. This paper reflects on the process and outcomes to provide insights and suggest changes for future applications of community-based scenario planning that will lead to more effective learning, innovation and action in communities and related social–ecological systems.

ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN LAKE AYATA (OUED RIGH VALLEY: NORTHERN ALGERIAN SAHARA).
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ABSTRACT: Ayata Lake (155 ha) belongs to the complex of wetlands of Oued Righ Valley in Algerian Lower-Sahara. This study conducted between October 2009 and June 2010 has allowed a bioecological characterization of both biotic and abiotic elements of the site.
Flora and fauna Inventories have revealed existence of 13 plant species, 03 fish, 02 amphibians, 06 reptiles, 55 birds and 07 mammals. The flora of the site is mapped then the dynamics of dominant plant species is assessed by GIS software. Bio-ecological Statuses (faunal, trophic, phenological and protection) are attributed to the species surveyed and they are discussed. The spatiotemporal occupation of the lake by birds is mapped and detailed. Furthermore, this study includes a general review on wetlands ecosystems. Wetlands of the Lower-Sahara region (Ziban, Souf, valley of Oued Righ, and Ouargla) are inventoried, classified and mapped. This approach helped to highlight the biological resources of Ayata Lake and determine its actual ecological value. This can lead to propose suggestions for management and conservation close to its socioeconomic status in a sustainable development view.

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RÉSUMÉ: Le Lac Ayata (155 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides de la Vallée d’Oued Righ au Bas-Sahara algérien. L’étude menée entre octobre 2009 et juin 2010 a permis une caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Les inventaires de la flore et de la faune ont révélé l’existence de 13 espèces végétales, 03 poissons, 02 amphibiens, 06 reptiles, 55 oiseaux et 07 mammifères. La flore du site est cartographiée et la dynamique saisonnière des espèces dominantes est estimée par un logiciel de SIG. Des statuts bioécologiques (fauniques, trophiques, phénologiques et de protection) sont attribués aux espèces animales inventoriées puis ils sont discutés. L’occupation spatiotemporelle du lac par l’avifaune est cartographiée et détaillée. Par ailleurs, cette étude comporte des connaissances générales sur les des zones humides. Celles-ci sont inventoriées, classifiées puis cartographies dans la région du Bas-Sahara (Ziban, Souf, Vallée d’Oued Righ et Ouargla). Cette approche a permis de mettre en valeur les ressources biologiques du site et de déterminer son importance écologique. Ceci peut aboutir à des suggestions de gestion et de conservation étroites à son état socioéconomique dans une prospection d’un développement durable.

Cities play a crucial role in shaping coupled human-environment systems at local and global scales. With a view to amounting sustainability deficits, urban stakeholders thus require transformative capacity to perform radical change within and across the multiple socio-ecological and socio-technical systems embedded in cities. However, existing (transformative) ‘capacity’ concepts refer to distinct subjects and purposes and do not adequately address the particularities of urban contexts and/or practical operationalization. Therefore, this paper suggests an integrated conceptual framework for developing ‘urban transformative capacity’, drawing on contributions from a range of research areas. It identifies 10 key components and a range of factors that describe the forms of agency and interaction, development processes and relational dimensions involved in building up urban transformative capacity, emphasizing the vital role of place and scale in this. It thus establishes a baseline and direction for capacity growth. This allows recognizing the particular requirements and assets of diverse types of cities and urban contexts in the global North and South, and offers strategic orientation for urban policy making, planning practice and research.

Since the Neolithic period and the rise of agriculture along
Mesopotamia’s “Fertile Crescent,” greater societies have formed thus
requiring laws and governance to ensure their continued preservation.
The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is one such example of how
agricultural technologies directly created new social and
institutional structures in codifying slavery into law, or how
mercantile transactions are to be conducted. Similarly, GMOs are the
result of modern agricultural technologies that are altering laws and
society as a result of their implementation. This transformation
informs the central inquiries of my research question: Why are GMOs
necessary, and what influences do they have on the project of human
rights? As our age is defined by the products of bioluminescent – or
glow-in-the-dark – cats and goats that can excrete spider silk
proteins from their mammary glands, these questions become essential.
I conclude that the technology does not, at least conceptually,
conflict with or undermine human rights. Instrumental reason has firm
limitations in biological applications as well as conflict with its
inherent anarchical nature. We are now compelled to question the
utility of genetic engineering and if it merely places humanity into
another precarious “arms race” with weeds and pests, in addition to
the pressure of maintaining current dependencies of petrochemicals,
fertilizers, and continued observations of ecological homeostasis.

Despite the increasing trend worldwide of integrating indigenous and scientific knowledge in natural resource management, there has been little stock-taking of literature on lessons learned from bringing indigenous knowledge and science together and the implications for maintaining and building social-ecological system resilience. In this paper we investigate: (1) themes, questions, or problems encountered for integration of indigenous knowledge and science; (2) the relationship between knowledge integration and social-ecological system resilience; and (3) critical features of knowledge integration practice needed to foster productive and mutually beneficial relationships between indigenous knowledge and science. We examine these questions through content analyses of three special journal issues and an edited book published in the past decade on indigenous, local, and traditional knowledge and its interface with science. We identified broad themes in the literature related to: (1) similarities and differences between knowledge systems; (2) methods and processes of integration; (3) social contexts of integration; and (4) evaluation of knowledge. A minority of papers discuss a relationship between knowledge integration and social-ecological system resilience, but there remains a lack of clarity and empirical evidence for such a relationship that can help distinguish how indigenous knowledge and knowledge integration contribute most to resilience. Four critical features of knowledge integration are likely to enable a more productive and mutually beneficial relationship between indigenous and scientific knowledge: new frames for integration, greater cognizance of the social contexts of integration, expanded modes of knowledge evaluation, and involvement of inter-cultural “knowledge bridgers.”

Complex stakeholder pressure on peatlands is nothing new. Throughout history, peatlands have been looked upon as providers of socio-economic opportunities. Burns Bog in Vancouver, Canada is a good example of this. This Bog was utilised first by indigenous peoples and later it was partially used for sod peat production. These have been influential impacts ecologically, but Burns Bog has largely retained its hydrological integrity. Though now a cutover peatland, spontaneous regeneration has been rapid and has resulted in high species diversity. Today it has been identified as a unique peatland system in that it is located in both a Mediterranean climate zone and high population, urban setting. This urban growth has engulfed the regenerating peatland contributing to a plethora of new pressures and leading some to believe that the future is bleak. This paper will review the many socio-economic impacts on Burns Bog, as well as strategies for its conservation, stakeholder perceptions and policy implications.

Past and present forms of internationalism have taught us that the struggle against racial capitalism and Imperialism can only succeed if undertaken as a collective. As rising temperatures and sea levels (as well as the rapid spread of the deadly coronavirus) remind us, international solidarity is neither an abstract nor intellectual duty. Rather, it derives from the realization that our own liberation — and indeed, our survival — is fundamentally linked to the liberation and survival of the most oppressed people across the globe.

Обсуждается предмет, цели и задачи охраны природы как научно-практической дисциплины. Её значение для экологической теории определяется:
1) пониманием сообществ как мозаики нарушений на разных стадиях зарастания, и устойчивости экосистем как динамического баланса между нарушением и восстановлением растительности (фауна соответствующих территорий играет ключевую роль в обоих процессах);
2) исследованием механизмов устойчивости и жизнеспособности популяций в нарушенных и фрагментируемых местообитаниях, достигающейся вопреки ресурсной, средовой и демографической стохастичности. Включая наш собственный вид, Homo sapiens, с его производством и потреблением, «дробящим» и фрагментирующим природные ландшафты.
Наиболее общие причины экологического кризиса:
а) выгодность умеренных нарушений для хозяйства и природы одновременно,
б) экономические стимулы и другие социальные факторы, постоянно подталкивающие выйти за оптимум антропогенной нагрузки, промысла биоресурсов и пр. параметров трансформации экосистем,
в) «контуров разрушения» - положительных обратных связей, запускающихся, когда нарушение перейдёт допустимый предел и способствующих ещё большему нарушению.
Охарактеризованы факторы а) – в) для современной эпохи, определяющиеся глобальный характер экологического кризиса при современном капитализме. Ведущим фактором развития кризиса оказывается потребительское давление, а не «демографический взрыв» – по мере развития промышленной и урбанистической инфраструктуры человечества второй тормозит, первый, наоборот, набирает скорость.
Обсуждаются пределы роста мирового хозяйства, выход за которые в 1980-е годы вызвал нынешний кризис, возможности экологически устойчивого развития. Показано, что последнее недостижимо количественным ограничением роста мировой экономики, но качественными изменением её структуры:
1) последовательным ограничением свободы предпринимательства, всё более полной компенсацией экологических и социальных рисков, «производимых» одновременно с товарами, что делает выгодным переход от рыночной стихии к плановому хозяйству.
2) Смена ориентиров поведения хозяйствующих субъектов и потребителей от краткосрочного выигрыша к долгосрочному, от максимизации прибыльности вложений к долгосрочной устойчивости существования. Необходимые условия этого созданы процессом 1; что позволяет «вместить» мировое хозяйство в условия устойчивости Германа Дейли.
3) Сопряжённо с изменением структуры производства меняется потребление: от решения проблемы частными средствами, когда ты конкурируешь с множеством делающих то же самое, к вложениям в развитие общественной инфраструктуры, работа которой предоставляет те же возможности всем и на равных. Устранение конкуренции, кроме большей эффективности использования, определяет (при прочих равных) меньшую затрату ресурсов и меньший экологический ущерб.
4) Улучшение качества среды обитания достигается преимущественно восстановлением природных сообществ или их техногенных аналогов (рукотворных ландшафтов), а не техническими средствами. Первое лучше и дешевле второго (во всех случаях кондиционирования среды обитания, где возможно сопоставление). Фактически это проявление общего принципа оптимизации, известного как «совмещение нескольких функций в одном конструктивном элементе», где одна функция – экологическая. А «элемент» представляет собой экосистемы, способные к самоподдержанию, или включают их.
Описаны знаменитые модели «пределов роста» Денниса и Донеллы Медоуз, исходя из которых предсказан глобальный экономический кризис. Показана состоятельность модели, соответствие предсказанных в ней тенденций динамики реальному ходу событий. Описано рождение термина «устойчивое развитие», связанные с ним надежды и причины, по которым они остались пустыми.
Описаны принципы моделирования и структура модели. Анализируется кибернетический механизм развития экологического кризиса, на его основе показано, почему в рамках сценария «бизнес как всегда» обычные регуляторы – рынок и технологии – не просто включаются с запозданием, но, включившись, ухудшают ситуацию. Описаны системные преимущества плановой экономики по переходу к экологически устойчивому развитию.
This paper discusses the subject matter, goals and aims of environmental protection as an academic and practical discipline. Its significance for ecological theory is defined by: 1) the under¬standing of a coenosis as a mosaic of disturbances (or gaps) in various stages of healing and of the persistence of ecological sys¬tems as a dynamic equilibrium between disruption and restoration of vegetation (in both these processes local fauna plays a key part); 2) the study of mechanisms by which populations in dis¬rupted and fragmented habitats achieve sustainability and survivability despite the stochastic properties of resources, environment and demographics, including our own species, the Homo sapiens, with its production and consumption that fragment and fracture natural landscapes.
The generalized causes of the present ecological crisis are:
a. the profitability of moderate disturbances both for industry and nature
b. the economic stimuli and other social fac¬tors that constantly promote going beyond the anthro¬pogenic pressure optimum, the limits of biological re¬source exploitation and other ecosystem transformation parameters.
c. the destructive feedback patterns - positive feedback loops that start when a disturbance crosses a cer¬tain threshold and compound this disturbance further.
Factors a) to c) are described for the modern period as de¬fined by the global scale of the ecological crisis in modern capitalism. The leading factor in this crisis’ development turns out to be consumption impact instead of a population boom: as industrial and urban infrastructure of human civilization develops, the for¬mer increases while the latter decreases.
Also on topic are the limits to growth of the global economy the surpassing of which during the 1980s has caused the present crisis, and the possibilities of sustainable development. The latter is shown to be impossible to achieve by quantitative limits on global economic growth alone, only with a qualitative transformation of the whole structure of the global economy, including:
1) consecutive steps to limit the freedom of private enter¬prise and increase compensation for environmental and social risks “produced” along with the goods and services, which makes transition from the chaotic free market to a planned economy vi¬able.
2) a complete change of milestones and reference points guiding consumers and economic entities from short-term profits to long-term gains and from maximizing the profitability of in¬vestments to long-term sustainability of the economy. The neces¬sary conditions for such a change are provided by step 1 which al¬lows to “fit” the global economy into the sustainability conditions as defined by H. Daly.
3) a radical change in consumption patterns alongside the structure of production: from solving a problem by private means while competing with others doing the same thing, to investment in development of a common infrastructure that affords the same possibilities to everyone equally. Removing competition, apart from increasing effectiveness, also leads (under the same condi¬tions) to less environmental damage and resource consumption.
4) improving the environment by restoring natural habitats or building their technological analogues (man-made landscapes) instead of using purely technological means, since the former is cheaper and better than the latter in all cases of environmental conditioning where comparison is possible. In fact this is a minor case of a larger optimization principle called the “combination of several functions in one structural element”, where one of the function is ecological, and the element is represented by self-sus¬taining ecosystems or includes them.
The paper also reviews and comments on the famous “lim¬its to growth” models made by Dennis and Donella Meadows that predict the global environmental and economic crisis. The model is shown to be valid and the dynamics and trends outlined by it coincide with the actual course of events. The term “sustainable development” and its origins are discussed along with the expectations that it had provoked and the reasons why said expectations remained unfulfilled.
The principles of modeling and the structure of the model itself are outlined in the later part of the paper, with the analysis of the developmental mechanism of the development of the environ¬mental crisis, and based upon this analysis the paper shows why in the basic “business as usual” scenario the usual regulators - namely, the free market and technology - not only fail to activate in time, but also confound and aggravate the situation further. The systemic advantages of a planned economy in transition to a sus¬tainable type of development are described in the conclusion

El intenso flujo migratorio entre México y Estados Unidos trae consigo cambios en la dinámica familiar de los hogares en donde alguno(s) de sus integrantes o la familia completa migran o retornan a casa después de haber estado ausentes, ya sea de manera voluntaria o forzada por procesos de deportación o repatriación. Los niños y niñas en los hogares de migrantes viven de manera estresante los procesos de separación y reunificación familiar. Ello trae consigo la imperante necesidad de brindar atención psicológica que promueva el bienestar integral de las personas migrantes, específicamente de los infantes y sus familias. Este artículo propone diversas técnicas y estrategias para el trabajo con niños y niñas con experiencia migratoria, así como con sus familias.

Las Islas Galápagos representan un icono a nivel mundial por su biodiversidad y el alto nivel de endemismo que las caracteriza. Sus ricos y diversos ecosistemas marinos han sido históricamente objeto de la actividad pesquera, especialmente a partir de la década de los 90s, periodo en el que se registró un importante desarrollo de la flota pesquera artesanal. Este hecho condujo en marzo de 1998 a la implementación de un esquema de co-manejo, cuyo objetivo principal fue controlar el acceso y nivel de explotación de los recursos marinos (particularmente de los recursos pesqueros) de la recién creada Reserva Marina de Galápagos (RMG). Lamentablemente, la institucionalización y aplicación de este tipo de esquema de manejo per se aún no ha logrado garantizar con éxito la sostenibilidad de las pesquerías y el bienestar socio-económico del sector pesquero artesanal de Galápagos.

El presente documento, desarrollado por Mauricio Castrejón Mendoza, representa una contribución clave para profundizar en el esquema de co-manejo de las pesquerías de Galápagos. Con claridad y rigurosidad, el autor relata la historia y tendencias de explotación de los principales recursos pesqueros en Galápagos, así como los éxitos y fracasos asociados al marco legal e institucional de manejo. Asimismo, identifica, señala y discute aspectos ecológico-pesqueros, socio-económicos y legales críticos para revertir los problemas detectados en el sistema de co-manejo de las pesquerías artesanales de Galápagos. Además, sustenta sus aseveraciones en resultados generados con herramientas cuantitativas de actualidad, arribando a varias recomendaciones específicas, concretas y útiles, tanto para los científicos como para los tomadores de decisiones. El análisis minucioso, comprehensivo y crítico de dichas pesquerías le confiere una innegable importancia para el mejoramiento del sistema de co-manejo pesquero de la RMG.

This ground-breaking report is a first of its kind in Canada: an Indigenous-controlled assessment of the impacts of a major natural disaster that brings together First Nations and Métis governments, communities, and organizations from across an entire region. This project brought together 11 Indigenous communities/organizations and three regional Indigenous partner organizations and is based upon two years of detailed research, including 10 focus groups, 40 interviews, a regional survey of more than 600 Indigenous people, and a review of more than 200 secondary sources on Indigenous research methodologies, the Indigenous history of northeastern Alberta, Indigenous vulnerability and resilience to natural disasters, and disaster preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. The 36 recommendations detailed in the final section cover a range of themes, including reconciliation and rights; jurisdiction, responsibility, and regional cooperation; community-based preparedness; response, re-entry, and recovery; and mitigation.

"Collaborative Ministry" is now one of the most important issues within the different Churches, congregations, communities of all denominations.This conference presents this topic in four steps: 1) The meaning and challenge; 2) The matrix; 3) The dynamics; 4) The praxis. The main background of this text is "the Ecology of Mission". Collaborative Ministry is seen from the perspective of an eco-system in which all the energies, charisms and services are interconnected. It is necessary a new education and formation.

The recent shift towards the interdisciplinary study of the human-environment relationship is largely driven by environmental justice debates. This article will distinguish four types of environmental justice and link them to questions of neoliberalism and altruism. First, environmental justice seeks to redress inequitable distribution of environmental burdens to vulnerable groups and economically disadvantaged populations. Second, environmental justice highlights the developed and developing countries’ unequal exposure to environmental risks and benefits.
Third, temporal environmental justice refers to the issues associated with intergenerational justice or concern for future generations of humans. In all three cases, environmental justice entails equitable distribution of burdens and benefits to different nations or social groups. By contrast, ecological justice involves biospheric egalitarianism or justice between species. This article will focus on ecological justice since the rights of non-human species lags behind social justice debates and discuss the implications of including biospheric egalitarianism in environmental justice debates.

Die Kluft zwischen Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften scheint unüber-windbar, obwohl die drängenden Fragen des 21. Jahrhunderts gerade eine Zusammenarbeit dieser Disziplinen erfordern. Dieses Buch möchte die Trennung von natur- und sozialwissen-schaftlichen Fragestellungen überwinden und greift exemplarisch die aktuelle Debatte um Klimawandel und Umweltschutz auf. Beiträge aus verschiedenen systemtheoretischen Perspektiven schaffen ein gemeinsames theoretisches Verständnis zur Analyse der vielfältigen Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Umwelt. Ist beispielsweise ein System ein vom Beobachter zweckgerichteter Aus-schnitt der Welt, oder erzeugen sich Systeme selbst? Beide Positio-nen führen zu grundsätzlich unterschiedlichen Konsequenzen, die die wissenschaftliche Arbeit, aber auch die Weltanschauung berühren. Neben der Diskussion verschiedener Systemtheorien werden, anhand der aktuellen Umwelt- und Klimadebatte, Begriffe wie Komplexität, Emergenz und Strukturelle Koppelung als Schlüssel zu einer gemeinsamen Sprache diskutiert.

Law and Ecology: New Environmental Foundations contains a series of theoretical and applied perspectives on the connection between law and ecology, which together offer a radical and socially responsive foundation for environmental law. While its legal corpus grows daily, environmental law has not enjoyed the kind of jurisprudential underpinning generally found in other branches of law. This book forges a new ecological jurisprudential foundation for environmental law - where ‘ecological' is understood both in the narrow sense of a more ecosystemic perspective on law, and in the broad sense of critical self-reflection of the mechanisms of environmental law as they operate in a context where boundaries between the human and the non-human are collapsing, and where the traditional distinction between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism is recast. Addressing current debates, including the intellectual property of bioresources; the protection of biodiversity in view of tribal land demands; the ethics of genetically modified organisms; the redefinition of the 'human' through feminist and technological research; the spatial/geographical boundaries of environmental jurisdiction; and the postcolonial geographies of pollution - Law and Ecology redefines the way environmental law is perceived, theorised and applied. It also constitutes a radical challenge to the traditionally human-centred frameworks and concerns of legal theory.

The bioecological theory of human development is a comprehensive theoretical and
methodological model for the study of human development. Extending on earlier ecological models of development, the bioecological theory expounds on the biopsychological features of the “developing person” and on the capability for proximal processes to differentiate and actualize biological potential. The bioecological theory of human development has progressed through periodic revisions since its first comprehensive formulation in 1970 by one of the twentieth century’s most prominent developmental psychology theoretician, and Head Start co-founder, Urie
Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005). Bronfenbrenner envisioned that his bioecological theory be relevant for practice, science, and policy, by studying human development in real or realistic contexts. This entry in the Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research provides details of the different systems of ecology and its impact on the developing person.